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>> Sreenivasan: THIS WEEK MARKED

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THE ONE-YEAR ANNIVERSARY OF THE

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ONGOING EBOLA OUTBREAK IN THE

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CONGO.

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SO FAR, MORE THAN 2,600 CASES

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HAVE BEEN REPORTED AND 1,700

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DEATHS.

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I RECENTLY SAT DOWN WITH RICHARD

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PRESTON.

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HIS LATEST BOOK, "CRISIS IN THE

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RED ZONE," REPORTS ON THE EBOLA

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EPIDEMIC AND HOW OUR

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INTERCONNECTED WORLD IS MAKING

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IT DIFFICULT TO CONTAIN.

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>> WELL, IT'S REALLY BECAUSE OF

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MOTHER NATURE.

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EBOLA IS A KIND OF WARNING SHOT

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ACROSS OUR BOW.

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IT'S AN EXAMPLE OF WHAT ARE

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KNOWN AS EMERGING VIRUSES, WHICH

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ARE VIRUSES THAT ARE ESSENTIALLY

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LEAKING OUT OF THE TROUBLED

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ECOSYSTEMS OF THE PLANET AND

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GETTING INTO HUMANS.

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WE DON'T HAVE ANY IMMUNITY TO

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THESE EMERGING VIRUSES.

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SO, THEY CAN BE EXTREMELY

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DEADLY, HIGHLY INFECTIOUS, AND

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WE REALLY DON'T HAVE GOOD

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MEDICAL DEFENSES AGAINST THEM.

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>> Sreenivasan: WHERE DO THEY

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START FROM?

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>> WELL, THEY START FROM

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ANIMALS, WILD ANIMALS,

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TYPICALLY.

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NOW, A VIRUS IS A TINY PARASITE

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THAT NEEDS TO HAVE A HOST.

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IT CAN ONLY MAKE COPIES OF

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ITSELF INSIDE THE CELLS OF SOME

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HOST.

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AND ONE OF THE BIGGEST POTENTIAL

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HOSTS ON THE PLANET RIGHT NOW IS

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THE HUMAN SPECIES.

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WE ARE-- THERE ARE 7.5 BILLION

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OF US, AND, INCREASINGLY IN

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HISTORY, HUMANS ARE GATHERING

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INTO THESE GIGANTIC URBAN

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MEGALOPOLISES, SUPERCITIES.

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TO GIVE YOU AN EXAMPLE, NEW YORK

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SUPERCITY, WHERE WE ARE, IS

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ABOUT 20 MILLION PEOPLE.

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NOW, THAT'S ABOUT THE POPULATION

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OF FLORIDA.

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SO, IF YOU TAKE EVERYBODY IN

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FLORIDA AND YOU CRAM THEM INTO

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ONE CITY, AND EVERYBODY IS

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BREATHING ONE ANOTHER'S AIR AND

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TOUCHING ONE ANOTHER, AND IF AN

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EMERGING VIRUS FROM A

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RAINFOREST ORGANISM GETS INTO A

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HUMAN POPULATION LIKE THAT, AND

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THERE'S NO IMMUNITY TO THE

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THING, AND IT'S EXTREMELY

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INFECTIOUS AND HAS A HIGH

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MORTALITY RATE, THEN WHAT YOU'RE

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GOING TO SEE IS AN IMMENSE

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CHALLENGE TO THE MEDICAL SYSTEM

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AND TO EVERYTHING.

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>> Sreenivasan: THE GOOD NEWS

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ABOUT EBOLA IS THAT THERE SEEMS

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TO BE A VACCINE THAT IS WORKING

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AND IS PRETTY EFFECTIVE.

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WHY CAN'T WE GET THAT VACCINE TO

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ALL OF THESE PLACES THAT ARE

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HAVING THESE OUTBREAKS?

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>> WELL, YOU KNOW, IT'S CRAZY.

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SO, THERE'S THIS BIG OUTBREAK OF

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EBOLA GOING ON IN EASTERN CONGO

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RIGHT NOW, AND 160,000 OR MORE

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VACCINATIONS HAVE BEEN MADE.

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PEOPLE ARE GETTING THE VACCINE,

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BUT THE VIRUS CONTINUES TO

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SPREAD.

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AND THE DOCTORS AND MEDICAL

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WORKERS CAN'T TRACE THE CASES.

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A LOT OF THE CASES THAT ARE

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COMING UP ARE BRAND NEW.

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EBOLA HAS BEEN IN THE HUMAN

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POPULATION OF EASTERN CONGO NOW

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FOR MORE THAN A YEAR, AND I

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THINK THERE'S A QUESTION-- SO,

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THE VACCINATION STRATEGY JUST

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ISN'T WORKING EVEN THOUGH IT'S A

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GREAT VACCINE.

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BUT EBOLA IS SEEMINGLY MORE AND

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MORE ROOTED IN THE HUMAN

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POPULATION.

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AND I THINK THERE IS A QUESTION

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AS TO WHETHER EBOLA COULD

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CHANGE AND EVENTUALLY BECOME

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ESTABLISHED AS A PERMANENT HUMAN

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DISEASE.

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>> Sreenivasan: WOW.

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WHAT-- THAT'S STARTLING.

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WHAT ARE THE SORT OF CULTURAL

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IMPEDIMENTS NOW TO TRYING TO

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TREAT EBOLA?

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I MEAN, WHETHER IT'S CIVIL WARS

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OR WHETHER IT'S SOCIAL MEDIA,

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WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES THAT

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WE'RE FACING IN TRYING TO GET A

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POPULATION ARMED WITH THE

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INFORMATION TO BE ABLE TO SAY,

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"HERE'S WHAT YOU SHOULD DO,

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HERE'S WHAT YOU SHOULD LOOK FOR,

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HERE'S WHERE YOU SHOULD GO"?

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>> LET'S TALK ABOUT THE AMERICAN

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POPULATION.

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LET'S TALK ABOUT NEW YORK CITY

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BECAUSE THE PROBLEM OF EDUCATION

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IS JUST AS DEEP HERE IN NEW YORK

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AS IT IS ANYWHERE ELSE ON THE

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PLANET.

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SO, I DID A LITTLE SURVEY, AND I

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FOUND OUT THAT IN THE NEW YORK

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CITY HOSPITALS, THERE ARE A

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TOTAL OF EIGHT SO-CALLED "RED

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ZONE BEDS" FOR PATIENTS WHO ARE

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INFECTED WITH A HIGHLY

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INFECTIOUS, LETHAL VIRUS FOR

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WHICH THERE IS NO CURE AND NO

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VACCINE.

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ONLY EIGHT BEDS.

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AND THERE ARE NOT ENOUGH TRAINED

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HOSPITAL PERSONNEL TO HANDLE

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MORE THAN ABOUT EIGHT PATIENTS.

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WHEN THERE WAS ONE PATIENT WITH

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EBOLA AT BELLEVUE HOSPITAL IN

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NEW YORK CITY, THERE WAS A HUGE

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TEAM THAT TREATED THE

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INDIVIDUAL.

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THEY SPENT MILLIONS OF DOLLARS

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SAVING THAT PATIENT'S LIFE.

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NOW, WHAT IF AN EMERGING VIRUS--

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I'M NOT NECESSARILY TALKING

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ABOUT EBOLA, BUT SOMETHING

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EBOLA-LIKE, AND THERE ARE MANY

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OTHER KINDS OF VIRUSES THAT ARE

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OUT THERE LURKING IN NATURE THAT

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ARE MAKING THESE SO-CALLED

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"CROSS-SPECIES JUMPS."

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THEY'RE COMING OUT OF ECOSYSTEMS

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AND GETTING INTO HUMANITY.

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SO, WHAT IF WE HAD 1,000

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PATIENTS IN NEW YORK CITY WITH A

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REALLY HOT VIRUS?

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WHAT IF WE HAD 10,000 PATIENTS?

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WHAT YOU WOULD SEE IN A CITY

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LIKE NEW YORK IN THE DEVELOPED

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WORLD IS EXACTLY WHAT HAPPENED

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IN, YOU KNOW, CITIES IN WEST

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AFRICA WHEN EBOLA GOT INTO THEM.

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YOU WOULD SEE MEDICAL PERSONNEL

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RISKING THEIR LIVES AND

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SACRIFICING THEIR LIVES, A THIN

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LINE OF DEFENSE.

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THE MEDICAL PEOPLE, THE DOCTORS,

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THE NURSES, WOULD REALLY BE

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DYING.

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THEY WOULD BE GOING INTO

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HORRIFIC CONDITIONS TO TRY TO

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SAVE PATIENTS, JUST AS WAS DONE

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IN AFRICA.

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AND THEN, YOU WOULD HAVE-- YOU

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CAN JUST IMAGINE THE

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POSSIBILITIES.

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IN A WAY, THEY'RE SORT OF HARD

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TO IMAGINE.

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BUT YOU WOULD HAVE PEOPLE TRYING

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TO LEAVE THE CITY IN LARGE

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NUMBERS.

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YOU WOULD HAVE PEOPLE FLEEING

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FROM HOSPITALS, AS HAPPENED IN

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AFRICA.

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NOBODY WOULD WANT TO GO TO THE

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HOSPITALS BECAUSE THEY WOULD BE

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HOT.

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AND, SO, PEOPLE WOULD BE DYING

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IN APARTMENTS.

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AND THE WAY IT WORKS IN NEW YORK

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CITY IS THAT THE FIRE DEPARTMENT

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HAS SPECIAL HAZ-TAG TEAMS THAT

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ARE TRAINED TO GO IN AND BRING

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OUT A BIOHAZARDOUS PATIENT OR A

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BIOHAZARDOUS CORPSE AND DELIVER

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IT PROPERLY.

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>> Sreenivasan: WHAT ABOUT THE

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MISEDUCATION, THE RUMORS, THE

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CONSPIRACIES THAT KIND OF IMPEDE

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THAT EDUCATION FOR THE REST OF

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US, THE CONSUMER CLASS?

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AND WE'RE WE'RE SEEING THESE

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CHALLENGES ON MUCH MORE BASIC

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VACCINATIONS TOWARDS CHILDREN.

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BUT WHEN YOU ADD THAT LAYER OF

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FEAR, THAT "OH, MY GOSH, THIS IS

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A DEADLY VIRUS, IT'S AFFECTING

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ADULTS OF ALL TYPES AND SHAPES

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AND SIZES," IT CAN BE WORSE.

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>> YES, IT IS.

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AND, UNFORTUNATELY, SOCIAL MEDIA

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HAS PLAYED A-- I THINK A VERY

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DAMAGING ROLE IN THESE

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SITUATIONS.

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JUST TO GIVE YOU AN EXAMPLE: IN

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THE CONGO OUTBREAK OF EBOLA,

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WHICH IS GOING ON NOW, PEOPLE

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THERE ARE VERY WELL-EDUCATED

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PEOPLE.

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THEY HAVE ACCESS TO THE

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INTERNET.

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THEY READ "LA MONDE," THE MEDIA

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FROM PARIS, AND THEY USE A LOT

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OF SOCIAL MEDIA.

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AND A LOT OF RUMORS GO AROUND ON

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SOCIAL MEDIA THAT ARE NOT

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CORRECT ABOUT HOW YOU CAN

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PROTECT YOURSELF AGAINST EBOLA,

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OR, YOU KNOW, PARANOID RUMORS

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ABOUT THE DOCTORS THAT ARE

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TREATING EBOLA.

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AND I FEAR OR SUSPECT THAT THE

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SAME THING WOULD BE GOING ON IN

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THE UNITED STATES IF A

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BIO-SAFETY LEVEL-FOUR HOT VIRUS

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GOT GOING IN THE POPULATION.

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>> Sreenivasan: THE FRONTLINE

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PHYSICIANS AND AID WORKERS THAT

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ARE IN THE FIELD, OFTENTIMES--

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ESPECIALLY IN AREAS LIKE

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AFRICA-- THE NARRATIVE IS THAT,

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WELL, THE AMERICANS OR THE

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EUROPEANS COME IN AND THEY'RE

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SAVING ALL THE AFRICANS.

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BUT REALLY, IN YOUR BOOKS, WHAT

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YOU'RE SHOWING ALSO IS THAT IT'S

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AFRICAN DOCTORS THAT ARE DOING

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THE HARD, HORRIBLE WORK, RIGHT?

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>> ABSOLUTELY.

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YOU KNOW, THERE'S THIS CLICHE

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THAT, YOU KNOW, THE PEOPLE FROM

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THE DEVELOPED WORLD, THE WHITE

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PEOPLE, COME INTO AFRICA AND

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THEY SAVE HAPLESS AFRICANS.

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BUT "CRISIS IN THE RED ZONE" IS

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ABOUT SOMETHING DIFFERENT.

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I TAKE A MAGNIFYING CLASS, AND I

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PUT IT ON A SMALL, FORGOTTEN

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HOSPITAL IN AFRICA THAT WAS

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DEVASTATED BY EBOLA.

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AND IN THAT HOSPITAL, YOU HAD

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AMERICAN DOCTORS AND MEDICAL

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PEOPLE, SCIENTISTS AND AFRICAN

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SCIENTISTS, DOCTORS AND MEDICAL

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PEOPLE FIGHTING THIS DREADFUL

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VIRUS IN THE HOSPITAL, WHICH

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KILLED A LOT OF THE STAFF.

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THEY WERE PUTTING THEIR LIVES ON

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THE LINE, OFTEN SACRIFICING

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THEIR LIVES, GOING INTO

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SITUATIONS WHERE THEY KNEW THEY

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WERE PROBABLY GOING TO DIE, IN

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AN EFFORT TO SAVE A PATIENT'S

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LIFE.

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>> Sreenivasan: IS THERE A

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LESSON WE CAN LEARN FROM WHAT

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HAPPENS?

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I MEAN, SOME OF THE ETHICAL

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DILEMMAS AND CHALLENGES?

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IF YOU'VE GOT A VACCINE, DO YOU

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SAVE A DOCTOR?

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DO YOU SAVE A PATIENT?

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>> IN THE FACE OF A CRISIS, THE

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MEDICAL PEOPLE AT THIS LITTLE

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HOSPITAL FACED TERRIBLE ETHICAL

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CHOICES, CHOICES THAT NO DOCTOR

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SHOULD EVER HAVE TO MAKE;

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CHOICES IN WHICH, YOU KNOW, THE

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HIPPOCRATIC OATH SAYS, "FIRST,

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DO NO HARM," BUT THESE WERE

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CHOICES WHERE THE DOCTORS, NO

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MATTER WHAT THEY DID, THEY WERE

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GOING TO CAUSE HARM, AND IT WAS

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A LIFE-OR-DEATH CRISIS.

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>> Sreenivasan: RICHARD

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PRESTON IS THE AUTHOR.

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THE BOOK IS CALLED "CRISIS IN

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THE RED ZONE."

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THANKS SO MUCH FOR JOINING US.

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>> GREAT TO BE WITH YOU.