WEBVTT

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Announcer: A production of:

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<i>Nature Scene</i>is made possible
in part by grants from:

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helping sustain<i>Nature Scene
for the past four years.</i>

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Santee Cooper

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where protection and
improvement of our environment

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are equal in importance
to providing electric energy.

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And by viewers like you

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members of the ETV Endowment
of South Carolina.

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♪

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Jim: the Shenandoah
National Park lies

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in the heart of the Blue Ridge
Mountains of Virginia.

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Established in 1935,
the park has 190,420 acres--

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most of it wilderness.

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Hello, I'm Jim Welch
with naturalist Rudy Mancke

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and today we'll talk
about changes

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and the effect of man on this
great range of mountains.

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Rudy: Yeah, this is a very,
very special place.

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Usually when you think
of Shenandoah National Park,

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you think of a very diverse
hardwood forest

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and I think we'll be able,
you know, to see that

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as we walk along today.

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The Blue Ridge Mountains
are really a part

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of the Appalachians

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that run basically
north-south, Jim.

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So we're going to see

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some plants that are more
typical of the north

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that have gotten
down this far

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following that chain
of mountains

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and also maybe see some
from the south

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that have made it
up this distance, too.

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Very special
place, though.

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Highest point here is a little
over 4,000 feet above sea level.

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Hawksbill Mountain is
the name of it--

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off there in the distance,
a little bit of haze there.

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But not extremely
tall mountains

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and yet there are Northern
plants that do very well here

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that you really kind of
don't expect here.

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Basically a hardwood forest,
but right over in this direction

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you see balsam fir that's
doing just as well here

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as it is in Vermont
or in Canada.

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Not common here...

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Jim: Cold-weather plants.

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Rudy: Yes, not common here,
but doing well

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especially on these
outcrops of rock.

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A little more harsh
environment here

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but you see it's even got
cones on it.

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So it's settled in
and reproducing.

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And then as you look
on all these cracks and
crevices in the rocks

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you see lots
of little plants

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that seem to be hugging
those crevices.

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Three-toothed cinquefoil is
the common name for it--

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a Northern species.

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See, it's got
white flowers on it

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three parts to the leaves

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and three teeth on each one
of those little leaflets.

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So three-toothed cinquefoil
is a common name.

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Look at those little hiding
places in the cracks.

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And then also we've got
flowering over here

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in front of us

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something called ninebark.

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It gets that name because
of the bark shredding off

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in long pieces, and
you see it is flowering.

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Member of the rose family.

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The geology here is
also a good story.

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We'll get into that
as we walk along.

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So much to see.

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Let's head off
in this direction.

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♪

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Jim: On the Appalachian Trail
that runs through the park.

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In fact, it's 95 miles of it
of the 2,000 miles

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from Spring Mountain,
Georgia, to Mount Katahdin

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go through the park and right
here along the Skyline Drive.

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Rudy: Lots of trails here

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and it gives you good access
to this national park.

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And you remember
we were talking

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about diversity of
hardwoods a moment ago.

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This is a good
place to stop

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and just take a look
at some of that diversity.

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Here's one plant that kind of
speaks of the North to me--

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Mountain maple is
the common name for it.

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Maple-like leaves on it
pretty distinctly.

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But look at the way
the fruit is.

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Most maples, you know,
dangle down.

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Jim: This grows up.

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Rudy: The fruit actually is
up on a little bit of a spike.

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And, of course, the flowers
are up there, too.

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Early fruit forming
on it right now.

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Good diversity
of maples here.

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Right behind it,
striped maple

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or moosewood is another
name for that maple.

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Larger leaves on it.

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And the young... The bark
of the young trees are striped

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so the name striped maple.

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But there's the fruit now

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hanging down like you would
expect maple, you know, fruit

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to be hanging down.

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Jim: Hmm.

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Rudy: Diversity of
hardwoods here.

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I also see...
Look at the basswood up there.

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Big, big leaves, and then
those strange flowers

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that seem attached
to a modified leaf.

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That's a bract,
it's called.

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And those are
early flowers.

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I guess they really
haven't opened quite yet.

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Bee tree is another name
for that, Jim

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because when the flowers open,
they're very, very fragrant

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and lots of bees
come and go.

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Linden tree is another name
for it-- tilia.

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Jim: Great diversity
of hardwoods.

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Rudy: Any way you look,
really, up or down...

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I was just noticing
over here--

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look at the little cluster
of trees-- the witch hazel.

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And that's one

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that I think a lot of people
are very familiar with the name.

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Jim: You get the astringent from
it to use for household use.

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Rudy: That's right.

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This is an
interesting one, too.

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See the fruit on it?

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these things flower
in October.

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and this is really last
year's fruit, so to speak.

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And it'll eventually
dry out and open

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and throw seed
all over the place.

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And look on the leaves.

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It almost looks like
there's fruit on the leaf

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which that can't be.

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Looks like a little dunce cap
sticking up there.

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Jim: That's a growth
of some kind?

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Rudy: Those are galls

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caused by a little
aphid-like animal

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and specifically zeroing in
on witch hazel.

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Jim: Some color
down
below here.

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Rudy: Yeah, and again,
colorful flowers.

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We're going to see a lot of
them, I hope, as we walk today.

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That's the wild columbine.

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Isn't that pretty?

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Really nice hanging down

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the flowers hanging down,
in the buttercup family.

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And then look
at the mass of ferns

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looks like hay-scented ferns
there behind it-- really nice.

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Another plant here, too,
while we're looking.

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Look at the fruit on it.

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It's right
against the leaf there.

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Looks almost like hops.

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That's one of the hornbeams

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that gets the name
hop hornbeam--

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<i>Ostrya Virginiana.</i>

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We're in Virginia.

07:00.433 --> 07:03.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
So there were many plants
first described

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from this part
of the united states.

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Hop hornbeam.

07:07.200 --> 07:09.000 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
Jim: Different from the
American hornbeam?

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Rudy: Different from
the American hornbeam

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even a different genus,
but both called hornbeams.

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I notice something else
just as I turn.

07:16.766 --> 07:17.833 align:left position:67.5% line:83% size:22.5%
Jim:
Beautiful.

07:17.833 --> 07:19.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: Talk about
beautiful flowers.

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There's one of the orchid--
large purple-fringed orchid.

07:23.000 --> 07:24.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Isn't that gorgeous?

07:24.500 --> 07:27.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And look at... Look at
the lower lip on that thing.

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It's divided, really,
into three parts

07:29.566 --> 07:31.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and you can see
that beautiful fringing.

07:31.933 --> 07:33.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Orchids are always
amazing plants

07:33.966 --> 07:36.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
really a pretty widespread
family of plants.

07:36.700 --> 07:38.766 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
Jim: This is the time of year,
Rudy, you'd see it?

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Rudy: That's the time of year
you see it

07:40.366 --> 07:43.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and oftentimes along moist, sort
of sloping hillsides like this.

07:43.400 --> 07:44.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
And that's what we've got.

07:44.700 --> 07:46.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Lot of rock
sticking out here.

07:46.400 --> 07:48.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Look at the lichens
that have come

07:48.266 --> 07:50.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and kind of taken
over the rock.

07:50.066 --> 07:54.200 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
Jim: Chunks of, um, granite
or volcanic-like rock.

07:54.200 --> 07:56.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: Well, this
is volcanic material.

07:56.200 --> 07:59.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
You're absolutely...
Absolutely right.

07:59.100 --> 08:01.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
This stuff probably
was injected in

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oh, around 570 million
years ago

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with the dates put
on these things.

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There had been
a continental collision here.

08:07.800 --> 08:10.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Those mountains that were
pushed up back then are gone.

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And as continents were
separating, there were big gaps

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and this basaltic
material came in.

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And you see it came in
as a liquid.

08:17.666 --> 08:19.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And look up
on the hill here.

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Actually, this stuff was
squirted in not at the surface

08:22.366 --> 08:23.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
but a little bit below.

08:23.766 --> 08:25.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
It cooled slowly

08:25.033 --> 08:27.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and as it did...
As the rock was shrinking

08:27.500 --> 08:29.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
it formed columnar joints
in the rock.

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Look at that thing!

08:30.866 --> 08:32.400 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
Jim: Column looks like it
was carved out.

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Rudy: Looks like man has come
here and carved it out.

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And, of course,
the Indians that were here

08:36.366 --> 08:37.933 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
had nothing to do
with that carving.

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That was done a long time
before they were here--

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again, about 570 million
years ago.

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The Catoctin Formation is
what the name is for this.

08:45.366 --> 08:48.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And that's a modified basalt,
because it was squeezed.

08:48.533 --> 08:51.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Again, metabasalt is
the common name for it.

08:51.100 --> 08:54.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
That's the same kind
of stuff that oozes out

08:54.066 --> 08:56.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
on the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge now.

08:56.133 --> 08:57.600 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
Jim: Something to look for

08:57.600 --> 08:59.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
when hiking this portion
of the Appalachian Trail.

08:59.733 --> 09:01.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: Yeah, and it kind of
has a greenish look to it

09:01.800 --> 09:03.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
when you get
the lichens away.

09:03.133 --> 09:04.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
I noticed one of those
lichens down here.

09:04.933 --> 09:06.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
You see
it's really crusty

09:06.166 --> 09:07.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
almost peeling away
from the rock.

09:07.666 --> 09:11.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rock tripe is the
common name for that.

09:11.000 --> 09:14.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And, you know, that's
an edible lichen.

09:14.366 --> 09:17.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
It looks like it wouldn't be
all that delectable right now

09:17.133 --> 09:19.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
but that is
an edible lichen

09:19.266 --> 09:21.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
doing very well
on the rock here.

09:21.733 --> 09:22.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Let's head on.

09:22.733 --> 09:24.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
There's plenty more
to see.

09:24.566 --> 09:26.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
♪

09:26.733 --> 09:29.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
This is some more
of that igneous rock

09:29.666 --> 09:32.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
that was squirted in
a long time ago, Jim.

09:32.966 --> 09:35.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Been changed a little bit
through time

09:35.700 --> 09:38.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
but basically still
the same thing

09:38.166 --> 09:40.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
pushed up
when continents collided.

09:40.700 --> 09:43.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Push came from
the east there.

09:43.766 --> 09:44.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Nice view of...

09:44.866 --> 09:47.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Look at the talus slope,
it's called.

09:47.300 --> 09:50.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
see the big pieces of rock
weathered away?

09:50.133 --> 09:52.300 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
Jim: Chunks of...
Chunks of the greenstone?

09:52.300 --> 09:53.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Rudy: Yeah, most of it is.

09:53.633 --> 09:56.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Yeah, broken off, again,
by weathering

09:56.066 --> 09:57.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and dropped
to the ground.

09:57.866 --> 10:01.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Lots of animals and plants
do very well on a talus slope.

10:01.433 --> 10:07.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Trees that really dominate
this forest are the... the oaks.

10:07.133 --> 10:09.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
We've got really two varieties
that are pretty obvious there.

10:09.900 --> 10:13.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Northern red oak is really
one of the most common trees

10:13.233 --> 10:14.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
in the park.

10:14.766 --> 10:18.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Down there, doing fairly well,
and I guess a little extra moist

10:18.933 --> 10:21.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
up along the edge
of the outcrop here.

10:21.466 --> 10:26.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And then chestnut oak
here below us.

10:26.100 --> 10:28.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Really one
of the white oak group.

10:28.233 --> 10:31.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
That old red oak over there
is one of the red oaks.

10:31.500 --> 10:33.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Sharp, pointed edges
on the leaf.

10:33.500 --> 10:36.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Edges on the chestnut oak
kind of rounded.

10:36.166 --> 10:38.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Both of them doing
very well here.

10:38.266 --> 10:40.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And then right over here,
mountain ash.

10:40.900 --> 10:42.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Look at that
compound leaf.

10:42.800 --> 10:45.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Sort of a reddish stem
on the leaf there.

10:45.033 --> 10:48.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And it looks like it's getting
early fruit on it there.

10:48.100 --> 10:49.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Looks almost
like an ash

10:49.300 --> 10:50.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
so mountain ash is
the common name

10:50.966 --> 10:54.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
even though it really
isn't a true ash.

10:54.133 --> 10:59.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Northern species again, coming
on down the appalachians.

10:59.133 --> 11:00.600 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
Jim: Covered up again
with trees.

11:00.600 --> 11:02.533 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
At one point all this
was cut over.

11:02.533 --> 11:04.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: Yeah, there's been
a lot of cutting here.

11:04.500 --> 11:06.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Man has had a major impact
on the forest here.

11:06.666 --> 11:07.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Now, we were talking

11:07.933 --> 11:10.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
about chestnut oak
being one of the white oaks.

11:10.066 --> 11:13.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
There is actually the oak
known as white oak.

11:13.266 --> 11:16.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Again, smoothly rounded
lobes on the leaves

11:16.933 --> 11:21.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
ing best back in more
of a forest-like situation.

11:21.233 --> 11:22.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
And then the flowers.

11:22.966 --> 11:24.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Look at those.

11:24.166 --> 11:26.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Big petals on that rose.

11:26.666 --> 11:33.033 align:left position:10% line:77% size:80%
And I believe that one is
the one usually called
Carolina rose.

11:33.033 --> 11:34.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
And one other one--

11:34.333 --> 11:37.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
again, pretty scrubby-looking
little old thing.

11:37.100 --> 11:38.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
It's got flowers on it.

11:38.500 --> 11:39.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Lots of insects coming.

11:39.933 --> 11:41.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
One of the sumacs.

11:41.400 --> 11:44.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Staghorn sumac is
the common name.

11:44.100 --> 11:46.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
If you look really
carefully at the stem--

11:46.833 --> 11:48.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
look at that fuzz on it

11:48.433 --> 11:51.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
that reminded someone,
I guess, of the deer

11:51.200 --> 11:55.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
or the stag that was in velvet
with the skin on the antlers.

11:55.333 --> 11:56.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Fuzzy look

11:56.500 --> 11:58.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
doing quite well.

11:58.333 --> 12:00.666 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
Jim: 300 square miles
of mountainous forest

12:00.666 --> 12:02.166 align:left position:50% line:89% size:40%
within the park.

12:02.166 --> 12:03.333 align:left position:45% line:89% size:45%
Hardwoods, mostly.

12:03.333 --> 12:05.300 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
In fact, here's another
one over here, Rudy.

12:05.300 --> 12:08.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: Yeah, but you know really
what general group that's in.

12:08.033 --> 12:09.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Look at the leaves.

12:09.033 --> 12:10.033 align:left position:62.5% line:89% size:27.5%
Jim: Aspen?

12:10.033 --> 12:12.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: Aspen--
one of the poplars.

12:12.200 --> 12:13.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Large-toothed aspen

12:13.833 --> 12:15.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
or big-toothed aspen
is the common name.

12:15.866 --> 12:17.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
See those teeth
on the edges.

12:17.366 --> 12:19.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Pretty big and then
widely spaced.

12:19.700 --> 12:23.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Moving like you would expect
an aspen to move.

12:23.833 --> 12:25.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Saw something else moving
right in front of me.

12:25.966 --> 12:27.033 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50%
Jim: A little snake!

12:27.033 --> 12:28.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: A little Northern
ring-necked snake.

12:28.566 --> 12:29.933 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5%
Jim: Can you get him?

12:29.933 --> 12:30.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Rudy: I think I can.

12:30.933 --> 12:32.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Not moving too fast
down here.

12:32.266 --> 12:33.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Oh, yeah.

12:33.300 --> 12:34.833 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
Quieting down
fairly nicely.

12:34.833 --> 12:38.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
One of the most common snakes
in Shenandoah National Park.

12:38.800 --> 12:40.133 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
Jim: You said Northern--

12:40.133 --> 12:42.200 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
does that differentiate him
from the Southern?

12:42.200 --> 12:44.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: Yeah, there is a
Southern ring-necked snake.

12:44.166 --> 12:45.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Both of them have rings.

12:45.533 --> 12:47.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
The Northern one has a ring,
though, that is complete

12:47.966 --> 12:49.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
across the back of the neck--

12:49.366 --> 12:51.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
usually in the Southern
it is broken--

12:51.166 --> 12:53.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and real shiny sort
of gray scales.

12:53.733 --> 12:56.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And then the belly is
almost, on this thing

12:56.900 --> 12:58.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
kind of an orange color.

12:58.800 --> 13:00.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
See?

13:00.000 --> 13:02.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
With no spots down
the center of the belly.

13:02.800 --> 13:04.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
The Southern variety
would have

13:04.866 --> 13:08.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
little dark half-moons
on the bottom of the belly.

13:08.100 --> 13:09.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Nonpoisonous snake.

13:09.466 --> 13:11.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
It feeds on salamanders
and earthworms

13:11.800 --> 13:15.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and soft-bodied insects and such
that it finds under rocks.

13:15.933 --> 13:17.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Very common snake here.

13:17.233 --> 13:19.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Quietens down pretty well
when you get it in hand.

13:19.766 --> 13:21.266 align:left position:47.5% line:83% size:42.5%
Jim: Very fragile
little animal.

13:21.266 --> 13:22.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Rudy: Yeah, it is.

13:22.500 --> 13:24.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
I'll put him back down
here in the shade

13:24.533 --> 13:26.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and hopefully...
Hopefully he'll be fine.

13:26.733 --> 13:28.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Yeah, he's crawling off
up in there.

13:28.700 --> 13:30.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Often seen here.

13:30.166 --> 13:34.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Small compared to the broad
views that you get here.

13:34.033 --> 13:37.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Shenandoah valley,
off in the distance there.

13:37.900 --> 13:39.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Mainly limestone rocks

13:39.466 --> 13:43.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
easily eroded away compared to
the hard stuff in the mountains.

13:43.000 --> 13:45.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
The Shenandoah river
has worked it.

13:45.000 --> 13:46.533 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
Jim: And historically
speaking

13:46.533 --> 13:48.766 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
Stonewall Jackson's
men and troops came

13:48.766 --> 13:50.633 align:left position:52.5% line:83% size:37.5%
up through this
valley in 1862.

13:50.633 --> 13:52.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: And wooded hillsides
coming down.

13:52.100 --> 13:53.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
But, now,
look across here.

13:53.400 --> 13:54.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Something has happened...

13:54.833 --> 13:56.366 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
Jim: Something killed
the trees.

13:56.366 --> 13:58.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: ...to those
deciduous trees.

13:58.000 --> 14:00.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Well, they're not exactly dead,
at least hopefully not

14:00.633 --> 14:02.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
but something
has defoliated.

14:02.200 --> 14:04.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
There's an alien species
that is here

14:04.100 --> 14:07.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
that's really changing
the world, the gypsy moth

14:07.100 --> 14:09.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and it's interesting
to view it from here.

14:09.600 --> 14:12.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
You see the amount of damage
that it's done.

14:12.300 --> 14:15.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Why don't we head from here
down into that forest

14:15.433 --> 14:17.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
and take a close look?

14:17.433 --> 14:24.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
♪

14:24.400 --> 14:27.266 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
Jim: Looking into the tops
of the hardwoods

14:27.266 --> 14:29.733 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
it gives a wintertime
appearance.

14:29.733 --> 14:33.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: Yes, and yet this is
spring, early summer, see.

14:33.166 --> 14:36.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And you can see the damage done
by the gypsy moths--

14:36.633 --> 14:39.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
specifically
the caterpillars here--

14:39.133 --> 14:41.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
taking leaves off
of the hardwood trees

14:41.866 --> 14:43.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
changing them
into caterpillar

14:43.933 --> 14:46.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and really rearranging
the forest.

14:46.300 --> 14:48.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
We'll talk about that
a little more

14:48.133 --> 14:50.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
but look
at the flowers here.

14:50.133 --> 14:51.833 align:left position:47.5% line:83% size:42.5%
Jim: Covered with
the laurel.

14:51.833 --> 14:53.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: Isn't it
gorgeous? Yeah.

14:53.500 --> 14:57.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Mountain laurel is really
at its peak right now here.

14:57.200 --> 14:59.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And you see
it grows best, it seems

14:59.666 --> 15:02.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
under the shade
of trees overhead.

15:02.133 --> 15:04.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And now that they
have been defoliated

15:04.133 --> 15:05.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
that lets
extra sunlight in.

15:05.633 --> 15:07.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And it'll be
interesting to see

15:07.266 --> 15:09.433 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
how mountain laurel
is affected by that.

15:09.433 --> 15:10.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
But beautiful
flowers on it

15:10.833 --> 15:12.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and, of course,
leaves there...

15:12.400 --> 15:13.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Evergreen--
it loves acidic soils.

15:13.866 --> 15:15.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
This is just
the right place.

15:15.133 --> 15:17.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Remember the striped maple
we saw earlier--

15:17.100 --> 15:19.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
here it is again.

15:19.100 --> 15:21.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And look at the gypsy
moth caterpillars.

15:21.833 --> 15:23.066 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5%
Jim: Large moths all...

15:23.066 --> 15:24.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Rudy: All over the place.

15:24.666 --> 15:26.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Strange, those things

15:26.900 --> 15:30.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
were introduced into the
United States 1868 or 1869

15:30.400 --> 15:33.033 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
by a naturalist
in Massachusetts

15:33.033 --> 15:35.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and a few
of them escaped.

15:35.133 --> 15:37.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And 20 years later
around Boston

15:37.066 --> 15:38.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
they were
defoliating trees

15:38.733 --> 15:41.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and people got
very worried about them.

15:41.133 --> 15:43.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Tried to stop
their range expansion

15:43.266 --> 15:45.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
and it has continued

15:45.233 --> 15:48.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
even though some pretty powerful
pesticides have been used.

15:48.866 --> 15:51.900 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
Jim: Why can't they do
something in the park

15:51.900 --> 15:53.766 align:left position:50% line:83% size:40%
to stop
the devastation?

15:53.766 --> 15:55.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: Well, they're trying
to control them

15:55.400 --> 15:56.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
a little bit
along certain areas

15:56.966 --> 15:58.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
but they often believe

15:58.233 --> 16:00.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
that it's best to let
nature take its course.

16:00.366 --> 16:02.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
There are some diseases
that have come in

16:02.366 --> 16:04.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and knocked down
the population some.

16:04.133 --> 16:05.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Problem here,
of course, is

16:05.933 --> 16:09.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
that they eat hardwood
leaves indiscriminately.

16:09.166 --> 16:12.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
I mean, they start off
depending on oaks at first--

16:12.700 --> 16:15.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
that seems to be the first
larval food plant--

16:15.466 --> 16:18.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
but then they can go
to maples and witch hazel

16:18.233 --> 16:19.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and many, many
other things

16:19.866 --> 16:21.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
stripping them down.

16:21.866 --> 16:24.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Range, as we've said,
is expanding a little bit.

16:24.666 --> 16:26.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
I even see...

16:26.133 --> 16:27.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Look over
on the tree there--

16:27.766 --> 16:29.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
you can see
the egg masses

16:29.266 --> 16:30.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
that were laid
last year

16:30.566 --> 16:32.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
that have now
hatched out.

16:32.166 --> 16:35.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Caterpillars came out of those
little, teeny-weeny holes--

16:35.566 --> 16:38.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
look like about the size of
pinholes in the egg masses.

16:38.766 --> 16:40.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
A female lays
them there

16:40.300 --> 16:43.666 align:left position:10% line:77% size:80%
and covers them with
a little bit of hair
from her abdomen.

16:43.666 --> 16:46.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And then they hatch n1t,
usually the next year

16:46.366 --> 16:48.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and, of course,
begin to feed.

16:48.366 --> 16:51.900 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
Jim: And there are billions and
billions of them in the park.

16:51.900 --> 16:55.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: Yeah, I even see some last
year's pupal cases there.

16:55.033 --> 16:57.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
See, on the side
of the tree stuck.

16:57.200 --> 16:59.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Again, they love
rough-barked trees

16:59.333 --> 17:02.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and the oaks, of course,
are one of the trees here

17:02.500 --> 17:04.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
that have
very rough bark.

17:04.100 --> 17:06.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
So they use them
to lay eggs on

17:06.000 --> 17:07.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
and also to pupate on.

17:07.400 --> 17:08.533 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
Jim: Here it is late June;

17:08.533 --> 17:10.566 align:left position:47.5% line:83% size:42.5%
the caterpillar
in a few months--

17:10.566 --> 17:12.500 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
a few weeks, even--
will be a moth?

17:12.500 --> 17:14.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: Yeah, July is when
they begin to pupate.

17:14.733 --> 17:17.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And the moth hatches out
pretty soon after that

17:17.366 --> 17:18.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
and then flies around

17:18.566 --> 17:20.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and lays eggs
all over the place.

17:20.566 --> 17:21.800 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55%
Jim: There are so many

17:21.800 --> 17:23.300 align:left position:50% line:83% size:40%
the droppings
sound like rain.

17:23.300 --> 17:24.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: Yeah, just listen
for a moment.

17:24.800 --> 17:27.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Sounds like the pitter-patter
of raindrops.

17:27.000 --> 17:31.766 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
(<i>droppings pitter-pattering</i>)

17:31.766 --> 17:35.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Again, we talk about recycling
every now and then.

17:35.333 --> 17:37.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
They're taking
these leaves from trees

17:37.300 --> 17:39.166 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
and changing them
into a caterpillar

17:39.166 --> 17:41.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
that really is supposed
to be in Europe,

17:41.233 --> 17:44.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
but an alien species
that kind of got away from us.

17:44.033 --> 17:45.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Here's one on the ground.

17:45.433 --> 17:46.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Here let me
just pick it up.

17:48.333 --> 17:51.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Get a close look
at this gypsy moth caterpillar.

17:51.500 --> 17:53.566 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
Jim: Very fuzzy,
lots of fine hairs.

17:53.566 --> 17:57.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: Yeah, this is a pretty
distinctive little caterpillar.

17:57.266 --> 18:00.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
You can see when they get
to be older individuals

18:00.633 --> 18:03.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
they've got that
reddish color on the back;

18:03.066 --> 18:06.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
those dots with a little bit
of blue toward the front.

18:06.066 --> 18:08.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And, again, if anyone sees
a caterpillar like this

18:08.866 --> 18:10.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
anywhere in the United States

18:10.466 --> 18:12.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
they need to report it

18:12.466 --> 18:14.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
because we're trying
to keep track

18:14.666 --> 18:17.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
on the range expansion
of this alien species.

18:17.633 --> 18:20.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
They've been found
as far south as Florida

18:20.566 --> 18:22.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
as far west
as Missouri already.

18:22.666 --> 18:26.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
So the range is expanding.

18:26.300 --> 18:27.666 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5%
Jim: Innocent-looking

18:27.666 --> 18:29.533 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
but it's done thousands
of acres of damage.

18:29.533 --> 18:31.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: Billions and billions
of individuals

18:31.800 --> 18:34.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
can really change
a forest very rapidly.

18:34.333 --> 18:36.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And it's important
to make sure

18:36.600 --> 18:39.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
we don't carry these
away on our cars--

18:39.433 --> 18:42.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
either the caterpillars
or the egg masses.

18:42.600 --> 18:44.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Look down in the trail
ahead of us there.

18:44.766 --> 18:47.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Now, here are a couple of native
species of lepidopterans--

18:47.800 --> 18:49.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
not moths,
but butterflies.

18:49.800 --> 18:50.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
The biggest one there

18:50.966 --> 18:53.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
red-spotted purple
is the common name.

18:53.166 --> 18:55.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And, look, it makes
sense, I mean...

18:55.166 --> 18:56.300 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
Jim: Colors give it away.

18:56.300 --> 18:58.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: They're the red...
Reddish orange spots

18:58.433 --> 19:00.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
on the underside
of the hind wing.

19:00.333 --> 19:02.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And then when it spreads
those wings out

19:02.633 --> 19:04.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
to warm up
in the sunlight

19:04.066 --> 19:05.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
you see the purple
on the back.

19:05.766 --> 19:08.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Using its tongue, now,
unrolling that proboscis--

19:08.400 --> 19:09.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
looks kind of like
a tongue--

19:09.966 --> 19:11.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
getting moisture
out of the ground

19:11.833 --> 19:13.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
here along
the wet trail.

19:13.233 --> 19:15.100 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
Jim: The other butter is
very colorful, too.

19:15.100 --> 19:16.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Rudy: Yes, looks fresh, too.

19:16.600 --> 19:17.933 align:left position:45% line:89% size:45%
Jim: Painted lady?

19:17.933 --> 19:19.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: One of
the painted ladies

19:19.200 --> 19:20.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
probably
the American painted lady.

19:20.933 --> 19:23.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And, again, here,
warming up in the sunlight

19:23.100 --> 19:24.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
unrolling that proboscis

19:24.333 --> 19:25.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
getting a little
bit of fluid.

19:25.833 --> 19:27.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Those are
fluid feeders.

19:27.166 --> 19:29.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
But, now, the caterpillars
of those butterflies

19:29.433 --> 19:31.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
feed on leaves, right?

19:31.066 --> 19:32.600 align:left position:62.5% line:89% size:27.5%
Jim: Right.

19:32.600 --> 19:34.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: What happens if you're
a butterfly here

19:34.566 --> 19:36.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and these gypsy moth
caterpillars

19:36.000 --> 19:37.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
have taken away
all the leaves?

19:37.366 --> 19:38.433 align:left position:57.5% line:89% size:32.5%
Jim: You die.

19:38.433 --> 19:39.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Rudy: That's right.

19:39.600 --> 19:41.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
You lay... Where
do you lay your eggs?

19:41.700 --> 19:43.466 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
They are really
having an effect

19:43.466 --> 19:44.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
not only
on the plants here

19:44.966 --> 19:46.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
but also on
the animal species.

19:46.700 --> 19:48.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
There's an old forest
down the way.

19:48.233 --> 19:49.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Let's go take
a look at it.

19:49.433 --> 19:53.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
♪

19:53.166 --> 19:54.900 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
Jim: Beautiful, shady,
green forest

19:54.900 --> 19:56.800 align:left position:42.5% line:89% size:47.5%
with giant hemlocks

19:56.800 --> 19:59.400 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
thanks pretty much
to George Freeman Pollock

19:59.400 --> 20:01.733 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
who had the vision
to save much of this.

20:01.733 --> 20:03.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: Yeah, this is some
of that old forest

20:03.900 --> 20:06.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
most of which
has been long since cut.

20:06.133 --> 20:08.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And you see the world
is quite different here.

20:08.866 --> 20:11.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
I mean, it's cooler,
it's more moist

20:11.033 --> 20:14.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and Eastern hemlock is
the dominating tree here.

20:14.000 --> 20:15.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
These that are
low enough to us

20:15.866 --> 20:17.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
you can actually,
you know

20:17.366 --> 20:19.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
see the needles
on it very clearly--

20:19.533 --> 20:21.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
some of the new,
green growth on it.

20:21.666 --> 20:22.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Tremendous in size.

20:22.833 --> 20:24.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
One of the conifers.

20:24.066 --> 20:25.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And there's
another one over here.

20:25.933 --> 20:28.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Look at the... Look
at the white pine there.

20:28.366 --> 20:29.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
and I'm amazed

20:29.900 --> 20:31.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
not only the gypsy moth
caterpillars

20:31.666 --> 20:33.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
eat deciduous leaves;

20:33.133 --> 20:34.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
they're eating
the leaves

20:34.333 --> 20:35.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
on that conifer,
the white pine.

20:35.900 --> 20:39.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And I'll bet you
they'd probably take hemlock

20:39.300 --> 20:42.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
if there's
no other alternative.

20:42.333 --> 20:44.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Changing... The world--

20:44.900 --> 20:48.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
alien species can do
that sometimes.

20:48.033 --> 20:50.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
But that's
an interesting tree.

20:50.066 --> 20:54.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And look at the size of the
stump right here next to us.

20:54.333 --> 20:56.266 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
Jim: Could have been a
couple hundred years old.

20:56.266 --> 20:58.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: Oh, wow, yeah, hollowed
out basically in the center.

20:58.100 --> 20:59.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Look at those...

20:59.300 --> 21:01.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
It's hard to even see
the rings anymore.

21:01.100 --> 21:04.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Movement right there,
Jim, little bit.

21:04.133 --> 21:07.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Very common to find
in this kind of situation

21:07.300 --> 21:09.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
the red-backed
salamander--

21:09.166 --> 21:12.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
abundant here in
Shenandoah National Park.

21:12.033 --> 21:13.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
See the line
down the back

21:13.400 --> 21:14.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
isn't always
necessarily red--

21:14.966 --> 21:16.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
it can be kind
of a yellowish color.

21:16.900 --> 21:18.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Moving along slowly.

21:18.433 --> 21:20.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
No lungs in that animal--
lungless animal.

21:20.733 --> 21:22.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Breathes
through the skin...

21:22.233 --> 21:23.833 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55%
Jim: Through the skin.

21:23.833 --> 21:24.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: And linings
of the mouth.

21:24.966 --> 21:26.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Doesn't stay there
very long.

21:26.333 --> 21:27.800 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
You see kind of
in a shaded area

21:27.800 --> 21:28.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
a little bit
more moist.

21:28.933 --> 21:30.033 align:left position:45% line:89% size:45%
Jim: Fully mature?

21:30.033 --> 21:31.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Rudy: Yeah, mm-hmm.

21:31.366 --> 21:32.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
That's an average-
size adult.

21:32.900 --> 21:35.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
They feed on earthworms
and soft-bodied insects

21:35.300 --> 21:36.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
and other things here.

21:36.966 --> 21:39.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
This forest, though,
has changed a lot.

21:39.033 --> 21:41.200 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
A lot of these hemlocks
were cut for tannic acid

21:41.200 --> 21:42.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
to tan hides.

21:42.366 --> 21:43.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Chestnut blight,
you remember

21:43.700 --> 21:44.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
came and got
the chestnuts

21:44.933 --> 21:46.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and now the gypsy moths
are changing things.

21:46.933 --> 21:48.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Here's some more change:

21:48.133 --> 21:49.666 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
look at the..
That's an oak.

21:49.666 --> 21:50.866 align:left position:55% line:89% size:35%
Jim: A fungus?

21:50.866 --> 21:52.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Rudy: Yeah.

21:52.066 --> 21:53.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
One of the mushrooms--

21:53.333 --> 21:54.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
bearded hedgehog
mushroom.

21:54.800 --> 21:56.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Pretty good
common name for it--

21:56.266 --> 21:58.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
looks almost like
a beard hanging down.

21:58.133 --> 22:00.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
This is the reproductive part,
now

22:00.300 --> 22:02.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
of that mushroom;
most of it's inside.

22:02.833 --> 22:05.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And it's one of
the causes of heartrot

22:05.433 --> 22:07.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
in the, uh...in the oaks.

22:07.266 --> 22:09.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
That is
an edible mushroom

22:09.000 --> 22:10.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
believe it or not.

22:10.300 --> 22:12.233 align:left position:50% line:89% size:40%
Jim: Hedgehog...

22:12.233 --> 22:14.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: The bearded
hedgehog mushroom

22:14.266 --> 22:15.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
is the common name.

22:15.633 --> 22:17.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
It's a fungus, again

22:17.100 --> 22:19.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
changing the tree
into a mushroom.

22:19.500 --> 22:21.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Interesting place here.

22:21.066 --> 22:22.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Course, totally changes

22:22.233 --> 22:23.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
when you get
to an open area.

22:23.666 --> 22:24.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Not many.

22:24.933 --> 22:26.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Let's head toward
big meadows next.

22:26.700 --> 22:36.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
♪

22:36.800 --> 22:40.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
This is quite a different
feeling now than we've had.

22:40.066 --> 22:43.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Shenandoah National Park has
so much to offer variety-wise.

22:43.733 --> 22:45.466 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
Jim: They call this
"big meadow."

22:45.466 --> 22:46.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: Pretty good name
for it

22:46.933 --> 22:49.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
because, look,
this wide expanse.

22:49.000 --> 22:51.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Very few trees
are growing here.

22:51.000 --> 22:53.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Indians probably took advantage
of this area

22:53.800 --> 22:55.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
a good while ago to hunt.

22:55.400 --> 22:57.466 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
And, of course,
the park service

22:57.466 --> 22:59.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
I imagine, keeps it back

22:59.066 --> 23:01.466 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
because there are
a few tree species

23:01.466 --> 23:03.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
trying to get
a hold here--

23:03.200 --> 23:04.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
kind of pioneer species.

23:04.700 --> 23:06.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
But you can imagine,
a meadow like this...

23:06.833 --> 23:07.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Look up on the road--

23:07.933 --> 23:09.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
toward the road there.

23:09.266 --> 23:10.666 align:left position:50% line:89% size:40%
Jim: Ah, a deer.

23:10.666 --> 23:13.466 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
Rudy: White-tailed deer
love situations like this.

23:13.466 --> 23:16.000 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
I'm surprised we don't
see one right here.

23:16.000 --> 23:17.666 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
Beautiful doe there.

23:17.666 --> 23:19.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And you can see
the big ears

23:19.900 --> 23:22.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and the big,
big eyes there.

23:22.166 --> 23:24.400 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
Probably a couple
years old.

23:24.400 --> 23:27.333 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
Look at it using
those... Those hooves

23:27.333 --> 23:29.000 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
to dig a little bit.

23:29.000 --> 23:30.366 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
I don't know
what it's getting.

23:30.366 --> 23:31.666 align:left position:27.5% line:5% size:62.5%
Jim: Roots and nutrients?

23:31.666 --> 23:33.733 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
Rudy: It almost looks like
it's licking the clay

23:33.733 --> 23:34.966 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
on the side of the road.

23:34.966 --> 23:37.433 align:left position:12.5% line:5% size:77.5%
But scratching anyway
with those front legs.

23:37.433 --> 23:38.833 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
Runs really on its toes.

23:38.833 --> 23:40.266 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
Look at those
slender legs.

23:40.266 --> 23:42.366 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
And, again, when
you run on your toes

23:42.366 --> 23:43.966 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
you can move
rather rapidly.

23:43.966 --> 23:45.400 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
White tail there--

23:45.400 --> 23:47.466 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
you can barely see that
twitching a little--

23:47.466 --> 23:48.566 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
gives it the name.

23:48.566 --> 23:49.933 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5%
Virginia whitetail.

23:49.933 --> 23:51.033 align:left position:37.5% line:5% size:52.5%
Virginia white-tailed
deer.

23:51.033 --> 23:52.600 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
Yeah, that's
a good name for it--

23:52.600 --> 23:53.866 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
makes sense here.

23:53.866 --> 23:55.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Now, what about plants?

23:55.466 --> 23:57.566 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
Well, certainly something
very showy here--

23:57.566 --> 23:58.600 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50%
small white flowers.

23:58.600 --> 23:59.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: Yeah, in
the lily family.

23:59.866 --> 24:02.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Common name for that
is fly poison

24:02.633 --> 24:06.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and it's also something
that is really, in fact,

24:06.433 --> 24:08.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
poisonous to cattle.

24:08.466 --> 24:10.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And if they were
in this meadow

24:10.300 --> 24:11.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
they might have a little bit
of a problem with that.

24:11.933 --> 24:13.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
But leaves at the base

24:13.233 --> 24:14.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and then
those white flowers

24:14.633 --> 24:15.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
coming up on the stalk.

24:15.866 --> 24:18.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And speaking of flowers
kind of on a stalk--

24:18.466 --> 24:20.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
look at the littlellow
flowers right here.

24:20.533 --> 24:21.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
See them
in front of us there?

24:21.866 --> 24:23.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Plant with whorls of leaves

24:23.166 --> 24:24.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and then whorls
of, you know, flowers

24:24.833 --> 24:26.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
coming out at the base
of the leaves there.

24:26.833 --> 24:27.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Loosestrife...

24:27.866 --> 24:28.966 align:left position:47.5% line:89% size:42.5%
Jim: Loosestrife?

24:28.966 --> 24:30.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: ...Is the common
name for that.

24:30.500 --> 24:31.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And wet meadows
like this

24:31.866 --> 24:33.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
are just
a great place

24:33.033 --> 24:35.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
any season of the year
for wild flowers.

24:35.200 --> 24:37.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
And shrubs, too--
blueberries mainly.

24:37.666 --> 24:40.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
I even see some early fruit
on the blueberries.

24:40.766 --> 24:42.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Jim, you're not
going to believe this:

24:42.933 --> 24:44.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
right down there
by the shrubs--

24:44.800 --> 24:46.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
little fawn,
this year's young.

24:46.566 --> 24:48.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Stripe almost
down the back

24:48.133 --> 24:49.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
white on the sides,
big ears.

24:49.800 --> 24:51.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Again, look
at that little thing.

24:51.500 --> 24:54.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Delicate... Frightened
by us a little, not moving

24:54.000 --> 24:56.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and slowly working
its way back down

24:56.800 --> 24:58.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
into that vegetation
to hide

24:58.966 --> 25:02.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
waiting, I guess,
for mama to come back.

25:02.166 --> 25:04.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Could have been
the mother

25:04.200 --> 25:06.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
up there on the road
a minute ago.

25:06.866 --> 25:08.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Totally different
environment

25:08.466 --> 25:11.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and, of course, that affects
the plants that live here

25:11.166 --> 25:12.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
and that affects
the animals.

25:12.666 --> 25:15.166 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
Jim: All making up a part
of Shenandoah National Park.

25:15.166 --> 25:16.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: Yeah, great
diversity here.

25:16.533 --> 25:17.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Let's head on.

25:17.700 --> 25:29.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
♪

25:29.666 --> 25:32.733 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
Jim: 105 miles of skyline drive
goes through the park

25:32.733 --> 25:34.900 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
and gives opportunity
to look out.

25:34.900 --> 25:37.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: Yeah, these pull-offs
are nice and safe.

25:37.466 --> 25:39.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
This one's got a few
hemlocks down there

25:39.833 --> 25:41.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
in the distance
a little bit.

25:41.533 --> 25:44.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
So the conifers do well
in certain areas

25:44.033 --> 25:45.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
especially
north-facing slopes.

25:45.866 --> 25:47.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
And then the oak there

25:47.066 --> 25:48.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
stripped with
those gypsy moths.

25:48.766 --> 25:51.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Hopefully nature can come up
with a way to control it

25:51.566 --> 25:55.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
with diseases or predators
or maybe parasites.

25:55.433 --> 25:56.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Blue flowers,
and, you know

25:56.800 --> 25:59.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
you see them a lot
along the roadsides here.

25:59.066 --> 26:01.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Blueweed is
the common name for it

26:01.000 --> 26:02.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
and that's European

26:02.433 --> 26:04.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
just like the gypsy moth
is European.

26:04.333 --> 26:08.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
So many of these nonnative
species have become weeds

26:08.633 --> 26:11.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
as that name implies.

26:11.200 --> 26:12.633 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
Jim: Over two million
visitors a year

26:12.633 --> 26:14.866 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
come to visit Shenandoah,
and we can be thankful

26:14.866 --> 26:16.566 align:left position:42.5% line:83% size:47.5%
it's been set aside
for safekeeping.

26:16.566 --> 26:18.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Rudy: And it's so close
to so many people, too.

26:18.433 --> 26:20.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
I hope they'll come
take advantage of it.

26:20.333 --> 26:21.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
Nice place.

26:21.833 --> 26:23.633 align:left position:50% line:83% size:40%
Jim: We hope you
enjoyed your visit

26:23.633 --> 26:25.933 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
to Shenandoah National Park
in Virginia

26:25.933 --> 26:28.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
and will join us again
on the next<i>Nature Scene.</i>

26:28.900 --> 27:50.400 align:left position:50% line:89% size:40%
♪

27:50.400 --> 27:54.500 align:left position:10% line:5% size:80%
<i>Announcer: Nature Scene</i>is made
possible in part by grants from:

27:56.733 --> 27:59.933 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
Helping sustain<i>Nature Scene
for the past four years.</i>

27:59.933 --> 28:02.133 align:left position:35% line:89% size:55%
Santee Cooper

28:02.133 --> 28:05.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
where protection and improvement
of our environment

28:05.300 --> 28:10.000 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
are equal in importance
to providing electric energy.

28:10.000 --> 28:12.966 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
And by viewers like you

28:12.966 --> 28:16.700 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
members of the ETV Endowment
of South Carolina.