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There are really 
two groups of animals

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that grab 
people's attention.

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And I think these two groups 
get people's attention

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because they're brightly colored 
and they're very active.

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They have wings, so they fly by: 
the birds and the butterflies.

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And we want to zero in 
on butterflies right now

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and talk about them 
a little bit,

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especially butterflies 
that are common

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within the boundaries 
of the United States.

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I guess one way 
to approach it is to put them

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in the right 
classification scheme.

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They belong 
to the animal kingdom.

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The next level down 
in classification

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is called 
a phylum.

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And the phylum 
that they belong to

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is a group 
called the arthropods.

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If you break that word down, 
arthro, joint, pod, leg,

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the joint-legged 
animals.

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these are animals 
with an exoskeleton,

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a hard, shell-like covering 
on the outside,

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and jointed legs.

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And there are 
quite a few species

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that belong to this group, 
arthropods:

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the spiders, the crabs,

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and also the group 
that the butterflies belong to,

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and that's the class 
that they belong to,

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the insects, 
the Insecta.

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Used to be called 
the hexapods

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because most insects have 
six legs,

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but now we call them 
insects.

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Typical, three body parts 
in insects:

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a head, a thorax, 
and an abdomen.

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On the head, you would always 
have a pair of antennae,

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a couple 
of compound eyes.

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On the thorax, 
you have usually six legs,

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but there are a number 
of species of butterflies

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with only four legs, 
not six.

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And then usually, of course, 
four wings is typical

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of butterflies 
and most of the other insects,

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and then the large abdomen 
on the end.

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Then insects 
can be broken down

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into the next level, 
called orders,

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and the order 
that butterflies belong to

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is the order 
Lepidoptera,

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Lepidos means "“scale."”

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P-T-E-R-A means "“wing."”

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The scale-winged insects, 
butterflies and moths.

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Really, moths are 
more abundant than butterflies,

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but we're gonna be looking 
specifically

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at butterflies 
right now.

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So let's get 
started.

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Big butterflies 
usually catch your eyes first.

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The swallowtails are 
the real common butterflies

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that get fairly large 
and sometimes puddle together.

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This is 
the pipevine swallowtail,

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puddling, coming together 
to get a little moisture.

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You can see 
the tongue coming out,

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slurping up 
a little moisture,

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and all that purple on the back 
of the hind wing and forewing.

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The swallowlike tails 
give it the name.

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This is the caterpillar 
of the pipevine swallowtail,

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pretty incredible-looking 
animal,

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feeding on--snakeroot 
is one of the common names

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for the larval food plant, 
or birthwort.

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Aristolochia 
is the genus name.

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Changing plant 
into animal.

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Isn't that incredible, 
watching it chew

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right along the edge 
of the leaf?

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Pipevine swallowtails 
are pretty common

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around the eastern half 
of the United States,

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but caterpillars, 
it's amazing,

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the larval stage in the 
life cycle of that butterfly.

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And this is the underside 
of the wing

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of the pipevine 
swallowtail.

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Again, 
more purple there,

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and little portholes of yellow 
on the side of the abdomen.

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Legs out there, 
six legs,

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like insects would be 
expected to have.

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Here's a spicebush 
swallowtail among them.

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You see a little light blue 
on the top of the hind wing,

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swallowlike tails and 
the same markings on the side,

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but very, very different 
on the top and bottom.

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Again, swallowtails 
get the name

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from those swallowlike 
tails sticking off.

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And there's the pair of antennae 
with the bulges on the end.

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Another swallowtail 
is really pretty widespread,

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the eastern 
tiger swallowtail.

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The males are bright yellow 
with black stripes.

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Females usually are 
a lot darker than that.

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Again, here's one 
puddling at a puddle,

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standing water, 
wet ground,

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slurping up a little moisture 
and maybe some minerals too.

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Larval food plant for this 
is tuliptrees.

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It's the state butterfly 
of South Carolina

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and the state 
of Georgia.

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But pretty obvious.

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Look at the back wings 
on this one.

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Something has torn 
those wings.

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Maybe it flew into something, 
or a bird took a bite out of it.

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That happens a lot 
to butterflies.

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Then the zebra swallowtail

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with zebra striping 
on the wings, the long tails,

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sometimes called 
a kite swallowtail

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because it almost looks 
like tails on a kite

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sticking 
off the back.

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And you can see 
individual scales on the wing,

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which are 
pretty exciting,

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and a little bit of red 
on the top.

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There would be a red stripe 
on the underside of the wing.

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But look 
at the fuzzy scales too.

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They look almost like hairs 
on the front part of the body.

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There are the pair of antennae 
with the bulge on the end

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and those compound eyes 
that you would expect to see.

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Zebra swallowtails love 
to live in low, wet places

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where the larval food plant 
grows.

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And there it is, 
pawpaw.

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There is the caterpillar of 
the zebra swallowtail butterfly,

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with zebra striping on it, too, 
on the larval food plant.

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If you want 
to protect butterflies,

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you protect 
the larval food plants.

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Greater variety 
of larval food plants,

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you would have a greater variety 
of butterflies coming there.

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I just love the markings 
on that particular animal.

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Then the great 
southern white.

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There are many whites, 
or sulphur butterflies.

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This one has a little blue 
on the tip of the antenna.

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And this is one that's really 
in the lower Southeast,

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and it comes up 
a little farther

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if the season is 
a little extra warm.

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These are Spanish needles, 
the flowers they're going to.

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That's a cluster 
of flowers,

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so the tongue goes 
into each flower,

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one at a time.

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And nectar, of course, 
is energy that keeps '‘em flying.

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And that energy 
originates in the sun,

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trapped by the plant,

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gets into the body 
of the butterfly.

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The biggest yellow butterfly 
in the United States,

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the cloudless sulphur.

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Long tongue 
going into those flowers,

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and, again, 
six legs on it.

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A little bit of darker markings, 
but mainly all yellow.

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Cloudless sulphur.

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It doesn't have a lot 
of dark markings

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on the edge 
of the wing.

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And you can see that tongue 
is long enough

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to go down 
into deep-throated flowers.

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This one's easy to see 
because it's very, very active.

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Sometimes in the Southeast, 
the population really explodes,

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and it begins to migrate, 
oftentimes heading north.

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Look at that tongue,

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going way down the long throat 
of that tubular flower,

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getting nectar, 
and nectar is sugar.

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Some butterflies 
are big and obvious.

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Some are small, and this one, 
if it hadn't moved,

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I don't think 
we would have seen it.

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Out west, one of the blues, 
the acmon blue butterfly.

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Look at the red on the underside 
and that silver, oh boy.

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The black and the silver, 
incredible,

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and the markings on the antennae 
are typical of the blues.

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Most of the blues 
are actually blue in color,

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but sometimes 
they are not.

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But you see 
the small size.

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They often position themselves, 
open up the wings,

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get a little more energy 
from the sun to warm them up.

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Look at the markings 
on the top of those hind wings

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and that little bit of blue 
reflection on it too.

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Tiny, little butterfly, probably 
as big as your thumbnail.

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Of course, butterflies 
don't grow any bigger.

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When you see 
an insect with wings,

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you're looking at an adult 
insect almost all the time.

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This is the smallest butterfly, 
the pygmy blue butterfly.

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It doesn't have 
a whole lot of blue.

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It's more brown.

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Antennae look 
about the same.

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Wind's blowing it 
a little,

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but this is one 
that loves salty situations

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along the coast in the east 
and in the west,

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and this is the western species 
in the salt flats out west.

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And that butterfly 
is hard to believe,

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the small size of it,

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until you put something in there 
that you're familiar with

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to kind of give you a feeling 
for how small it is.

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And this is 
on one of those salt bushes,

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and that's my index finger 
going in.

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Look at that 
tiny, little butterfly.

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Of course, these butterflies, 
all of them we've looked at,

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as a general rule live 
about two weeks as an adult.

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There are exceptions 
to the rule,

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but the rule is 
a very short adult lifespan.

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One of the rarest blues, 
the Karner blue butterfly.

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We saw this one 
in Wisconsin.

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Oh, look at the blue 
on the back.

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Look at the markings 
on the top of the hind wing.

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These are 
incredibly beautiful animals,

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and this one lays eggs 
on lupines.

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Looks like a female with 
a large abdomen full of eggs

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that she would deposit 
one at a time on lupine leaves.

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Again, the connection 
with the larval food plant.

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This is one of those endangered 
species in the United States.

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What a beautiful animal, 
and just a small one.

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00:09:50,700 --> 00:09:53,433
And the American copper,

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called that because of those 
coppery markings on the wings.

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Gray otherwise, and then 
all of that bright color.

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The coppers are widespread 
in the United States.

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Not as diverse as the blues, 
but they're related to them,

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and the antennae 
look a little bit alike.

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There again, compound eyes, 
a pair of antennae,

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head, thorax, abdomen, like 
you would expect on an insect.

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00:10:16,333 --> 00:10:20,166
When you've got lots of flowers, 
you expect lots of butterflies,

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and these are 
gulf fritillaries.

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Boy, I love the orange color 
on the back,

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a little silver spotting 
on the top of the wing,

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but there are 
only four legs.

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There are quite a few 
of our butterflies

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that only have 
four legs.

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00:10:33,233 --> 00:10:35,266
The front pair 
are vestigial.

223
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They're insects, but they only 
have four legs that function.

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There's that long tongue 
coming out.

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Oh, this is a good view 
of the tongue

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going into that 
deep tubular flower,

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and look at the colors 
on that animal.

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Not a scale missing, 
so you would expect this animal

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would have emerged 
from a chrysalis recently.

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It hadn't been flying 
for a long, long time.

231
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But there it is, 
doing its work.

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A little bit of white edging 
on the wing is nice too,

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and the silver spots 
on the underside of the wings,

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one of the most beautiful 
butterflies that we've got.

235
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Variegated fritillary, doesn't 
have quite all the silver on it,

236
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but that's that brown 
and yellow-orange look.

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You can see the antennae 
sticking up, usually autumn.

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00:11:17,933 --> 00:11:21,366
This is probably an autumn field 
where this one was flying.

239
00:11:21,366 --> 00:11:24,666
But variegated fritillary 
is the common name for it.

240
00:11:24,666 --> 00:11:27,933
Lays eggs on quite a variety 
of plants.

241
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Sitting on a little flower 
called blue vervain.

242
00:11:31,800 --> 00:11:34,566
Lots of flowers there, 
lots of nectar.

243
00:11:34,566 --> 00:11:38,266
And here's one of the bigger 
butterflies called a fritillary,

244
00:11:38,266 --> 00:11:40,233
the great spangled fritillary.

245
00:11:40,233 --> 00:11:42,500
There's that proboscis.

246
00:11:42,500 --> 00:11:45,333
Look at the color 
in those compound eyes

247
00:11:45,333 --> 00:11:47,033
and the fuzz 
on the back.

248
00:11:47,033 --> 00:11:48,933
That's an amazing animal,

249
00:11:48,933 --> 00:11:51,066
and, again, 
count the number of legs.

250
00:11:51,066 --> 00:11:52,800
There are 
only four here.

251
00:11:52,800 --> 00:11:54,900
Quite a few 
of our butterflies

252
00:11:54,900 --> 00:11:57,233
really only have 
four functional legs.

253
00:11:57,233 --> 00:11:59,866
But look at the markings 
on the back of that.

254
00:11:59,866 --> 00:12:03,466
Sitting on butterfly weed, 
which is one of the milkweeds.

255
00:12:03,466 --> 00:12:06,033
Boy, that's attractive 
to butterflies,

256
00:12:06,033 --> 00:12:08,833
so the common name 
makes pretty good sense.

257
00:12:08,833 --> 00:12:11,333
Up close and personal 
looks like this,

258
00:12:11,333 --> 00:12:14,166
the fuzz on those 
little palps out front

259
00:12:14,166 --> 00:12:18,833
and then those interesting 
reflections in the compound eye.

260
00:12:18,833 --> 00:12:21,166
Oh, boy, 
nectar must taste really good.

261
00:12:21,166 --> 00:12:25,433
And that's energy 
that, again, the plant produces.

262
00:12:25,433 --> 00:12:27,433
It draws insects,

263
00:12:27,433 --> 00:12:30,433
and they oftentimes carry away 
pollen or pollen sacs.

264
00:12:30,433 --> 00:12:32,933
Pearl crescent butterflies, 
pretty abundant,

265
00:12:32,933 --> 00:12:35,866
sharing this group of flowers 
with a little weevil.

266
00:12:35,866 --> 00:12:38,433
Pearl crescent butterflies, 
really common,

267
00:12:38,433 --> 00:12:40,600
widespread all over 
the United States.

268
00:12:40,600 --> 00:12:42,866
Great number 
of varieties.

269
00:12:42,866 --> 00:12:46,100
They're feeding there, and 
this looks like a mating pair

270
00:12:46,100 --> 00:12:49,766
that actually are still sticking 
together, clinging together.

271
00:12:49,766 --> 00:12:52,400
Usually, the female 
is larger than the male.

272
00:12:52,400 --> 00:12:54,533
And even in the breeze, 
holding on

273
00:12:54,533 --> 00:12:56,733
and bouncing around 
just a little bit.

274
00:12:56,733 --> 00:12:58,400
Markings 
on the antennae too,

275
00:12:58,400 --> 00:13:03,333
very much like the blues that 
we saw earlier, or the coppers.

276
00:13:03,333 --> 00:13:06,933
And then this one is called 
a Texan crescentspot,

277
00:13:06,933 --> 00:13:10,200
and the eastern version of this, 
the Seminole crescent.

278
00:13:10,200 --> 00:13:13,066
Not common in the Southeast, 
but scattered,

279
00:13:13,066 --> 00:13:14,966
just junk populations 
of them.

280
00:13:14,966 --> 00:13:18,200
I love the bright white 
on the back of the wings.

281
00:13:18,200 --> 00:13:22,933
That white band is typical 
of the species.

282
00:13:22,933 --> 00:13:27,600
♪

283
00:14:15,400 --> 00:14:18,933
thththththththththththththththt, 
that Lepidoptera, that order,

284
00:14:18,933 --> 00:14:22,033
is one of the four 
most common groups of insects,

285
00:14:22,033 --> 00:14:24,933
one of the four 
most common orders of insects,

286
00:14:24,933 --> 00:14:27,133
and I think 
I know why.

287
00:14:27,133 --> 00:14:29,266
All four 
of the top groups of insects

288
00:14:29,266 --> 00:14:33,400
carry on something called 
complete metamorphosis.

289
00:14:33,400 --> 00:14:35,933
You lay an egg, 
which develops into a larva,

290
00:14:35,933 --> 00:14:39,200
which forms a pupa, 
which becomes an adult.

291
00:14:39,200 --> 00:14:41,566
There are four stages 
of development,

292
00:14:41,566 --> 00:14:43,700
and those stages 
are very different.

293
00:14:43,700 --> 00:14:46,266
The egg is laid 
on the larval food plant.

294
00:14:46,266 --> 00:14:49,866
That's one of those connections 
that's interesting.

295
00:14:49,866 --> 00:14:52,133
If you like a diversity 
of butterflies,

296
00:14:52,133 --> 00:14:54,566
you want a diversity 
of larval food plants.

297
00:14:54,566 --> 00:14:57,000
The female lays an egg 
on the proper plant.

298
00:14:57,000 --> 00:14:59,033
That develops 
into a larva,

299
00:14:59,033 --> 00:15:01,566
which in butterflies 
we call a caterpillar.

300
00:15:01,566 --> 00:15:03,566
They eat 
certain species.

301
00:15:03,566 --> 00:15:05,966
Some of them are picky; 
others are not.

302
00:15:05,966 --> 00:15:08,700
Finally, they form a pupa, 
a resting stage,

303
00:15:08,700 --> 00:15:11,666
which in a butterfly 
you would call a chrysalis.

304
00:15:11,666 --> 00:15:14,033
And then big changes occur 
in that phase,

305
00:15:14,033 --> 00:15:17,100
and then the adult butterfly 
comes out of that.

306
00:15:17,100 --> 00:15:19,333
Caterpillar feeds 
on leaves.

307
00:15:19,333 --> 00:15:22,700
The adult butterfly 
is a nectar feeder 
for the most part.

308
00:15:22,700 --> 00:15:25,000
Mouthparts change; 
it gets wings.

309
00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:27,533
It gets those antennae 
that we talked about.

310
00:15:27,533 --> 00:15:29,733
The change that occurs 
in the chrysalis

311
00:15:29,733 --> 00:15:31,466
is really 
pretty incredible.

312
00:15:31,466 --> 00:15:34,100
It's like 
the rabbit-out-of-the-hat trick

313
00:15:34,100 --> 00:15:36,433
raised 
to the nth degree.

314
00:15:36,433 --> 00:15:38,833
And then, of course, 
the adult butterfly

315
00:15:38,833 --> 00:15:42,300
is what we want 
to get back into right now.

316
00:15:42,300 --> 00:15:45,400
Again, a butterfly getting 
a little bit of moisture.

317
00:15:45,400 --> 00:15:47,866
This one has 
a little, silvery comma shape

318
00:15:47,866 --> 00:15:49,766
and then a space 
and a little dot

319
00:15:49,766 --> 00:15:51,733
on the underside 
of the hind wing.

320
00:15:51,733 --> 00:15:54,666
Question mark butterfly 
is the common name for it.

321
00:15:54,666 --> 00:15:56,666
Only four legs, 
as you see.

322
00:15:56,666 --> 00:16:00,433
This is one of those butterflies 
that overwinters as an adult

323
00:16:00,433 --> 00:16:03,366
and are sometimes called 
anglewing butterflies.

324
00:16:03,366 --> 00:16:07,133
Another close relative of that 
one is the mourning cloak.

325
00:16:07,133 --> 00:16:09,566
A cloak of mourning 
was worn in Europe,

326
00:16:09,566 --> 00:16:11,733
dark coat 
with a little yellow edging,

327
00:16:11,733 --> 00:16:14,700
and that's the reason 
for the name of this animal.

328
00:16:14,700 --> 00:16:17,500
In Europe, this is called 
the Camberwell beauty,

329
00:16:17,500 --> 00:16:20,000
but we call it 
the mourning cloak butterfly.

330
00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:21,966
It overwinters 
as an adult, too,

331
00:16:21,966 --> 00:16:25,133
and comes out and feeds on sap 
that oozes out of trees.

332
00:16:25,133 --> 00:16:27,233
I think that's 
what's going on here.

333
00:16:27,233 --> 00:16:29,433
The head is down 
in this one.

334
00:16:29,433 --> 00:16:31,500
See the markings 
on the back.

335
00:16:31,500 --> 00:16:33,866
Look at the purple 
on the back,

336
00:16:33,866 --> 00:16:37,200
that brown, my goodness, 
and that yellow edging.

337
00:16:37,200 --> 00:16:39,200
Picking up 
moisture out of mud.

338
00:16:39,200 --> 00:16:41,200
Right along 
the Congaree River

339
00:16:41,200 --> 00:16:44,566
is where we were 
when this picture was taken.

340
00:16:44,566 --> 00:16:46,666
But isn't that 
interesting?

341
00:16:46,666 --> 00:16:50,200
These adult butterflies 
are fluid feeders for sure.

342
00:16:50,200 --> 00:16:52,100
And the red admiral 
butterfly.

343
00:16:52,100 --> 00:16:55,100
That red band on the wings, 
pretty typical.

344
00:16:55,100 --> 00:16:56,866
Again, four legs.

345
00:16:56,866 --> 00:17:00,266
Tongue out, so it must be 
getting moisture or liquid

346
00:17:00,266 --> 00:17:02,333
from something 
on the side.

347
00:17:02,333 --> 00:17:06,433
And another one that looks 
a little like that red admiral--

348
00:17:06,433 --> 00:17:09,733
matter of fact, 
this is the red admiral still.

349
00:17:09,733 --> 00:17:11,966
It's got that red band 
across the top.

350
00:17:11,966 --> 00:17:15,333
And now you can see the red 
on the top of the hind wing.

351
00:17:15,333 --> 00:17:18,566
It really is easily confused 
at this angle

352
00:17:18,566 --> 00:17:20,933
with a couple 
of other butterflies

353
00:17:20,933 --> 00:17:23,166
called 
the painted ladies.

354
00:17:23,166 --> 00:17:26,700
But that's the red admiral, 
and it looks very fresh.

355
00:17:26,700 --> 00:17:29,133
Now, speaking 
of painted lady butterflies,

356
00:17:29,133 --> 00:17:32,666
this is one of those butterflies 
that's kind of interesting

357
00:17:32,666 --> 00:17:34,600
because of the color 
on the back,

358
00:17:34,600 --> 00:17:37,266
the color on the underside 
of the front wing,

359
00:17:37,266 --> 00:17:39,333
and a pair 
of false eyespots.

360
00:17:39,333 --> 00:17:41,366
On the underside 
of the hind wing,

361
00:17:41,366 --> 00:17:44,366
there are eyespots that draw 
the predators' attention

362
00:17:44,366 --> 00:17:46,500
away from the body 
to the back.

363
00:17:46,500 --> 00:17:48,800
The American lady 
is what it's called.

364
00:17:48,800 --> 00:17:51,300
Used to be called 
the American painted lady.

365
00:17:51,300 --> 00:17:54,500
See those two eyespots on 
the underside of the hind wing

366
00:17:54,500 --> 00:17:58,500
and that rouge-red color on 
the underside of the forewing,

367
00:17:58,500 --> 00:18:01,633
which always gives 
the name painted lady to it,

368
00:18:01,633 --> 00:18:03,700
but now known 
as the American lady.

369
00:18:03,700 --> 00:18:06,266
There's another one 
up close and personal.

370
00:18:06,266 --> 00:18:08,366
You see the pink 
on the forewing

371
00:18:08,366 --> 00:18:11,800
and those big eyespots on 
the underside of the hind wing.

372
00:18:11,800 --> 00:18:13,800
And nectar, 
nectar, nectar.

373
00:18:13,800 --> 00:18:16,166
The one on top 
hasn't been flying

374
00:18:16,166 --> 00:18:18,500
as long as 
the one on bottom.

375
00:18:18,500 --> 00:18:20,933
This one has 
a number of eyespots,

376
00:18:20,933 --> 00:18:23,700
not just two big ones, 
but four or five.

377
00:18:23,700 --> 00:18:25,900
And this is 
the painted lady butterfly,

378
00:18:25,900 --> 00:18:28,300
and this species 
is in North America

379
00:18:28,300 --> 00:18:30,266
and also in Europe

380
00:18:30,266 --> 00:18:33,266
and does a little bit 
of migrating sometimes.

381
00:18:33,266 --> 00:18:36,166
The buckeye butterfly, 
oh boy, that's beautiful.

382
00:18:36,166 --> 00:18:39,233
Common buckeye butterfly, 
pretty incredible animal,

383
00:18:39,233 --> 00:18:42,266
and pieces of the tail wings, 
hind wings missing,

384
00:18:42,266 --> 00:18:45,966
V-shaped, as if the bird grabbed 
it when the wings were together,

385
00:18:45,966 --> 00:18:49,666
going for what the bird thought 
was the head where the eyes are,

386
00:18:49,666 --> 00:18:53,800
and tearing the wings up, 
and the animal is still flying.

387
00:18:53,800 --> 00:18:56,700
This one is common 
in the eastern United States,

388
00:18:56,700 --> 00:18:58,933
and has a number of broods 
every year.

389
00:18:58,933 --> 00:19:01,300
Again, the adults live 
about two weeks.

390
00:19:01,300 --> 00:19:04,200
Here's one that's 
not so damaged, one very fresh.

391
00:19:04,200 --> 00:19:06,366
Oh, my goodness, 
the colors!

392
00:19:06,366 --> 00:19:09,100
Buckeye, 
common buckeye butterfly.

393
00:19:09,100 --> 00:19:11,366
Look how big 
those eyespots are

394
00:19:11,366 --> 00:19:13,566
on the back 
of the butterfly,

395
00:19:13,566 --> 00:19:17,100
and little, orange bands 
on the front wings too.

396
00:19:17,100 --> 00:19:20,166
Widespread, and like I said, 
lots of broods.

397
00:19:20,166 --> 00:19:24,066
They're flying every warm month 
in the United States,

398
00:19:24,066 --> 00:19:27,933
and in Florida, 
that would be a good part.

399
00:19:27,933 --> 00:19:30,200
That was 
the adult.

400
00:19:30,200 --> 00:19:33,533
This is the larva or caterpillar 
of the buckeye butterfly.

401
00:19:33,533 --> 00:19:36,700
Little spiny things on it, 
looks like it might sting,

402
00:19:36,700 --> 00:19:39,433
but this is not one 
that causes problems.

403
00:19:39,433 --> 00:19:42,600
Whenever you see caterpillars 
with bristles, though,

404
00:19:42,600 --> 00:19:44,700
better to be safe 
than sorry.

405
00:19:44,700 --> 00:19:47,766
But this is the caterpillar 
of that buckeye butterfly.

406
00:19:47,766 --> 00:19:52,066
It's amazing the changes 
that occur in the pupal stage.

407
00:19:52,066 --> 00:19:55,600
But that's an interesting animal 
and very common.

408
00:19:55,600 --> 00:19:57,433
If you look carefully,

409
00:19:57,433 --> 00:20:00,433
you'll find these on a variety 
of larval food plants.

410
00:20:00,433 --> 00:20:03,600
The goatweed butterfly, 
or goatweed leafwing it's called

411
00:20:03,600 --> 00:20:06,066
because when the wings 
are held together,

412
00:20:06,066 --> 00:20:08,066
it looks like a leaf.

413
00:20:08,066 --> 00:20:10,566
One part of the wing 
is torn in the back,

414
00:20:10,566 --> 00:20:13,866
and see the brown markings 
on the top of the wing.

415
00:20:13,866 --> 00:20:15,966
This is one that, 
when it's still,

416
00:20:15,966 --> 00:20:18,100
looks like a leaf 
on a branch.

417
00:20:18,100 --> 00:20:21,166
And, again, just four legs, 
as you can see there.

418
00:20:21,166 --> 00:20:24,233
Look at the antennae 
aiming up like a little leaf.

419
00:20:24,233 --> 00:20:27,766
All sorts of insects, 
a little beetle next to it.

420
00:20:27,766 --> 00:20:29,766
There was 
a fly there.

421
00:20:29,766 --> 00:20:32,333
All three of those 
are insects.

422
00:20:32,333 --> 00:20:34,333
And they're representing

423
00:20:34,333 --> 00:20:37,800
three of the most common 
orders of insects.

424
00:20:37,800 --> 00:20:42,000
But the goatweed leafwing, 
I think appropriately named.

425
00:20:42,000 --> 00:20:44,000
It looks 
like a leaf.

426
00:20:44,000 --> 00:20:48,066
Hackberry emperor butterfly, 
tongue out here, on a yucca.

427
00:20:48,066 --> 00:20:50,500
Yuccas have 
very slippery flowers,

428
00:20:50,500 --> 00:20:53,500
and I think this butterfly's 
gonna do a little bit

429
00:20:53,500 --> 00:20:56,266
of slippin' and slidin' here 
in a minute.

430
00:20:56,266 --> 00:20:58,633
But lays eggs 
on hackberry plants,

431
00:20:58,633 --> 00:21:01,000
so the common name, 
hackberry butterfly.

432
00:21:01,000 --> 00:21:03,133
Another 
close-up look at it,

433
00:21:03,133 --> 00:21:06,566
with the dark eyespot on 
the underside of the front wing.

434
00:21:06,566 --> 00:21:09,966
There's the tongue down, white 
on the tips of the antennae,

435
00:21:09,966 --> 00:21:12,200
getting 
a little bit of fluid.

436
00:21:12,200 --> 00:21:14,433
It looks almost 
like bird droppings,

437
00:21:14,433 --> 00:21:17,033
that white 
on the wood,

438
00:21:17,033 --> 00:21:20,100
and I bet it's getting 
a few minerals from that also.

439
00:21:20,100 --> 00:21:22,133
Looks fresh, though.

440
00:21:22,133 --> 00:21:24,500
That one hasn't been flying 
for very long.

441
00:21:24,500 --> 00:21:27,233
Again, laying eggs 
on hackberry trees.

442
00:21:27,233 --> 00:21:30,433
Of course, the butterfly 
that's so big, well known,

443
00:21:30,433 --> 00:21:34,033
the monarch butterfly 
that the last brood migrates

444
00:21:34,033 --> 00:21:37,100
in the eastern half 
of the United States to Mexico.

445
00:21:37,100 --> 00:21:40,833
An amazing animal, very sturdily 
built, goes a good distance.

446
00:21:40,833 --> 00:21:43,133
You see just four legs 
instead of six,

447
00:21:43,133 --> 00:21:45,966
but there are the pair 
of antennae that are down,

448
00:21:45,966 --> 00:21:48,166
and that proboscis 
coming out.

449
00:21:48,166 --> 00:21:50,066
Amazing the way 
they fly.

450
00:21:50,066 --> 00:21:53,200
How do they know where 
those two ridges are in Mexico?

451
00:21:53,200 --> 00:21:55,266
We really 
aren't sure.

452
00:21:55,266 --> 00:21:57,533
There are great mysteries 
in this world.

453
00:21:57,533 --> 00:22:00,200
But tanking up on nectar, 
getting the energy

454
00:22:00,200 --> 00:22:02,500
so that it 
can fly away.

455
00:22:02,500 --> 00:22:06,066
The orange, black, and white, 
pretty easily identified.

456
00:22:06,066 --> 00:22:08,700
This was in the 
western United States.

457
00:22:08,700 --> 00:22:11,100
That's little 
prairie coneflower there

458
00:22:11,100 --> 00:22:14,033
with the yellow flowers 
hanging down.

459
00:22:14,033 --> 00:22:16,533
Oh, I love that, 
with the wings spread,

460
00:22:16,533 --> 00:22:18,966
and off he goes.

461
00:22:18,966 --> 00:22:21,466
This one is 
the eyed brown butterfly.

462
00:22:21,466 --> 00:22:24,700
There are a number 
of small brown butterflies

463
00:22:24,700 --> 00:22:27,300
with false eyespots 
on the wings.

464
00:22:27,300 --> 00:22:31,466
This one's pretty widespread, 
but a rather delicate animal.

465
00:22:31,466 --> 00:22:33,466
Loves floodplain forests

466
00:22:33,466 --> 00:22:35,733
and sits perched 
in this position,

467
00:22:35,733 --> 00:22:38,366
giving us 
a close look at it.

468
00:22:38,366 --> 00:22:40,933
A relative, 
the pearly eye butterflies,

469
00:22:40,933 --> 00:22:45,366
lay eggs on the plant this 
one's sitting on, switch cane.

470
00:22:45,366 --> 00:22:48,000
This is 
a Creole pearly eye butterfly.

471
00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:50,066
Pearly white 
with those eyespots,

472
00:22:50,066 --> 00:22:53,833
so pearly eye butterfly 
makes pretty good sense,

473
00:22:53,833 --> 00:22:55,800
and typical 
of floodplains

474
00:22:55,800 --> 00:22:58,533
because that's where 
the larval food plant is.

475
00:22:58,533 --> 00:23:01,666
Silver-spotted skipper, 
one of the larger skippers.

476
00:23:01,666 --> 00:23:03,666
Look at the antennae!

477
00:23:03,666 --> 00:23:06,466
They've got a bulge on the end 
and a little hook.

478
00:23:06,466 --> 00:23:08,366
That's typical 
of the skippers.

479
00:23:08,366 --> 00:23:12,000
This one has six legs, like you 
would expect an insect to have.

480
00:23:12,000 --> 00:23:16,066
Silver spot on the underside of 
the hind wing, pretty obvious.

481
00:23:16,066 --> 00:23:19,766
This is another skipper; 
look at the antennae.

482
00:23:19,766 --> 00:23:23,800
Long tails, so long-tailed 
skipper is a good common name.

483
00:23:23,800 --> 00:23:27,166
Love those long tails, 
and a little green on the back,

484
00:23:27,166 --> 00:23:30,000
and the markings 
on the undersides of the wings.

485
00:23:30,000 --> 00:23:32,166
But the tongue 
is active.

486
00:23:32,166 --> 00:23:35,366
These animals love flowers 
with clusters of flowers,

487
00:23:35,366 --> 00:23:37,366
and that's 
what it's sitting on,

488
00:23:37,366 --> 00:23:39,900
going from one group of flowers 
to another.

489
00:23:39,900 --> 00:23:42,766
This is another view 
of the long-tailed skipper.

490
00:23:42,766 --> 00:23:44,666
You can see 
that greenish color.

491
00:23:44,666 --> 00:23:47,600
Look at the way 
he rolls the proboscis up!

492
00:23:47,600 --> 00:23:49,366
That's kind of neat, 
isn't it?

493
00:23:49,366 --> 00:23:52,800
Rolls up for easier flying, 
and then you can unroll it,

494
00:23:52,800 --> 00:23:56,433
stick it down the throat 
of a flower, get some nectar,

495
00:23:56,433 --> 00:24:00,300
carry off a little pollen, 
and fertilize other plants.

496
00:24:00,300 --> 00:24:02,366
Those connections 
are amazing.

497
00:24:02,366 --> 00:24:04,933
The funereal 
or duskywing skipper

498
00:24:04,933 --> 00:24:07,833
is really common 
in the springtime.

499
00:24:07,833 --> 00:24:11,633
Dark in color, which I guess 
gives it the common name.

500
00:24:11,633 --> 00:24:15,200
Lays eggs on new growth 
on oak trees, for the most part.

501
00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:18,166
This one isn't the most showy 
of the butterflies,

502
00:24:18,166 --> 00:24:21,333
but it'll get 
your attention too.

503
00:24:21,333 --> 00:24:25,233
♪

504
00:24:25,233 --> 00:24:27,366
Now, what about books 
that are useful

505
00:24:27,366 --> 00:24:29,633
as far as 
indentifying butterflies?

506
00:24:29,633 --> 00:24:32,533
One of the nice ones 
and a good one to start with,

507
00:24:32,533 --> 00:24:34,800
"“Butterflies and Moths: 
a Golden Guide."”

508
00:24:34,800 --> 00:24:36,833
St. Martin's Press 
publishes these.

509
00:24:36,833 --> 00:24:41,333
Loaded with good information 
on butterflies and moths.

510
00:24:41,333 --> 00:24:44,066
Nice pictures inside; 
range maps are good.

511
00:24:44,066 --> 00:24:46,133
It shows you 
the caterpillar,

512
00:24:46,133 --> 00:24:48,200
talks about 
the larval food plant,

513
00:24:48,200 --> 00:24:50,266
as well as 
showing you the adult.

514
00:24:50,266 --> 00:24:53,200
That's nice, and then 
the next level would be

515
00:24:53,200 --> 00:24:56,633
"“Butterflies of North America,"” 
the Kaufman Focus Guides.

516
00:24:56,633 --> 00:24:58,700
I think it's 
very, very nice.

517
00:24:58,700 --> 00:25:01,300
Photographs inside there 
are exquisite,

518
00:25:01,300 --> 00:25:03,166
and range maps 
are up to date.

519
00:25:03,166 --> 00:25:05,133
Scientific names 
are up to date.

520
00:25:05,133 --> 00:25:08,800
So that helps you answer, 
"“What is that butterfly?"”

521
00:25:08,800 --> 00:25:12,400
To get close to butterflies, 
there are two ways.

522
00:25:12,400 --> 00:25:15,533
One without hurting them at all 
is using binoculars.

523
00:25:15,533 --> 00:25:17,600
There are books 
with a title

524
00:25:17,600 --> 00:25:19,966
like "“Butterflies 
through Binoculars."”

525
00:25:19,966 --> 00:25:21,966
When you're looking 
at binoculars,

526
00:25:21,966 --> 00:25:24,000
notice the amount 
of magnification.

527
00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:26,100
That's that first number 
on the left.

528
00:25:26,100 --> 00:25:28,133
This is 8x30.

529
00:25:28,133 --> 00:25:30,466
Eight power magnification 
is a good bit.

530
00:25:30,466 --> 00:25:33,833
I'd have to stand a good ways 
away to view the butterfly.

531
00:25:33,833 --> 00:25:36,066
Seven would be 
better than eight.

532
00:25:36,066 --> 00:25:39,900
That means you can see '‘em 
when you're closer to them

533
00:25:39,900 --> 00:25:41,900
without having 
to back up.

534
00:25:41,900 --> 00:25:45,500
The other way to get close 
is to use insect nets.

535
00:25:45,500 --> 00:25:47,666
Biological supply houses 
have these.

536
00:25:47,666 --> 00:25:51,066
I usually get mine from 
Ward's Biological Supplies

537
00:25:51,066 --> 00:25:53,066
in Rochester, New York.

538
00:25:53,066 --> 00:25:56,433
Then with a magnifying glass, 
8 to 10 power,

539
00:25:56,433 --> 00:25:59,433
that's a nice way to see 
how many legs they've got

540
00:25:59,433 --> 00:26:03,300
and get a close look at 
the compound eyes and the rest.

541
00:26:03,300 --> 00:26:06,300
My final word 
is gonna be about conservation.

542
00:26:06,300 --> 00:26:09,733
You don't want to have 
negative effect on this world.

543
00:26:09,733 --> 00:26:12,033
You want to look 
at butterflies,

544
00:26:12,033 --> 00:26:15,066
but you don't want to damage 
the populations.

545
00:26:15,066 --> 00:26:17,066
Care for special habitats,

546
00:26:17,066 --> 00:26:19,966
open fields like this 
with woods close by.

547
00:26:19,966 --> 00:26:21,966
If you capture 
butterflies,

548
00:26:21,966 --> 00:26:25,333
unless you've got a really 
strong reason to collect '‘em,

549
00:26:25,333 --> 00:26:27,333
let '‘em go, 
release them,

550
00:26:27,333 --> 00:26:31,000
and get a chance 
to see '‘em again later.

551
00:26:31,000 --> 00:26:33,333
These are 
special organisms.

552
00:26:33,333 --> 00:26:35,666
Let's take special care 
of them.

553
00:26:35,666 --> 00:27:25,933
♪

554
00:27:25,933 --> 00:27:36,733
♪