1 00:00:00,933 --> 00:00:04,800 - [VOICEOVER] MONTANA AG LIVE IS MADE POSSIBLE BY 2 00:00:04,800 --> 00:00:07,600 THE MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 3 00:00:07,600 --> 00:00:11,466 THE MSU EXTENSION SERVICE, THE MSU AG EXPERIMENT 4 00:00:11,466 --> 00:00:14,566 STATIONS OF THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, 5 00:00:14,566 --> 00:00:17,466 THE MONTANA WHEAT & BARLEY COMMITTEE, 6 00:00:17,466 --> 00:00:20,266 THE MONTANA BANKERS ASSOCIATION, 7 00:00:20,266 --> 00:00:23,166 CASHMAN NURSERY & LANDSCAPING, AND 8 00:00:23,166 --> 00:00:26,466 THE GALLATIN GARDENERS CLUB. 9 00:00:26,466 --> 00:00:32,500 (BANJO MUSIC AND COWS MOOING) 10 00:00:32,500 --> 00:00:36,100 ♪ IF YOUR HERBICIDES AND FUNGICIDES AND 11 00:00:36,100 --> 00:00:39,366 ♪ THE VEGGIES YOU ARE GROWIN' IN YOUR GARDEN START TO MOLD 12 00:00:39,366 --> 00:00:43,133 ♪ IF THE ANTS ARE ATTACKIN' AND YOU'RE HAVIN' A HARD TIME 13 00:00:43,133 --> 00:00:46,700 ♪ CALL MONTANA AG LIVE 14 00:00:46,700 --> 00:00:50,366 ♪ KNAPWEED IN THE DITCH AND THE OLD BULL'S GOT A ITCH 15 00:00:50,366 --> 00:00:53,733 ♪ TICKS UPON MY SHEEP AND THE WOOL IS REALLY CHEAP 16 00:00:53,733 --> 00:00:58,033 ♪ THE GOPHERS IN THE PASTURE ARE EVEN WORSE THAN LAST YEAR 17 00:00:58,033 --> 00:01:02,800 ♪ MONTANA AG LIVE WHERE ARE YOU? 18 00:01:02,800 --> 00:01:12,400 (BANJO AND STRING INSTRUMENTAL) 19 00:01:12,400 --> 00:01:15,200 - [JACK] GOOD EVENING AND WELCOME TO MONTANA AG LIVE, 20 00:01:15,200 --> 00:01:18,200 ORIGINATING TONIGHT FROM THE STUDIOS OF KUSM 21 00:01:18,200 --> 00:01:21,833 ON THE BEAUTIFUL CAMPUS OF MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY. 22 00:01:21,833 --> 00:01:24,366 I'M JACK RIESSELMAN, I'LL BE YOUR HOST OR 23 00:01:24,366 --> 00:01:26,133 MODERATOR THIS EVENING. 24 00:01:26,133 --> 00:01:27,933 I THINK THOSE OF YOU WHO'VE WATCHED THE PROGRAM 25 00:01:27,933 --> 00:01:30,533 IN THE PAST, KINDA KNOW HOW THIS GOES. 26 00:01:30,533 --> 00:01:33,866 YOU HAVE QUESTIONS FOR OUR ESTEEMED PANEL 27 00:01:33,866 --> 00:01:37,100 AND THEY WILL DO THE BEST TO FIND A CREDIBLE ANSWER 28 00:01:37,100 --> 00:01:39,666 TO ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS. 29 00:01:39,666 --> 00:01:42,066 ALL YOU HAVE TO DO IS CALL 'EM IN AND WE'LL REALLY TRY 30 00:01:42,066 --> 00:01:44,600 TO GET 'EM ON THE PROGRAM THIS EVENING. 31 00:01:44,600 --> 00:01:47,666 THIS EVENING, AS MANY OF YOU RECOGNIZE, 32 00:01:47,666 --> 00:01:50,400 OUR GUESTS, OUR PANEL, LIKE TOBY DAY, 33 00:01:50,400 --> 00:01:53,800 TOBY'S OUR EXTENSION HORTICULTURAL SPECIALIST. 34 00:01:53,800 --> 00:01:56,533 A LOT OF YOU KNOW MIKE IVEY, MIKE HAS BEEN 35 00:01:56,533 --> 00:01:59,633 AROUND MSU FOR A LONG TIME, HE'S AN ENTOMOLOGIST 36 00:01:59,633 --> 00:02:01,733 AND A VERY KNOWLEDGEABLE ENTOMOLOGIST, SO IF YOU 37 00:02:01,733 --> 00:02:04,633 HAVE QUESTIONS ABOUT BUGS THIS EVENING, GET 'EM IN 38 00:02:04,633 --> 00:02:07,400 AND WE'LL DEFINITELY TRY TO ANSWER 'EM. 39 00:02:07,400 --> 00:02:09,833 WE HAVE A NEW GUEST THIS EVENING, OUR SPECIAL GUEST, 40 00:02:09,833 --> 00:02:15,000 HIS NAME IS LANCE MCNEW, LANCE IS A WILDLIFE 41 00:02:15,000 --> 00:02:18,733 HABITAT ECOLOGIST, AND HE WORKS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF 42 00:02:18,733 --> 00:02:20,866 ANIMAL SCIENCE, HE'S BEEN HERE FOR ABOUT A YEAR, 43 00:02:20,866 --> 00:02:23,766 CAME TO US FROM KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY, AND IT'S 44 00:02:23,766 --> 00:02:25,900 A PLEASURE TO HAVE HIM ON OUR PROGRAM. 45 00:02:25,900 --> 00:02:28,633 HIS SPECIALTY, IN ADDITION TO BEING AN ECOLOGIST 46 00:02:28,633 --> 00:02:33,233 FOR WILDLIFE, ALSO IS HANDLING SMALL PESTS, FOUR-LEGGED 47 00:02:33,233 --> 00:02:35,600 PESTS, CREEPY PESTS, WHATEVER. 48 00:02:35,600 --> 00:02:38,566 SO, IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS ABOUT MICE, VOLES, RACOONS, 49 00:02:38,566 --> 00:02:41,500 ANYTHING LIKE THAT THIS EVENING, HERE'S A CHANCE TO FIND OUT 50 00:02:41,500 --> 00:02:43,433 WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT IT. 51 00:02:43,433 --> 00:02:46,033 A LOT OF YOU KNOW MACK BURGESS, MACK IS OUR SMALL FARM 52 00:02:46,033 --> 00:02:50,066 SPECIALIST, MACK IS HERE TO ALSO TALK ABOUT SOME 53 00:02:50,066 --> 00:02:55,000 OF THE ISSUES WITH SMALL FARMS, IN ADDITION TO DISCUSSING 54 00:02:55,000 --> 00:02:56,133 SOME OF THE ANIMAL ISSUES 55 00:02:56,133 --> 00:02:59,700 THAT SMALL FARM SPECIALISTS DO FACE. 56 00:02:59,700 --> 00:03:03,466 THE PANEL TONIGHT TO ANSWER THE PHONES, I WOULD THINK 57 00:03:03,466 --> 00:03:06,966 YOU RECOGNIZE MANY OF THESE PEOPLE, DON MATHRE, 58 00:03:06,966 --> 00:03:10,866 TRACY EKLUND, AND CHERYL MOORE-GOUGH, SO THE PHONE'S 59 00:03:10,866 --> 00:03:14,600 NOT RINGING YET, GET YOUR QUESTIONS IN 60 00:03:14,600 --> 00:03:18,266 BUT WE DO HAVE SEVERAL LEFTOVER FROM LAST WEEK. 61 00:03:18,266 --> 00:03:22,100 WE'RE GONNA TRY TO ANSWER AS MANY AS POSSIBLE. 62 00:03:22,100 --> 00:03:26,900 TOBY, THIS PERSON IS FROM CASCADE, THEY HAVE TO PICK 63 00:03:26,900 --> 00:03:30,500 HARALSON APPLES EARLY, AROUND SEPTEMBER 1ST, BECAUSE 64 00:03:30,500 --> 00:03:32,966 THEY HAVE A BEAR PROBLEM UP THERE, WILL THEY RIPEN 65 00:03:32,966 --> 00:03:35,666 ON THE SHELF? 66 00:03:35,666 --> 00:03:38,633 - NOT NECESSARILY, I MEAN, THE SUGARS THAT ARE PRODUCED 67 00:03:38,633 --> 00:03:42,066 ON THOSE, I'M GONNA GUESS THAT'S PROBABLY AS THE ENZYMES 68 00:03:42,066 --> 00:03:45,366 BREAK DOWN THEY PRODUCE MORE SUGARS, BUT IF THEY'RE PICKED 69 00:03:45,366 --> 00:03:49,266 UNRIPE, THERE IS SOME RIPENING THAT WILL HAPPEN WITH 70 00:03:49,266 --> 00:03:51,333 THE ETHYLENE THAT'S PRODUCED FROM THOSE APPLES, BUT I DON'T 71 00:03:51,333 --> 00:03:53,533 THINK YOU'LL EVER GET 'EM TO THE POINT THAT YOU WOULD HAVE 72 00:03:53,533 --> 00:03:55,800 IF YOU LEFT THEM ON THE TREE LONG ENOUGH. 73 00:03:55,800 --> 00:03:57,233 - [JACK] WHEN DO YOU NORMALLY-- 74 00:03:57,233 --> 00:03:59,300 - PICK HARALSON'S? - YEAH. 75 00:03:59,300 --> 00:04:01,066 - THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION, IT'S GONNA BE, LIKE 76 00:04:01,066 --> 00:04:04,266 CASCADE COUNTY, PROBABLY ABOUT NOW. 77 00:04:04,266 --> 00:04:07,366 BUT, YEAH, YOU'D BE PICKIN' 'EM FAIRLY EARLY 78 00:04:07,366 --> 00:04:09,166 COMPARED TO MOST APPLES. 79 00:04:09,166 --> 00:04:10,600 - ONE QUICK QUESTION, THEN WE'LL MOVE ON 80 00:04:10,600 --> 00:04:12,200 TO ANOTHER ONE. 81 00:04:12,200 --> 00:04:15,300 HOW COLD WILL APPLES TOLERATE A FROST? 82 00:04:15,300 --> 00:04:18,600 - OH, APPLES PROBABLY TOLERATE CLOSE TO 26 DEGREES. 83 00:04:18,600 --> 00:04:20,166 - OKAY. - SO, IF WE'RE GONNA GET 84 00:04:20,166 --> 00:04:22,500 THOSE COLD TEMPERATURES, YOU CAN LEAVE 'EM ON THE TREE, 85 00:04:22,500 --> 00:04:23,933 THEY HAVE A LOT OF SUGAR IN THEM. 86 00:04:23,933 --> 00:04:27,233 SOUNDS GOOD, LANCE, THIS CAME IN FROM LIVINGSTON, AND 87 00:04:27,233 --> 00:04:32,000 THIS IS KIND OF A COMBINATION QUESTION FOR MIKE AND LANCE. 88 00:04:32,000 --> 00:04:35,133 THEY'D LIKE TO ATTRACT BATS TO THEIR YARD, AS THEY HEAR THEY 89 00:04:35,133 --> 00:04:37,566 CAN HELP CONTROL MOSQUITOES. 90 00:04:37,566 --> 00:04:41,633 DO THEY REALLY, NUMBER ONE, ATTRACT OR DESTROY MOSQUITOES, 91 00:04:41,633 --> 00:04:45,000 OR NUMBER TWO, WHAT DO THEY DO TO GET MORE BATS AROUND? 92 00:04:45,000 --> 00:04:47,000 YOU GUYS, HAVE AT IT. 93 00:04:47,000 --> 00:04:50,200 - YES, SO BATS, THAT'S THEIR PRIMARY FOOD SOURCE, 94 00:04:50,200 --> 00:04:53,900 ARE MOSQUITOES, SO THEY EAT A LOT OF FLYING INSECTS, 95 00:04:53,900 --> 00:04:58,200 BUT, ESPECIALLY IF YOU'RE LIVING IN LOWLAND, RIPARIAN AREAS, 96 00:04:58,200 --> 00:05:00,400 YEAH, THEY'RE HITTIN' THE MOSQUITOES HARD. 97 00:05:00,400 --> 00:05:02,733 - [JACK] IS THERE ANY WAY YOU CAN ATTRACT 'EM TO 'EM? 98 00:05:02,733 --> 00:05:06,500 - SURE, SURE, THERE ARE A NUMBER OF WAYS, YOU CAN 99 00:05:06,500 --> 00:05:10,666 BUILD BAT HOUSES, A LOT OF, A LOT OF EXISTING 100 00:05:10,666 --> 00:05:13,200 INFRASTRUCTURE IN MONTANA IS ACTUALLY HIGHLY CONDUCIVE 101 00:05:13,200 --> 00:05:16,566 TO HAVING BATS ON YOUR PLACE. 102 00:05:16,566 --> 00:05:20,533 BAT HOUSES, DESIGNS CAN BE FOUND ONLINE RELATIVELY EASILY, 103 00:05:20,533 --> 00:05:22,866 IF YOU CONSTRUCT A COUPLE OF THOSE IN AREAS THAT HAVE 104 00:05:22,866 --> 00:05:24,933 ADEQUATE FOOD RESOURCES, IF THEY'RE HAVIN' MOSQUITO 105 00:05:24,933 --> 00:05:27,566 PROBLEMS, THEN THAT WOULD PROBABLY DO IT. 106 00:05:27,566 --> 00:05:29,633 YOU WANT TO BUILD THOSE THINGS ON THE SHADY SIDES 107 00:05:29,633 --> 00:05:32,433 OF YOUR HOUSE AND YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO FIND BATS, 108 00:05:32,433 --> 00:05:34,333 SO, THEY'RE OUT THERE. 109 00:05:34,333 --> 00:05:35,900 - OKAY, AND THEY'RE NOT HARMFUL TO PEOPLE? 110 00:05:35,900 --> 00:05:37,466 - ABSOLUTELY NOT. - OKAY. 111 00:05:37,466 --> 00:05:39,733 MIKE, HOW EFFECTIVE ARE THEY AT KEEPING MOSQUITOES 112 00:05:39,733 --> 00:05:43,366 DOWN, IN YOUR OPINION? 113 00:05:43,366 --> 00:05:47,700 - WELL, THEY'RE NOT GOING TO ERADICATE THEM, THE WHOLE POINT 114 00:05:47,700 --> 00:05:51,666 OF EATING MOSQUITOES, BATS WILL EAT ANYTHING 115 00:05:51,666 --> 00:05:53,466 THAT'S FLYING AND THE REASON THEY'RE EATING 116 00:05:53,466 --> 00:05:55,400 A LOT OF MOSQUITOES IS BECAUSE THAT'S THE DENSEST 117 00:05:55,400 --> 00:05:57,966 FOOD SOURCE, IF THEY'RE EATING MOSQUITOES. 118 00:05:57,966 --> 00:06:01,533 - OKAY. - I MEAN, THEY'RE MURDER 119 00:06:01,533 --> 00:06:05,066 ON FLYING INSECTS IN GENERAL, AT NIGHT. 120 00:06:05,066 --> 00:06:07,766 A LOT OF OUR MOSQUITOES THAT ARE CORPUSCULAR, THAT IS, 121 00:06:07,766 --> 00:06:11,900 THAT THEY'RE OUT AT DUSK AND DAWN WILL BE HIT A LITTLE BIT 122 00:06:11,900 --> 00:06:15,766 LESS BECAUSE THE BATS ARE MORE ACTIVE A LITTLE BIT LATER, 123 00:06:15,766 --> 00:06:18,766 BUT FOR THE NIGHT-FLYING MOSQUITOES, THEY'RE 124 00:06:18,766 --> 00:06:22,300 BUT, THE QUESTION IS, IF YOUR TOLERANCE IS ONE MOSQUITO 125 00:06:22,300 --> 00:06:24,566 BITE, THEY'RE NOT GOING TO GET 'EM ALL. 126 00:06:24,566 --> 00:06:27,733 - ALL RIGHT, SOUNDS GOOD, WHILE I HAVE YA UP, THIS PERSON, 127 00:06:27,733 --> 00:06:31,133 NOW THIS IS INTERESTING, FROM CONRAD, CAME IN LAST WEEK. 128 00:06:31,133 --> 00:06:34,166 THEY HAVE GONE THROUGH FIVE CANS OF HORNET SPRAY AND IT 129 00:06:34,166 --> 00:06:39,366 DOESN'T SEEM TO BE WORKING, ANY SUGGESTIONS? 130 00:06:39,366 --> 00:06:43,433 - THEY'RE PROBABLY NOT USING IT RIGHT, FIRST OFF, IT DEPENDS 131 00:06:43,433 --> 00:06:48,133 ON WHICH KIND OF HORNET SPRAY YOU'RE USING, IF YOU ARE 132 00:06:48,133 --> 00:06:52,000 JUST SPRAYING THE AIR, IN GENERAL, AND EXPECTING THAT 133 00:06:52,000 --> 00:06:55,833 TO TAKE CARE OF HORNETS, THAT'S NOT THE WAY THAT FLYING 134 00:06:55,833 --> 00:06:58,333 INSECT SPRAY WORKS. 135 00:06:58,333 --> 00:07:01,166 THERE'S TWO KINDS, THERE'S ONE THAT YOU USE ON NESTS, 136 00:07:01,166 --> 00:07:03,300 THAT YOU STAND BACK AND IT'S KIND OF FOAMY AND YOU 137 00:07:03,300 --> 00:07:05,966 HIT THE NEST WITH IT FROM A DISTANCE. 138 00:07:05,966 --> 00:07:08,700 IF YOU'RE NOT A GOOD SHOT, THAT'S NOT GONNA WORK. 139 00:07:08,700 --> 00:07:11,966 AND THEN, THERE'S ANOTHER ONE WHERE YOU ACTUALLY 140 00:07:11,966 --> 00:07:14,900 STILL TARGET THE ACTUAL FLYING WASP. 141 00:07:14,900 --> 00:07:17,266 IF THERE'S NOT PYRETHROID IN THE AIR WHEN THEY FLY 142 00:07:17,266 --> 00:07:19,133 THROUGH IT, IT'S NOT GOING TO HIT IT. 143 00:07:19,133 --> 00:07:22,333 - LIKE, IF I MAY, IS IT ACTUALLY A HORNET THAT THEY'RE 144 00:07:22,333 --> 00:07:24,366 PROBABLY WORRIED ABOUT? 145 00:07:24,366 --> 00:07:26,733 'CAUSE I'M THINKING THEY PROBABLY HAVE YELLOW JACKETS, 146 00:07:26,733 --> 00:07:29,833 WESTERN YELLOW JACKETS ARE MORE OF A PROBLEM, AND 147 00:07:29,833 --> 00:07:35,133 CAN YOU TALK JUST A LITTLE BIT ABOUT WHERE THEY LIVE. 148 00:07:35,133 --> 00:07:38,766 - WELL, THERE'S NINE SPECIES 149 00:07:38,766 --> 00:07:41,733 IN THIS GROUP IN MONTANA, 150 00:07:41,733 --> 00:07:44,333 AND THE BIG ONE IS THE BALD-FACED HORNET, WHICH MAKES 151 00:07:44,333 --> 00:07:48,600 THE FOOTBALL-LIKE NEST IN A TREE, AND THEY'RE NOT ALL THAT 152 00:07:48,600 --> 00:07:50,566 COMMON AROUND HOUSES. 153 00:07:50,566 --> 00:07:52,733 WE HAD A WHOLE BUNCH OF 'EM THIS YEAR. 154 00:07:52,733 --> 00:07:54,866 THEN THERE'S THE SMALLER, MORE BRIGHTLY COLORED 155 00:07:54,866 --> 00:07:58,766 YELLOW JACKETS, AND SOME OF THOSE ACTUALLY WILL LIVE 156 00:07:58,766 --> 00:08:03,833 IN THE WALLS OF HOUSES AND THAT KIND OF THING. 157 00:08:03,833 --> 00:08:07,433 OTHERS LIVE UNDERGROUND, IN OLD RODENT BURROWS. 158 00:08:07,433 --> 00:08:12,066 SOME OF THEM ACTUALLY WILL MAKE NESTS IN BRUSH AND STUFF. 159 00:08:12,066 --> 00:08:14,600 SO, IT DEPENDS ON WHAT YOU HAVE, AND MOST PEOPLE ARE 160 00:08:14,600 --> 00:08:17,900 TRYING TO CATCH THEM WHEN THEY'RE COMING IN NEAR 161 00:08:17,900 --> 00:08:21,100 THEIR HOUSE, FLYING AROUND, AND NOT AROUND THE NEST. 162 00:08:21,100 --> 00:08:24,133 IF YOU HAVE A NEST PROBLEM, THEN YOU CONTROL IT DIFFERENTLY. 163 00:08:24,133 --> 00:08:26,600 - I WAS JUST THINKING, THAT IN THIS CASE, THEY MAY BE 164 00:08:26,600 --> 00:08:28,533 FINDING THE NEST, BUT IT ALSO MIGHT BE A YELLOW JACKET 165 00:08:28,533 --> 00:08:31,166 THAT MIGHT BE IN THE GROUND, SO I WOULD FIND OTHER SOURCES, 166 00:08:31,166 --> 00:08:34,000 MAYBE THERE'S TWO OR THREE THAT ARE AROUND AREA, 167 00:08:34,000 --> 00:08:35,700 RATHER THAN JUST THE NEST YOU'RE SEEING. 168 00:08:35,700 --> 00:08:37,833 - YEAH, AND A LOT OF PEOPLE WILL, ESPECIALLY IF YOU HAVE 169 00:08:37,833 --> 00:08:40,500 OUTDOOR TABLES AND STUFF, THERE'S THINGS THAT ARE COMING 170 00:08:40,500 --> 00:08:43,433 IN AND THIS YEAR THEY STARTED HITTING A LOT EARLIER, 171 00:08:43,433 --> 00:08:45,866 AS THINGS DRIED UP. 172 00:08:45,866 --> 00:08:51,066 AND, THEY'RE ATTRACTED TO BEER, SODA, FATTY MEATS, THAT 173 00:08:51,066 --> 00:08:55,666 KINDA THING, SO, IF YOU'RE HAVING A BARBEQUE THEY CONSIDER 174 00:08:55,666 --> 00:08:58,466 THEMSELVES INVITED. (LAUGHTER) 175 00:08:58,466 --> 00:09:01,833 - [MACK] HOW FAR WILL THEY FLY FROM THEIR NESTS? 176 00:09:01,833 --> 00:09:03,800 - UNTIL THEY FIND SOMETHING TO EAT. (LAUGHTER) 177 00:09:03,800 --> 00:09:06,133 MOSTLY THEY'RE PREDATORS, THEY'RE ACTUALLY BENEFICIAL 178 00:09:06,133 --> 00:09:08,833 IN THE GARDEN, THEY'RE MOSTLY PREDATORS ON OTHER INSECTS. 179 00:09:08,833 --> 00:09:10,600 - I DIDN'T KNOW THAT. 180 00:09:10,600 --> 00:09:15,166 - MACK, I UNDERSTAND BOZEMAN HAS A WINTER'S FARMERS' MARKET, 181 00:09:15,166 --> 00:09:21,133 THIS CAME IN FROM BOZEMAN, IT STARTS OCTOBER 18TH, 182 00:09:21,133 --> 00:09:24,733 I GUESS THERE'S SOME IN MISSOULA AND HELENA, ALSO. 183 00:09:24,733 --> 00:09:28,266 WHAT WOULD BE AT A FARMERS' MARKET, A WINTER'S FARMERS' 184 00:09:28,266 --> 00:09:30,933 MARKET, THAT GROWERS WOULD HAVE, THAT THE BEARS 185 00:09:30,933 --> 00:09:32,333 HAVEN'T EATEN? 186 00:09:32,333 --> 00:09:35,100 - YEAH RIGHT, (LAUGHTER) YEAH, SO BOZEMAN IS GOIN' INTO 187 00:09:35,100 --> 00:09:36,833 IT'S FOURTH YEAR OF THE WINTER'S FARMER'S MARKET. 188 00:09:36,833 --> 00:09:39,300 I UNDERSTAND MISSOULA HAS ONE AS WELL. 189 00:09:39,300 --> 00:09:41,600 HELENA'S FARMERS' MARKET GOES UP NEARLY UNTIL 190 00:09:41,600 --> 00:09:43,400 CHRISTMAS TIME. 191 00:09:43,400 --> 00:09:46,800 PRODUCERS OF VEGETABLES IN THOSE AREAS ARE GOING 192 00:09:46,800 --> 00:09:50,066 TO BE SELLING ALL SORTS OF STORAGE CROPS, 193 00:09:50,066 --> 00:09:52,366 YOU MIGHT BE HARVESTING RIGHT ABOUT NOW, ARE GONNA BE 194 00:09:52,366 --> 00:09:55,033 SOME OF THE BEST QUALITY VEGETABLES YOU'LL FIND ALL YEAR. 195 00:09:55,033 --> 00:09:59,700 SO, CARROTS AND ONIONS, POTATOES, WINTER 196 00:09:59,700 --> 00:10:01,866 STORE QUITE WELL, WELL INTO THE WINTER. 197 00:10:01,866 --> 00:10:04,133 AND THEN, A NUMBER OF PRODUCERS IN A LOT OF THOSE AREAS ARE 198 00:10:04,133 --> 00:10:06,233 ALSO STARTING TO USE HIGH TUNNELS TO EXTEND THEIR GROWING 199 00:10:06,233 --> 00:10:09,766 SEASON, THEY'RE GROWING SPINACH, LETTUCE, OTHER GREENS, 200 00:10:09,766 --> 00:10:11,466 ALSO WELL INTO THE WINTER. 201 00:10:11,466 --> 00:10:13,500 LAST WINTER, I KNOW WE HAD EXCEPTIONALLY MILD WINTER, 202 00:10:13,500 --> 00:10:16,000 AND THAT WAS SUCCESSFUL PRETTY MUCH CONTINUOUSLY 203 00:10:16,000 --> 00:10:17,533 THROUGH THE WINTER. 204 00:10:17,533 --> 00:10:19,800 SO, YEAH, IT'S AN EXCITING, EXCITING ADDITION. 205 00:10:19,800 --> 00:10:21,533 - SOUNDS GOOD. 206 00:10:21,533 --> 00:10:24,633 LANCE, THIS CAME IN THIS EVENING FROM LEWISTOWN. 207 00:10:24,633 --> 00:10:26,933 THIS PERSON UNDERSTANDS, AND I'M NOT SURE IF THIS IS 208 00:10:26,933 --> 00:10:30,433 CORRECT OR NOT, YOU CAN SET US STRAIGHT IF IT'S NOT, HE SAYS 209 00:10:30,433 --> 00:10:34,633 HE UNDERSTANDS THAT WHEN BEEF, COWS, WALK THROUGH 210 00:10:34,633 --> 00:10:38,233 SAGEBRUSH, THEY DISRUPT SAGE GROUSE, BUT WHEN BUFFALO DO, 211 00:10:38,233 --> 00:10:41,366 OR BISON, THEY DON'T, IS THAT TRUE, AND WHY WOULD 212 00:10:41,366 --> 00:10:43,866 THAT HAPPEN? 213 00:10:43,866 --> 00:10:47,766 - I DON'T KNOW OF A SINGLE PEER-REVIEWED STUDY OR EMPIRICAL 214 00:10:47,766 --> 00:10:52,800 EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THAT, AS A MATTER OF FACT, WE'VE 215 00:10:52,800 --> 00:10:55,300 BEEN WORKING ON A NUMBER OF STUDIES WHERE WE'RE ACTUALLY 216 00:10:55,300 --> 00:10:58,433 USING TARGETED GRAZING BY CATTLE TO IMPROVE 217 00:10:58,433 --> 00:11:01,000 SAGE GROUSE HABITAT, UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS. 218 00:11:01,000 --> 00:11:05,866 SO, WHEN A COW OR A BISON, OR ANY OTHER TYPE OF LARGE 219 00:11:05,866 --> 00:11:08,633 ANIMAL OR YOU WALK THROUGH SAGEBRUSH, YOU MIGHT 220 00:11:08,633 --> 00:11:12,466 DISTURB THE BIRD, BUT IN MOST CASES, IT WILL ALWAYS 221 00:11:12,466 --> 00:11:14,566 COME BACK TO THAT GENERAL AREA. 222 00:11:14,566 --> 00:11:16,600 NOW, YOU WANT TO MINIMIZE DISTURBING SAGE GROUSE 223 00:11:16,600 --> 00:11:19,466 OR ANY OTHER GRASS GROUND-NESTING BIRD WHEN THEY'RE 224 00:11:19,466 --> 00:11:21,466 INCUBATING NESTS. 225 00:11:21,466 --> 00:11:25,233 AND, IT'S REALLY IMPORTANT FOR SAGE GROUSE, BECAUSE 226 00:11:25,233 --> 00:11:27,733 ONCE THEY ARE FLUSHED FROM THEIR NESTS, COMPARED 227 00:11:27,733 --> 00:11:29,933 RELATIVE TO OTHER BIRDS, THEY DON'T WANT TO RETURN 228 00:11:29,933 --> 00:11:31,366 TO THE NEST. 229 00:11:31,366 --> 00:11:34,200 - YOU KNOW, WHILE WE'RE ON THE SAGE GROUSE, I BELIEVE 230 00:11:34,200 --> 00:11:37,266 THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT JUST RECENTLY DECLARED THEM 231 00:11:37,266 --> 00:11:39,900 NOT AN ENDANGERED OR A THREATENED SPECIES. 232 00:11:39,900 --> 00:11:42,000 YOU WANT TO COMMENT ON THAT A LITTLE BIT? 233 00:11:42,000 --> 00:11:47,800 - SURE, I WAS VERY HAPPY WITH THIS LISTING DECISION, 234 00:11:47,800 --> 00:11:51,100 FOR MANY REASONS, BUT PRIMARILY BECAUSE IT'S GOOD 235 00:11:51,100 --> 00:11:52,633 FOR THE SAGE GROUSE. 236 00:11:52,633 --> 00:11:58,400 AND I THINK IT'S A TESTAMENT, TO THE EFFECTIVENESS 237 00:11:58,400 --> 00:12:02,833 OF LOCAL CONSERVATION PARTNERSHIPS BETWEEN PRIVATE 238 00:12:02,833 --> 00:12:06,133 LANDOWNERS AND GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AT THE GRASSROOTS 239 00:12:06,133 --> 00:12:11,233 LEVEL TO CONSERVE ANY WILDLIFE SPECIES AND WILDLIFE HABITAT 240 00:12:11,233 --> 00:12:13,366 IN GENERAL, ACTUALLY IT'S PROBABLY MUCH MORE EFFECTIVE 241 00:12:13,366 --> 00:12:15,433 THAN ANY OTHER APPROACH THAT WE HAVE. 242 00:12:15,433 --> 00:12:19,500 SO, WE'VE SEEN IN THE LAST YEAR, YEAR AND A HALF OR SO, 243 00:12:19,500 --> 00:12:23,033 SUCCESSES FROM THESE LOCAL CONSERVATION PARTNERSHIPS, 244 00:12:23,033 --> 00:12:25,133 NOT ONLY IN MONTANA, WITH THE SAGE GROUSE AND 245 00:12:25,133 --> 00:12:28,300 ARCTIC GRAYLING, BUT WE'VE SEEN IT SUCCESSES ALL ACROSS 246 00:12:28,300 --> 00:12:32,066 THE COUNTRY, FROM COTTONTAILS IN THE EAST, TO DELISTING 247 00:12:32,066 --> 00:12:34,866 OF BLACK BEARS IN LOUISIANA. 248 00:12:34,866 --> 00:12:39,000 ALL OF IT DRIVEN BY LOCAL CONSERVATION PARTNERSHIPS, 249 00:12:39,000 --> 00:12:44,266 WHERE THE FOLKS ADMINISTERING HABITAT CONSERVATION 250 00:12:44,266 --> 00:12:46,966 PROGRAMS ARE BRINGING PRIVATE LANDOWNERS INTO 251 00:12:46,966 --> 00:12:49,966 THE PARTNERSHIPS, AND THAT IS HIGHLY EFFECTIVE. 252 00:12:49,966 --> 00:12:51,366 - IT WORKS A LOT BETTER. - IT DOES. 253 00:12:51,366 --> 00:12:54,533 AND I THINK IT'S A GREAT MODEL TO USE FOR GOOD. 254 00:12:54,533 --> 00:12:57,866 SOUNDS GOOD, TOBY, THIS PERSON HAD A GOOD RASPBERRY 255 00:12:57,866 --> 00:13:00,566 CROP LAST YEAR, THIS YEARS WAS NOT SO GOOD, WHICH MEANS 256 00:13:00,566 --> 00:13:03,366 IT WAS TERRIBLE. (LAUGHTER) 257 00:13:03,366 --> 00:13:06,333 THEY SAY THE CANES ARE FOUR YEARS OLD, AND THIS IS THE FIRST 258 00:13:06,333 --> 00:13:09,433 YEAR THEY FLOWERED THIS LATE, IS THERE A PROBLEM IF THEY 259 00:13:09,433 --> 00:13:13,133 FLOWER IN SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER? 260 00:13:13,133 --> 00:13:15,066 WELL, THERE'S A COUPLE THINGS THAT ARE GOING ON, 261 00:13:15,066 --> 00:13:17,466 ONE, YOU MAY NOT HAVE JUNE BEARING, YOU MAY HAVE 262 00:13:17,466 --> 00:13:19,866 EVER BEARING RASPBERRIES, WHICH THEY WILL FLOWER, 263 00:13:19,866 --> 00:13:22,233 THIS LATE 264 00:13:22,233 --> 00:13:24,066 IT'S A LITTLE BIT LATE FOR 'EM. 265 00:13:24,066 --> 00:13:26,700 THE OTHER PART OF IT TOO, IS JUST THE ENVIRONMENTAL 266 00:13:26,700 --> 00:13:29,100 CONDITIONS, I'VE HAD SOME FLOWER AND STILL PRODUCE 267 00:13:29,100 --> 00:13:31,400 RASPBERRIES, AND I HAVE JUNE BEARING. 268 00:13:31,400 --> 00:13:35,633 SO, I THINK IT'S JUST ENVIRONMENTAL, 269 00:13:35,633 --> 00:13:39,600 A LONGER FALL, AND THEREFORE IT'S SETTING FRUIT BUDS 270 00:13:39,600 --> 00:13:41,333 AND THEN FLOWERING. 271 00:13:41,333 --> 00:13:42,566 IS IT GOING TO REDUCE CROP? 272 00:13:42,566 --> 00:13:44,733 MAYBE A LITTLE BIT NEXT YEAR, BUT I DON'T THINK IT'S 273 00:13:44,733 --> 00:13:46,733 GONNA REDUCE IT THAT MUCH. 274 00:13:46,733 --> 00:13:50,500 - SOUNDS GOOD, MIKE, FROM BIG SKY, THEY HAD 275 00:13:50,500 --> 00:13:52,933 THREE SOUR CHERRY TREES, AND I DIDN'T KNOW 276 00:13:52,933 --> 00:13:55,066 SOUR CHERRIES WOULD SURVIVE IN BIG SKY. 277 00:13:55,066 --> 00:13:56,966 - IN BIG SKY? - THAT'S WHAT IT SAYS HERE. 278 00:13:56,966 --> 00:13:58,833 - OUR BIG SKY? - OUR BIG SKY, 279 00:13:58,833 --> 00:14:02,200 BUT THEY MAY BE FROM SOME OTHER PLACE, AND VACATIONING 280 00:14:02,200 --> 00:14:04,800 IN BIG SKY, BUT ANYWAY, AT THE END OF THE SUMMER 281 00:14:04,800 --> 00:14:08,533 THE LEAVES WERE AFFECTED BY SOME INSECT-LIKE CREATURE, 282 00:14:08,533 --> 00:14:12,033 THAT WAS JET BLACK, THREE QUARTER INCH LONG, ANY IDEA 283 00:14:12,033 --> 00:14:15,266 WHAT THEY ARE, WOULD THAT BE SLUGS? 284 00:14:15,266 --> 00:14:17,800 - UP ON THE LEAVES OF THE CHERRY TREE? 285 00:14:17,800 --> 00:14:19,800 - YEAH, AND THEY'RE JET BLACK. 286 00:14:19,800 --> 00:14:22,366 - PEAR SLUGS? - I BET IT IS PEAR SLUGS. 287 00:14:22,366 --> 00:14:24,766 - PEAR SLUGS, YEAH, OKAY. - PROBABLY. 288 00:14:24,766 --> 00:14:26,966 - BUT, THEY'RE NOT GOING TO HURT ANYTHING THIS LATE, 289 00:14:26,966 --> 00:14:29,366 ARE THEY? - NO, NO, 'CAUSE WINTER'S 290 00:14:29,366 --> 00:14:30,866 GONNA KILL THE TREES ANYWAY. 291 00:14:30,866 --> 00:14:34,400 - RIGHT! (LAUGHTER) 292 00:14:34,400 --> 00:14:36,400 - GOOD POINT, IF THEY'RE IN BIG SKY. 293 00:14:36,400 --> 00:14:37,633 - THAT'S RIGHT, IF THEY'RE IN BIG SKY. 294 00:14:37,633 --> 00:14:42,266 - LET'S MOVE ON, MACK, THIS PERSON, 295 00:14:42,266 --> 00:14:45,233 FROM MISSOULA, HAS HEARD OF A NEW LAW 296 00:14:45,233 --> 00:14:49,766 REGARDING COTTAGE FOOD, WHAT IS THE NEW 297 00:14:49,766 --> 00:14:52,566 ISSUE HERE, I'M NOT FAMILIAR WITH IT? 298 00:14:52,566 --> 00:14:55,466 SO, AS OF OCTOBER FIRST, MONTANA JOINS 299 00:14:55,466 --> 00:14:58,666 ABOUT 30 OTHER STATES WHO HAVE ENACTED 300 00:14:58,666 --> 00:15:03,000 A LAW SPECIFICALLY REGULATING THE SALE OF FOODS 301 00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:05,233 TYPICALLY AT FARMERS' MARKETS, FACE-TO-FACE 302 00:15:05,233 --> 00:15:07,933 TRANSACTIONS, FOODS PREPARED IN HOME KITCHENS. 303 00:15:07,933 --> 00:15:11,800 AND THIS IS CLARIFYING A KIND OF A CONFUSING BUNCH 304 00:15:11,800 --> 00:15:14,333 OF OLDER LAWS, SO IT PUTS IT ALL IN ONE PLACE AT THE 305 00:15:14,333 --> 00:15:18,033 STATE LEVEL, THAT SPECIFICALLY DOES ALLOW THE SALE 306 00:15:18,033 --> 00:15:22,300 OF CERTAIN NONPOTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS BAKED GOODS, 307 00:15:22,300 --> 00:15:26,533 SO BREADS, COOKIES, FRUIT JAMS, THINGS LIKE THAT, IN 308 00:15:26,533 --> 00:15:29,166 FACE-TO-FACE TRANSACTIONS WITHIN THE STATE OF MONTANA, 309 00:15:29,166 --> 00:15:32,933 DIRECT, AT FARMERS' MARKETS OR FLEA MARKETS, CRAFT FAIRS, 310 00:15:32,933 --> 00:15:34,333 THINGS LIKE THAT. 311 00:15:34,333 --> 00:15:37,033 AND SO, THERE'S SOME NEW REGULATION OUT THERE, IT'S 312 00:15:37,033 --> 00:15:41,833 FAIRLY STRAIGHT FORWARD, IT'S A BIG SIMPLIFICATION OF WHAT 313 00:15:41,833 --> 00:15:44,166 WAS OUT THERE BEFORE, AND YOU CAN CONTACT YOUR COUNTY 314 00:15:44,166 --> 00:15:46,733 HEALTH DEPARTMENT, AND IT'S A $40 REGISTRATION AND 315 00:15:46,733 --> 00:15:49,700 A SUBMISSION OF YOUR RECIPES AND THEN YOU'RE LEGALLY 316 00:15:49,700 --> 00:15:51,700 ALLOWED TO SELL THOSE THINGS AT FARMERS' MARKETS 317 00:15:51,700 --> 00:15:53,933 AND DIRECT. 318 00:15:53,933 --> 00:15:55,433 - THAT'S GONNA DO SOMETHING FOR MY WAISTLINE AND IT'S 319 00:15:55,433 --> 00:15:57,200 NOT GOOD. (LAUGHTER) 320 00:15:57,200 --> 00:15:59,233 - BEFORE IT USED TO BE YOU COULD SELL PRODUCTS LIKE THAT, 321 00:15:59,233 --> 00:16:01,433 BUT IT WAS ONLY UP TO A CERTAIN AMOUNT. 322 00:16:01,433 --> 00:16:03,633 WHAT WAS IT, 400 OR 600 DOLLARS, OR AM I WRONG 323 00:16:03,633 --> 00:16:05,000 ABOUT THAT? 324 00:16:05,000 --> 00:16:06,533 - YOU KNOW, IT VARIED FROM PLACE TO PLACE, AND I'VE 325 00:16:06,533 --> 00:16:08,666 HEARD SO MANY DIFFERENT THINGS, I DON'T KNOW THE DETAILS, 326 00:16:08,666 --> 00:16:10,600 BUT IT'S STANDARDIZED ACROSS THE STATE NOW. 327 00:16:10,600 --> 00:16:12,600 - GOOD. 328 00:16:12,600 --> 00:16:16,733 - THIS IS INTERESTING, 329 00:16:16,733 --> 00:16:18,466 LANCE, AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS SUMMER, 330 00:16:18,466 --> 00:16:20,233 THERE WERE LOTS OF GROUND SQUIRRELS 331 00:16:20,233 --> 00:16:24,933 AT THE GALLATIN REGIONAL PARK, NOW THERE ARE NONE. 332 00:16:24,933 --> 00:16:28,400 DO GROUND SQUIRRELS MIGRATE OR WAS THERE AN ERADICATION 333 00:16:28,400 --> 00:16:31,033 EFFORT AT THE PARK THAT YOU'RE AWARE OF? 334 00:16:31,033 --> 00:16:33,966 - I'M UNSURE IF THERE WAS AN ERADICATION EFFORT AT THE PARK, 335 00:16:33,966 --> 00:16:36,000 BUT IT MAKES SENSE THAT YOU'D SEE A LOT MORE GROUND 336 00:16:36,000 --> 00:16:38,600 SQUIRRELS DURING THE EARLY SUMMER THAN NOW. 337 00:16:38,600 --> 00:16:42,566 BECAUSE GROUND SQUIRRELS REPRODUCE IN THE SPRING, WHEN 338 00:16:42,566 --> 00:16:46,233 THEY COME OUT OF THEIR BURROWS AT THE END OF THE SPRING. 339 00:16:46,233 --> 00:16:49,533 THEIR JUVENILES ARE ACTUALLY DOWN IN THE BURROWS AND ONCE 340 00:16:49,533 --> 00:16:53,166 THEY GET OLD ENOUGH, THEY START FORAGING AROUND THE AREA. 341 00:16:53,166 --> 00:16:56,300 AND, EVENTUALLY, IN LATE SUMMER, THEY'LL DISPERSE. 342 00:16:56,300 --> 00:16:59,500 SO, THE ANNUAL CYCLES OF GROUND SQUIRRELS IS CYCLIC. 343 00:16:59,500 --> 00:17:01,733 SO, YOU SHOULD SEE LESS IN THE FALL. 344 00:17:01,733 --> 00:17:03,833 WHY YOU'RE NOT SEEING ANY AT ALL IS PROBABLY DUE TO, 345 00:17:03,833 --> 00:17:06,600 PERHAPS LIMITED FOOD RESOURCES DURING THIS TIME OF YEAR. 346 00:17:06,600 --> 00:17:08,566 PERHAPS THEY'VE SHIFTED PREFERENCES TO OTHER TYPES 347 00:17:08,566 --> 00:17:11,700 OF HABITAT, YOU MIGHT NOT BE HIKING THROUGH. 348 00:17:11,700 --> 00:17:13,800 - SOUNDS GOOD, WHILE WE HAVE YOU, THIS JUST CAME IN. 349 00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:18,466 THE BATS CREATED SOME OTHER, ADDITIONAL INQUIRIES. 350 00:17:18,466 --> 00:17:20,700 WHERE DO THEY GO IN THE WINTER TIME? 351 00:17:20,700 --> 00:17:25,866 - (CHUCKLE) WELL, THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION. 352 00:17:25,866 --> 00:17:28,066 I THINK IT DEPENDS ON THE TYPE OF BAT THAT YOU'RE 353 00:17:28,066 --> 00:17:31,300 TALKING ABOUT, A LOT OF BATS ARE MIGRATORY. 354 00:17:31,300 --> 00:17:34,800 THERE ARE, I THINK, I'M NOT A BAT EXPERT, BUT I 355 00:17:34,800 --> 00:17:36,233 THINK THERE ARE A COUPLE SPECIES THAT ARE ACTUALLY 356 00:17:36,233 --> 00:17:38,533 RESIDENT AND ARE SHORT DISTANCE MIGRANTS. 357 00:17:38,533 --> 00:17:39,666 - SOUNDS GOOD. 358 00:17:39,666 --> 00:17:43,666 - WE DO HAVE SOME CAVES THAT ARE WINTER HABITATS, YOU 359 00:17:43,666 --> 00:17:46,333 GET DOWN DEEP ENOUGH IN THE CAVE AND IT GETS TO THE 360 00:17:46,333 --> 00:17:51,033 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF THE AREA, RATHER THAN GETTING COLD. 361 00:17:51,033 --> 00:17:54,133 AND, THEY WILL HIBERNATE DOWN IN THERE, I KNOW LOUIS & CLARK 362 00:17:54,133 --> 00:17:56,566 CAVERNS HAS OVER-WINTERING COLONIES. 363 00:17:56,566 --> 00:17:59,166 THEY'RE VERY SUPSEPTIBLE TO DISTURBANCE WHILE THEY'RE 364 00:17:59,166 --> 00:18:02,833 HIBERNATING, AND SOME WILL MIGRATE CLEAR SOUTH. 365 00:18:02,833 --> 00:18:04,933 - SOUNDS GOOD. - AND ACTUALLY, WE ARE SOUTH 366 00:18:04,933 --> 00:18:07,733 TO SOME SPECIES OF BATS, SO SOME OF THE BATS THAT MIKE'S 367 00:18:07,733 --> 00:18:11,133 TALKING ABOUT ARE ACTUALLY, THEY'RE SUMMERING IN CANADA 368 00:18:11,133 --> 00:18:12,933 AND THEY'RE MOVING DOWN HERE TO WINTER, SO. 369 00:18:12,933 --> 00:18:15,733 - GOOD TO KNOW, TOBY, FROM HAMILTON, THEY HAVE 370 00:18:15,733 --> 00:18:19,033 A DROUGHT-STRESSED EVERGREEN THIS FALL, WHAT DO THEY DO? 371 00:18:19,033 --> 00:18:21,200 - JUST KEEP WATERIN' IT. (LAUGHTER) 372 00:18:21,200 --> 00:18:24,400 YEAH, WATER IT, CLEAR UNTIL THE GROUND FREEZES, THAT'S GONNA 373 00:18:24,400 --> 00:18:26,133 BE THE BEST THING YOU CAN DO FOR THAT TREE. 374 00:18:26,133 --> 00:18:28,966 ALSO, AS I'VE SAID MANY TIMES, IN FEBRUARY, 375 00:18:28,966 --> 00:18:31,866 ESPECIALLY IN MARCH, IF WE START GETTIN' THOSE CHINOOKS, 376 00:18:31,866 --> 00:18:34,433 THOSE WARM TEMPERATURES, AND YOU DON'T HAVE SNOW COVER, 377 00:18:34,433 --> 00:18:36,866 GET OUT THERE WITH A SPRINKLER AND WATER THAT TREE. 378 00:18:36,866 --> 00:18:40,333 - SOUNDS GOOD, FROM FLORENCE, AND THEY LIVE IN THE 379 00:18:40,333 --> 00:18:42,333 COUNTRY NEAR FLORENCE. 380 00:18:42,333 --> 00:18:45,066 HE HAS A GROUP OF WILD TURKEYS, SOMETIMES 10-20, 381 00:18:45,066 --> 00:18:47,333 THAT COME AND GO ON HIS PROPERTY. 382 00:18:47,333 --> 00:18:49,533 NUMBER ONE, ARE THEY PROTECTED? 383 00:18:49,533 --> 00:18:54,533 HOW CAN HE GET RID OF THEM? I'M HERE. (LAUGHTER) 384 00:18:54,533 --> 00:18:59,033 AND, CAN HE SHOOT THEM? I'M HERE. (LAUGHTER) 385 00:18:59,033 --> 00:19:01,033 - (LAUGHTER) YEAH, YOU WANNA GET RID OF THEM, I THINK 386 00:19:01,033 --> 00:19:03,233 THERE ARE A NUMBER OF PEOPLE YOU CAN CALL TO DO THAT. 387 00:19:03,233 --> 00:19:05,866 BUT, THEY'RE NOT FEDERALLY PROTECTED, THEY'RE A STATE 388 00:19:05,866 --> 00:19:08,800 GAME BIRDS, SO THEY ARE REGULATED AT THE STATE LEVEL, 389 00:19:08,800 --> 00:19:13,933 SO THERE ARE SEASONS, THERE ARE SEASONS FOR WILD TURKEYS 390 00:19:13,933 --> 00:19:16,133 IN MONTANA. 391 00:19:16,133 --> 00:19:20,300 SO, DEPENDING ON WHERE YOU ARE, SO FOR PORTIONS OF THE 392 00:19:20,300 --> 00:19:24,066 STATE THAT ARE IN EASTERN MONTANA, THERE'S MORE OF AN OPEN 393 00:19:24,066 --> 00:19:27,300 SEASON, WHEREAS, AS YOU MOVE FARTHER WEST, IT BECOMES 394 00:19:27,300 --> 00:19:30,833 MORE OF A DRAW, OR SELECTED HUNTING OPPORTUNITY FOR REMOVAL. 395 00:19:30,833 --> 00:19:34,666 IF YOU'RE HAVING A NUISANCE SITUATION, WHERE YOU'VE TRIED TO 396 00:19:34,666 --> 00:19:38,633 ENCOURAGE HUNTING ON YOUR PROPERTY TO REMOVE THOSE BIRDS, 397 00:19:38,633 --> 00:19:42,933 OR AT LEAST REMEDIATE THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS, IF YOU'VE DONE 398 00:19:42,933 --> 00:19:45,400 A GOOD JOB AT THAT, THEN YOU CAN CONTACT YOUR LOCAL 399 00:19:45,400 --> 00:19:49,433 WILDLIFE BIOLOGIST ABOUT PERHAPS GETTING A NUISANCE PERMIT 400 00:19:49,433 --> 00:19:53,700 TO HARRASS OR HAZE OR OTHERWISE GET RID OF THE BIRDS. 401 00:19:53,700 --> 00:19:55,266 - SOUNDS GOOD. 402 00:19:55,266 --> 00:19:58,566 - WE HAVE AN URBAN TURKEY IN BOZEMAN. 403 00:19:58,566 --> 00:20:03,200 THERE IS A WILD TURKEY LIVING DOWN RIGHT IN RESIDENTIAL 404 00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:05,400 AREAS IN TURKEY, IN BOZEMAN, 405 00:20:05,400 --> 00:20:07,000 - AND, YOU DON'T WANNA TRY PETTIN' IT, I GUESS. 406 00:20:07,000 --> 00:20:08,166 - OH, NO, NO. (LAUGHTER) 407 00:20:08,166 --> 00:20:09,633 APPARENTLY, IT BEATS UP DOGS, PRETTY WELL. 408 00:20:09,633 --> 00:20:11,500 - THEY CAN BE PRETTY ORNERY. 409 00:20:11,500 --> 00:20:15,566 - ALL RIGHT, MIKE, THIS PERSON'S HOUSE IS FILLIN' UP 410 00:20:15,566 --> 00:20:18,833 WITH LARGE, SLOW-FLYING FLIES. 411 00:20:18,833 --> 00:20:21,233 WHAT CAN YOU DO TO GET RID OF THEM AND ANY IDEA 412 00:20:21,233 --> 00:20:23,066 WHAT THEY MIGHT BE? 413 00:20:23,066 --> 00:20:27,533 - YEAH, THEY'RE CLUSTER FLIES, IT HAPPENS EVERY FALL. 414 00:20:27,533 --> 00:20:32,733 AND, THEY'RE A REAL PROBLEM, THEY'RE PARASITES, 415 00:20:32,733 --> 00:20:35,666 THEY'RE LARVAE ARE PARASITES OF EARTHWORMS, 416 00:20:35,666 --> 00:20:37,666 AND THEY COME OUT IN THE FALL AND LOOK FOR A PLACE 417 00:20:37,666 --> 00:20:39,600 TO HIDE OVER WINTER. 418 00:20:39,600 --> 00:20:42,600 AND, THEY WANT A WARM PROTECTED PLACE, SO WHAT 419 00:20:42,600 --> 00:20:47,566 THAT MEANS IS, YOUR WINDOWS, ON THE INSIDE, AND 420 00:20:47,566 --> 00:20:49,933 THEY'RE COMING IN THROUGH CRACKS AND CREVICES 421 00:20:49,933 --> 00:20:51,233 AND CRAWL SPACES. 422 00:20:51,233 --> 00:20:54,266 THEY'LL GET INTO THE, YOU COULD BE HORRIFIED SOMETIMES 423 00:20:54,266 --> 00:20:56,333 IF YOU GO INTO THE CRAWL SPACES AND SEE HOW MANY 424 00:20:56,333 --> 00:20:58,500 OF THEM THERE ARE DOWN THERE. 425 00:20:58,500 --> 00:21:01,900 AND THEN, IF IT GETS WARM, THEY COME UP, THEY SEE LIGHT, 426 00:21:01,900 --> 00:21:04,466 THEY GO THROUGH THE HOLE, AND THEY END UP IN YOUR HOUSE, 427 00:21:04,466 --> 00:21:07,900 THEN THEY GO TO THE WINDOWS, THEY'RE SLOW-FLYING BECAUSE 428 00:21:07,900 --> 00:21:09,266 THEY'RE COLD. 429 00:21:09,266 --> 00:21:11,066 - OKAY. - YOU CAN HIT 'EM WITH 430 00:21:11,066 --> 00:21:13,233 THE FLY SWATTER, YOU CAN SUCK 'EM UP WITH A VACUUM 431 00:21:13,233 --> 00:21:17,033 CLEANER, YOU CAN SEAL UP YOUR HOUSE A LITTLE BETTER. 432 00:21:17,033 --> 00:21:21,100 BUT, THEY'RE LIKE THE POOR, THEY WILL BE WITH US ALWAYS. 433 00:21:21,100 --> 00:21:22,866 - I WAS GONNA SAY, 'CAUSE I CAN REMEMBER WHEN I WAS 434 00:21:22,866 --> 00:21:24,866 DOING SIDING WHEN I WAS IN CONSTRUCTION, AND YOU WOULD 435 00:21:24,866 --> 00:21:27,700 PULL SIDING OFF A HOUSE, OR YOU WOULD GET INTO SOME OF 436 00:21:27,700 --> 00:21:30,333 THE WALLS THAT HAVE INSULATION AND THE AMOUNT OF FLIES 437 00:21:30,333 --> 00:21:33,566 THAT WERE IN THERE, SOMETIMES WAS PHENOMENAL. 438 00:21:33,566 --> 00:21:35,666 - AND, ONE OF THE THINGS THAT HAPPENS, THEN, IS THEY 439 00:21:35,666 --> 00:21:38,966 DIE IN THERE AND THERE'S THESE, A GROUP OF BEETLES 440 00:21:38,966 --> 00:21:42,933 CALLED CARPET BEETLES THAT LIVE ON DEAD INSECT 441 00:21:42,933 --> 00:21:45,900 CARCASSES, AND THEY WILL GET IN THERE AND THEN YOU 442 00:21:45,900 --> 00:21:49,066 WILL IN THE SPRING, HAVE PEOPLE BRING IN LIKE, A HANDFUL 443 00:21:49,066 --> 00:21:51,800 OF THESE LITTLE BEETLES WONDERING WHERE 444 00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:54,100 AND, THAT COULD BE WHERE THEY'RE AT. 445 00:21:54,100 --> 00:21:59,233 - INTERESTING, SOUTH OF ALBERTON, LANCE, 446 00:21:59,233 --> 00:22:01,033 WHAT CAN YOU DO TO ELIMINATE 447 00:22:01,033 --> 00:22:03,066 OR DISCOURAGE PACK RATS FROM NESTING 448 00:22:03,066 --> 00:22:06,100 IN THE ENGINE OF A VEHICLE PARKED OUTSIDE? 449 00:22:06,100 --> 00:22:09,266 THEY'RE LOOKING FOR A POISON-FREE OPTION, SINCE THERE 450 00:22:09,266 --> 00:22:11,033 ARE PETS NEARBY. 451 00:22:11,033 --> 00:22:13,433 SURE, START THE VEHICLE ONCE IN A WHILE, THAT WOULD BE 452 00:22:13,433 --> 00:22:16,100 MY RECOMMENDATION, SO, I KNOW THAT'S NOT AN OPTION 453 00:22:16,100 --> 00:22:19,533 FOR PROJECTS, I HAVE A COUPLE OF THOSE MYSELF. 454 00:22:19,533 --> 00:22:23,166 BUT, YEAH, THEY CAN BE PRETTY NASTY, SO, MOTHBALLS. 455 00:22:23,166 --> 00:22:25,266 DUMP A BUNCH OF MOTHBALLS IN THERE, JUST MAKE SURE 456 00:22:25,266 --> 00:22:28,266 THAT YOU'RE CLEANING THOSE OUT, PRIOR TO WHEN YOU WANNA 457 00:22:28,266 --> 00:22:32,400 ACTUALLY USE THE VEHICLE, 'CAUSE THAT CAN BE BAD. 458 00:22:32,400 --> 00:22:33,766 - (LAUGHTER) I BELIEVE THAT. 459 00:22:33,766 --> 00:22:37,533 - AGAIN, JUST AS COMMENTS, I WORKED FOR YEARS FOR A SERVICE 460 00:22:37,533 --> 00:22:40,533 STATION WHERE WE WOULD CHANGE OIL AND WE WOULD TAKE 461 00:22:40,533 --> 00:22:43,933 FILTERS OUT OF CARS, AND YOU WOULD NOT BELIEVE HOW MANY CARS 462 00:22:43,933 --> 00:22:46,500 YOU WOULD TAKE THE FILTER OUT AND THERE WOULD BE SOME TYPE 463 00:22:46,500 --> 00:22:48,833 OF PACK RAT NEST, IN THE AIR FILTER. 464 00:22:48,833 --> 00:22:51,833 SO, JUST THE PERFORMANCE OF THE VEHICLE MUST HAVE BEEN 465 00:22:51,833 --> 00:22:55,100 COMPROMISED BY THAT, IT WAS QUITE PHENOMENAL 466 00:22:55,100 --> 00:22:57,000 AND YOU WOULD NOT BELIEVE HOW MANY TIMES YOU WOULD 467 00:22:57,000 --> 00:22:59,033 SEE THAT, IT'S CRAZY. 468 00:22:59,033 --> 00:23:00,766 - CHANGE YOUR FILTERS, THEN. (LAUGHTER) 469 00:23:00,766 --> 00:23:02,333 - YEAH, EXACTLY, CHANGE YOUR FILTERS MORE OFTEN. 470 00:23:02,333 --> 00:23:05,433 - EVERY 300 PACK RATS. (LAUGHTER) 471 00:23:05,433 --> 00:23:08,133 - IT ALSO COMPROMISED THE PERFORMANCE OF THE PACK RAT. 472 00:23:08,133 --> 00:23:10,166 - (LAUGHTER) WELL, YOU KNOW, WE NEVER DID FIND THE PACK RATS 473 00:23:10,166 --> 00:23:13,066 IN THERE, WE ALWAYS JUST FOUND THEIR NESTS, CHEWED WIRES, 474 00:23:13,066 --> 00:23:14,600 THINGS LIKE THAT. 475 00:23:14,600 --> 00:23:17,500 - OKAY, ALL RIGHT, WE'VE HAD PACK RATS FOR A WHILE. 476 00:23:17,500 --> 00:23:20,866 MACK, THIS CAME IN FROM HILL COUNTY, WHICH IS HAVRE, 477 00:23:20,866 --> 00:23:24,933 SHE HAS ABOUT THREE QUARTER ACRE GARDEN "FARM", 478 00:23:24,933 --> 00:23:27,466 SHE NEEDS HELP, WHO SHOULD SHE CONTACT, THE 479 00:23:27,466 --> 00:23:30,000 COUNTY AGENT UP THERE OR WHO WOULD YOU SUGGEST? 480 00:23:30,000 --> 00:23:34,766 OR YOU, CALL MACK, (LAUGHTER) 481 00:23:34,766 --> 00:23:36,800 PHONE'S OUT THERE, THAT'D WORK. 482 00:23:36,800 --> 00:23:38,566 - YEAH, GIVE ME A CALL, I'D BE GLAD TO VISIT WITH YOU 483 00:23:38,566 --> 00:23:40,500 ABOUT WHATEVER KIND OF HELP IT IS YOU'RE LOOKING FOR. 484 00:23:40,500 --> 00:23:42,233 [TOBY} AND, NICOLE GRAVE, WHO IS THE EXTENSION AGENT 485 00:23:42,233 --> 00:23:45,266 IN HILL COUNTY IS A GREAT AGENT, SHE IS VERY RESPONSIVE, 486 00:23:45,266 --> 00:23:49,400 DOES A VERY GOOD JOB OF GETTIN' BACK TO FOLKS AND IF SHE 487 00:23:49,400 --> 00:23:52,033 DOESN'T KNOW THE ANSWER, I KNOW THAT SHE GETS IN TOUCH 488 00:23:52,033 --> 00:23:53,533 WITH THE RIGHT PEOPLE. 489 00:23:53,533 --> 00:23:55,500 - WHEN SOMEBODY WITH THREE FOURTHS OF AN ACRE GARDEN 490 00:23:55,500 --> 00:23:57,300 SAYS, "I NEED HELP!", I THINK THEY NEED HELP PICKIN' 491 00:23:57,300 --> 00:23:59,066 TOMATOES OR SOMETHING. (LAUGHTER) 492 00:23:59,066 --> 00:24:00,933 - THAT'S WHAT I THOUGHT, TOO, SOMEBODY TO RUN 493 00:24:00,933 --> 00:24:02,333 THE ROTOTILLER, HUH? 494 00:24:02,333 --> 00:24:03,566 - YEAH. (LAUGHTER) 495 00:24:03,566 --> 00:24:05,866 - FROM ANACONDA, AND THIS IS AN INTERESTING QUESTION 496 00:24:05,866 --> 00:24:07,266 I'VE NEVER THOUGHT OF. 497 00:24:07,266 --> 00:24:10,400 WHAT IS THE TECHNICAL DIFFERENCE AND THE DEFINITION 498 00:24:10,400 --> 00:24:15,300 OF A RANCH AND A RANCHETTE? 499 00:24:15,300 --> 00:24:17,800 YEAH, I GOT 'EM. (LAUGHTER) 500 00:24:17,800 --> 00:24:22,533 I'M NOT SURE IF THERE IS A TECHNICAL DEFINITION, AS I, 501 00:24:22,533 --> 00:24:26,200 DEAL A LOT WITH, MOST OF MY RESEARCH OCCURS ON RANGE LANDS 502 00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:29,066 AND HOW I DEFINE A RANCHETTE, 503 00:24:29,066 --> 00:24:33,900 IS WHEN A RANCH, A WORKING RANCH 504 00:24:33,900 --> 00:24:37,866 OF 1,000 OR MORE ACRES IS SUBDIVIDED INTO 10, 20, 505 00:24:37,866 --> 00:24:39,666 30 ACRE PARCELS. 506 00:24:39,666 --> 00:24:42,066 - [JACK] I THINK THAT'S PROBABLY A VERY GOOD DEFINITION. 507 00:24:42,066 --> 00:24:43,666 - I DON'T KNOW, WHAT DO YOU GUYS THINK? 508 00:24:43,666 --> 00:24:46,900 - IF YOU CAN'T SELL ENOUGH PRODUCE OF THE LAND TO PAY 509 00:24:46,900 --> 00:24:48,833 THE PAYMENTS, IT'S A RANCHETTE. 510 00:24:48,833 --> 00:24:49,933 - OKAY. 511 00:24:49,933 --> 00:24:51,700 - ISN'T A RANCHETTE JUST A FEMALE VERSION OF A RANCH? 512 00:24:51,700 --> 00:24:53,633 (LAUGHTER) 513 00:24:53,633 --> 00:24:56,033 - OKAY, NOW YOU'RE GETTING ME IN TROUBLE. 514 00:24:56,033 --> 00:24:58,800 - WE'RE DONE NOW. 515 00:24:58,800 --> 00:25:01,533 FROM BILLINGS, MIKE THIS IS INTERESTING, TOO. 516 00:25:01,533 --> 00:25:04,233 THIS PERSON HAS SEEN PRAYING MANTIS AND SLUGS 517 00:25:04,233 --> 00:25:08,033 FOR THE FIRST TIME, TELL US MORE, WHY THAT MIGHT BE 518 00:25:08,033 --> 00:25:10,766 AND A LITTLE BIT ABOUT WHAT PRAYING MANTIS MIGHT-- 519 00:25:10,766 --> 00:25:13,200 WELL, IF YOU'RE SEEING PRAYING MANTISES IN BILLINGS, 520 00:25:13,200 --> 00:25:16,566 IT'S BECAUSE YOUR NEIGHBORS ARE PROBABLY BUYING THEM 521 00:25:16,566 --> 00:25:21,600 FROM ONE OF THE ORGANIC SUPPLIERS. 522 00:25:21,600 --> 00:25:25,066 VERY, VERY RARE TO FIND A NATIVE PRAYING MANTIS 523 00:25:25,066 --> 00:25:28,800 IN MONTANA, THEY DO OCCUR, THEY'RE QUITE SMALL, 524 00:25:28,800 --> 00:25:31,900 BUT, IF YOU'RE SEEING THE BIG CHINESE MANTIS, 525 00:25:31,900 --> 00:25:35,200 YOU CAN BUY THE EGG MASSES, THEY'RE CALLED 'OOTHECA' 526 00:25:35,200 --> 00:25:37,566 AND YOU CAN BUY THEM, AND PEOPLE WILL RELEASE THEM 527 00:25:37,566 --> 00:25:38,933 IN THEIR GARDEN. 528 00:25:38,933 --> 00:25:41,266 THEY THEN LEAVE AND GO TO THE NEIGHBOR'S GARDEN 529 00:25:41,266 --> 00:25:43,633 AS SOON AS THEY COME OUT, SO THAT'S ONE THING. 530 00:25:43,633 --> 00:25:48,233 AS FAR AS SLUGS, SLUGS ARE CYCLICAL AND THEY'RE HERE 531 00:25:48,233 --> 00:25:51,233 THEY'RE NATIVE, SOME OF 'EM, THERE'S SOME EXOTIC 532 00:25:51,233 --> 00:25:56,133 ONES AS WELL, IN GARDENS, BUT IT'S JUST WHETHER OR NOT 533 00:25:56,133 --> 00:25:58,000 THERE WAS A GOOD YEAR FOR THEM. 534 00:25:58,000 --> 00:26:01,000 - SOUNDS GOOD, QUICK ONE, IS IT TOO LATE IN THE SEASON 535 00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:02,466 TO DIVIDE IRIS? 536 00:26:02,466 --> 00:26:05,300 - IT IS, YOU ALWAYS WANT TO DIVIDE IRIS, PROBABLY NO MORE 537 00:26:05,300 --> 00:26:07,166 THAN A MONTH AFTER THEY FLOWER. 538 00:26:07,166 --> 00:26:12,266 - SOUNDS GOOD, REED POINT, LANCE, THIS PERSON 539 00:26:12,266 --> 00:26:14,700 SAID THEY HAVE AN EXPLOSION OF RABBITS 540 00:26:14,700 --> 00:26:18,133 IN THE REED POINT AREA, WHICH IS BETWEEN BIG TIMBER AND 541 00:26:18,133 --> 00:26:23,100 BILLINGS IS THERE ANY OUTSIDE SYMPTOMS OF TULAREMIA ON 542 00:26:23,100 --> 00:26:29,300 EITHER LIVE OR DEAD RABBITS, AND WILL TULAREMIA GO TO PETS? 543 00:26:29,300 --> 00:26:32,033 - LOTS OF QUESTIONS THERE, SO THE REASON THEY'RE SAYING 544 00:26:32,033 --> 00:26:35,800 A LOT MORE RABBITS, IS THAT RABBITS, RABBIT POPULATIONS ARE 545 00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:40,966 CYCLIC, SO THEY COME UP AND DOWN, IN MORE THAN ANNUAL 546 00:26:40,966 --> 00:26:43,800 CYCLES, SO, OVER A PERIOD OF TIME. 547 00:26:43,800 --> 00:26:47,966 TULAREMIA IS A DISEASE OF CONCERN IN RABBITS, BUT, TO MY 548 00:26:47,966 --> 00:26:52,766 KNOWLEDGE IS THERE'S NO DISCERNIBLE, OVERT WAY TO TELL 549 00:26:52,766 --> 00:26:54,900 THAT A RABBIT DIED OF TULAREMIA. 550 00:26:54,900 --> 00:26:58,666 IF YOU FIND A DEAD RABBIT, THAT HAS, THAT YOU CAN'T FIND 551 00:26:58,666 --> 00:27:00,433 ANY TYPE OF WOUND OR YOU CAN'T OTHERWISE DETERMINE 552 00:27:00,433 --> 00:27:02,366 WHY IT DIED, THERE'S A GOOD CHANCE THAT IT DIED FROM SOME 553 00:27:02,366 --> 00:27:05,400 PATHOGEN, A PATHOGEN OF SOME KIND, AND TULAREMIA IS 554 00:27:05,400 --> 00:27:06,966 A COMMON ONE. 555 00:27:06,966 --> 00:27:09,666 AS FAR AS PETS, I DO NOT KNOW. 556 00:27:09,666 --> 00:27:13,666 I WOULD ASSUME THAT, I WOULD ASSUME IT WOULD BE 557 00:27:13,666 --> 00:27:15,266 A VERY RARE THING. 558 00:27:15,266 --> 00:27:16,400 - OKAY, I THINK THAT'S CORRECT. 559 00:27:16,400 --> 00:27:17,900 - YEAH. - TULAREMIA THIS YEAR, 560 00:27:17,900 --> 00:27:20,400 THROUGHOUT THE WEST HAS BEEN QUITE COMMON 561 00:27:20,400 --> 00:27:22,200 HAS IT NOT? 562 00:27:22,200 --> 00:27:25,100 - WELL, I DON'T KNOW IF IT'S BEEN COMMON ACROSS THE 563 00:27:25,100 --> 00:27:27,900 ENTIRE WEST, BUT I DO KNOW THAT I HAVE ONE GRADUATE 564 00:27:27,900 --> 00:27:30,633 STUDENT WORKING ON A RESEARCH PROJECT ON BEAVERS, 565 00:27:30,633 --> 00:27:32,366 AND WE'VE HAD A NUMBER OF BEAVERS THAT WE HAVE 566 00:27:32,366 --> 00:27:35,666 FOUND DEAD, THAT HAVE, AND WE'VE TAKEN THEM INTO THE STATE 567 00:27:35,666 --> 00:27:39,366 VET FOR NECROPSY AND SHE THINKS THAT THEY DIED OF TULAREMIA. 568 00:27:39,366 --> 00:27:42,633 - I READ AN ARTICLE RECENTLY, FROM COLORADO WHERE I THINK 569 00:27:42,633 --> 00:27:46,066 THEY SHARE THEY'VE HAD ABOUT A DOZEN CASES OF TULAREMIA 570 00:27:46,066 --> 00:27:48,833 AND A COUPLE PEOPLE HAVE ACTUALLY PASSED AWAY BECAUSE 571 00:27:48,833 --> 00:27:51,000 OF TULAREMIA. - THAT'S UNFORTUNATE. 572 00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:56,433 - IT'S ON THAT ISSUE, ONCE IT FREEZES, IT'S THEORETICALLY, 573 00:27:56,433 --> 00:27:58,933 TULAREMIA DISAPPEARS, IS THAT TRUE? 574 00:27:58,933 --> 00:28:02,400 - I'M NOT SURE, MIKE, IS TULAREMIA VECTORED 575 00:28:02,400 --> 00:28:04,133 BY AN INSECT? 576 00:28:04,133 --> 00:28:06,033 - I DON'T BELIEVE SO, I THINK IT'S CONTACT TO CONTACT 577 00:28:06,033 --> 00:28:08,500 THAT'S THE WAY PEOPLE GET IT, IS WHEN THEY'RE CLEANING 578 00:28:08,500 --> 00:28:10,866 A RABBIT THEY CUT THEMSELVES. - YES. 579 00:28:10,866 --> 00:28:15,066 - I BELIEVE IT'S A DIRECT CONTACT, I'VE NEVER HEARD 580 00:28:15,066 --> 00:28:17,800 OF AN INSECT VECTOR OR AN ARTHROPOD VECTOR. 581 00:28:17,800 --> 00:28:19,700 - WELL, IF THAT'S THE CASE, THEN I WOULD EXPECT IT 582 00:28:19,700 --> 00:28:21,933 TO LULL A BIT AS THERE'S A LOT OF DIE-OFF, ESPECIALLY 583 00:28:21,933 --> 00:28:24,500 IN RABBIT POPULATIONS HERE IN WINTER TIME, 584 00:28:24,500 --> 00:28:27,400 AS THEY'RE PREDATED ON, BUT IT WON'T GO AWAY. 585 00:28:27,400 --> 00:28:31,400 IT'LL ALWAYS BE THERE AT SOME ZERO PREVALENCE. 586 00:28:31,400 --> 00:28:35,300 - MATT, THIS PERSON IS CURIOUS, FROM GREAT FALLS, 587 00:28:35,300 --> 00:28:39,933 ARE YOU SEEING AN INCREASE IN SMALL FARMS THAT ARE 588 00:28:39,933 --> 00:28:42,566 PRODUCING PRODUCTS FOR PROFIT? 589 00:28:42,566 --> 00:28:46,100 - YEAH, YEAH, I AM, AND IT'S EXCITING TO SEE THAT. 590 00:28:46,100 --> 00:28:48,033 I'M DEFINITELY WORKIN' WITH A NUMBER OF PRODUCERS 591 00:28:48,033 --> 00:28:51,133 WHO'VE MADE A STEP INTO THE LEVEL WHERE THEY'RE 592 00:28:51,133 --> 00:28:54,033 EMPLOYING PEOPLE AND MAKING A LIVING DOIN' IT. 593 00:28:54,033 --> 00:28:56,966 I THINK THAT'S A GOOD THING TO SEE. 594 00:28:56,966 --> 00:29:01,066 - OKAY, LANCE, WE'RE GETTIN' A LOT OF QUESTIONS FOR YOU. 595 00:29:01,066 --> 00:29:02,866 SINCE YOU'RE THE GUEST, WE'RE GONNA HIT YOU WITH A FEW 596 00:29:02,866 --> 00:29:04,433 MORE OF 'EM. 597 00:29:04,433 --> 00:29:07,900 DO YOU HAVE SUGGESTIONS FOR A WAY TO CONTROL OR ELIMINATE 598 00:29:07,900 --> 00:29:12,866 BADGERS IN CROP AND OR RANCH LAND? 599 00:29:12,866 --> 00:29:16,166 - THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY AT REDUCING BADGER POPULATIONS 600 00:29:16,166 --> 00:29:19,800 IS TRAPPING, AND SO, THEY'RE REALLY EASY TO TRAP, 601 00:29:19,800 --> 00:29:21,733 'CAUSE THEY COME OUT OF THEIR BURROWS IN A CERTAIN 602 00:29:21,733 --> 00:29:25,600 SPOT, SO THEY'RE PRETTY EASY TO DO, SO, THAT'S WHAT 603 00:29:25,600 --> 00:29:27,166 I WOULD RECOMMEND. 604 00:29:27,166 --> 00:29:29,133 - BUT AREN'T BADGERS GONNA TAKE OUT AN AWFUL LOT OF THINGS 605 00:29:29,133 --> 00:29:30,833 THAT ARE EATING CROPS? 606 00:29:30,833 --> 00:29:34,033 - OH, ABSOLUTELY, YEAH, THANKS MIKE, I SHOULD HAVE 607 00:29:34,033 --> 00:29:35,133 MENTIONED THAT. 608 00:29:35,133 --> 00:29:37,500 YEAH, SO BADGERS ACTUALLY DO, THEY ACTUALLY PROVIDE 609 00:29:37,500 --> 00:29:40,200 A LOT OF SERVICE TO THOSE SMALL RODENTS AND THINGS 610 00:29:40,200 --> 00:29:41,866 THAT ARE ACTUALLY DEPREDATING CROPS. 611 00:29:41,866 --> 00:29:43,533 SO, THEY'RE KINDA NICE TO HAVE AROUND. 612 00:29:43,533 --> 00:29:45,566 - YEAH, I WOULD AGREE. 613 00:29:45,566 --> 00:29:48,466 - MIKE, EARWIG TREATMENT, IN THE FALL TO REDUCE EARWIGS 614 00:29:48,466 --> 00:29:51,033 FOR NEXT SUMMER, I DON'T KNOW OF ANYTHING, DO YOU? 615 00:29:51,033 --> 00:29:55,100 - WINTER WILL EVENTUALLY DO IT, EXCEPT IN THE GARAGE, 616 00:29:55,100 --> 00:30:00,466 WHICH IS WHERE THEY ALL SEEM TO GO. 617 00:30:00,466 --> 00:30:03,233 THAT IS ONE OF THOSE SITUATIONS WHERE CONTEXT IS EVERYTHING. 618 00:30:03,233 --> 00:30:09,533 YOU CAN CLOSE UP FOOD SOURCES TO KEEP THEM OUT, YOU CAN 619 00:30:09,533 --> 00:30:12,166 CLEAN THINGS UP TO KEEP THEM OUT, BUT THEY'RE GONNA BE 620 00:30:12,166 --> 00:30:14,966 IN YOUR WOOD PILES AND SO ON, THE QUESTION IS, IS ARE THEY 621 00:30:14,966 --> 00:30:17,800 BAD ENOUGH TO ACTUALLY TREAT FOR. 622 00:30:17,800 --> 00:30:20,633 ARE THEY IN A PLACE WHERE YOU REALLY NEED TO TREAT FOR THEM. 623 00:30:20,633 --> 00:30:25,566 THEY'RE IRRITATING, I'M AN ENTOMOLOGIST, 624 00:30:25,566 --> 00:30:29,233 I LIKE INSECTS, I HATE EARWIGS, (LAUGHTER) YOU KNOW. 625 00:30:29,233 --> 00:30:31,066 - A LOT OF PEOPLE DO. 626 00:30:31,066 --> 00:30:32,900 - THEY'RE REALLY NOT VERY HARMFUL ARE THEY? 627 00:30:32,900 --> 00:30:35,700 - SO, I FEEL FOR THEM, THEY'RE IRRITATING, THEY TASTE 628 00:30:35,700 --> 00:30:37,600 BAD, SO THEY GET INTO THE DOG FOOD, DOG DOESN'T 629 00:30:37,600 --> 00:30:40,800 WANT TO EAT IT, THEY'RE ALWAYS IN PLACES WHERE YOU 630 00:30:40,800 --> 00:30:44,333 DON'T WANT THEM, AND THEY'RE SQUIRMY WHEN YOU GO 631 00:30:44,333 --> 00:30:45,566 TO SQUISH THEM. 632 00:30:45,566 --> 00:30:47,133 - AND YOU'RE AN ENTOMOLOGIST? (LAUGHTER) 633 00:30:47,133 --> 00:30:49,733 - YEAH, THEY'RE JUST A PAIN, AND THEY'RE NONNATIVE, 634 00:30:49,733 --> 00:30:51,166 THEY'RE ANOTHER ONE OF THOSE THINGS THAT CAME 635 00:30:51,166 --> 00:30:54,866 OUT OF EUROPE WITH US AND THERE'S NO GOOD PREDATORS 636 00:30:54,866 --> 00:30:56,666 OR PARASITES ON THEM. 637 00:30:56,666 --> 00:30:58,633 - [TOBY] ANOTHER THING THAT I SOMETIMES RECOMMEND IS JUST 638 00:30:58,633 --> 00:31:01,900 PUTTIN' UP A ROLLED UP NEWSPAPER, ROLL 639 00:31:01,900 --> 00:31:06,133 ROLL 'EM UP TIGHT, THEY'LL USUALLY FIND LITTLE FOLDS AND 640 00:31:06,133 --> 00:31:08,300 PLACES WHERE THEY LIKE TO HIDE AND THEN YOU CAN JUST 641 00:31:08,300 --> 00:31:09,900 THROW OUT THE NEWSPAPER OR RECYCLE IT. 642 00:31:09,900 --> 00:31:11,966 - OH, NO, NO, YOU BURN IT. - BURN IT? 643 00:31:11,966 --> 00:31:14,400 - YES, IT'S MUCH MORE SATISFYING. (LAUGHTER) 644 00:31:14,400 --> 00:31:16,433 IF YOU LISTEN CLOSELY, YOU CAN HEAR 'EM POP. 645 00:31:16,433 --> 00:31:18,733 (LOUD LAUGHTER) 646 00:31:18,733 --> 00:31:21,333 - ALL RIGHT, ENOUGH WITH EARWIGS, LANCE, AND WE'VE HAD 647 00:31:21,333 --> 00:31:24,100 SEVERAL QUESTIONS ABOUT VOLES AND GOPHERS, WHICH I 648 00:31:24,100 --> 00:31:27,500 THINK THEY'RE REFERRING TO GROUND SQUIRRELS. 649 00:31:27,500 --> 00:31:31,633 THIS PARTICULAR PERSON FROM BOZEMAN HAS LOTS OF VOLES 650 00:31:31,633 --> 00:31:35,200 AND GOPHERS, GROUND SQUIRRELS MOVING IN FROM THEIR 651 00:31:35,200 --> 00:31:39,466 NEIGHBORS, IS THERE ANY WAY THAT THEY CAN STOP THOSE 652 00:31:39,466 --> 00:31:43,166 CREATURES FROM MOVING INTO THEIR PROPERTY? 653 00:31:43,166 --> 00:31:45,833 - TRY GETTING A NEW NEIGHBOR. (LAUGHTER) 654 00:31:45,833 --> 00:31:48,266 SO, YEAH, IT'S GONNA BE ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE TO 655 00:31:48,266 --> 00:31:50,533 CONTROL VOLES OR REDUCE VOLES, IF YOU DON'T HAVE 656 00:31:50,533 --> 00:31:53,866 A COMMUNITY LEVEL KIND OF COOPERATIVE. 657 00:31:53,866 --> 00:31:57,333 BECAUSE, YOU GUYS KNOW THIS, SO VOLES ARE 658 00:31:57,333 --> 00:32:00,933 HIGHLY PROLIFIC, SO THEY HAVE LIKE, THEY CAN HAVE 659 00:32:00,933 --> 00:32:02,900 MULTIPLE LITTERS IN A SEASON, AND THEY CAN HAVE 660 00:32:02,900 --> 00:32:07,366 A LARGE NUMBER OF PUPS IN EACH LITTER, SO EVEN 661 00:32:07,366 --> 00:32:10,600 JUVENILES CAN HAVE, CAN BORE YOUNG IN THE SEASON 662 00:32:10,600 --> 00:32:12,266 THAT THEY WERE BORN. 663 00:32:12,266 --> 00:32:14,133 SO, THEY JUST KEEP COMIN'. 664 00:32:14,133 --> 00:32:16,266 SO, IF YOUR NEIGHBORS NOT HELPIN' YOU OUT, 665 00:32:16,266 --> 00:32:18,000 THEN YOU'RE GONNA HAVE A HARD TIME KEEPING 666 00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:19,300 THEM OUT OF YOUR YARD. 667 00:32:19,300 --> 00:32:21,166 BUT, THERE ARE A NUMBER OF MEASURES WHICH, I MEAN, 668 00:32:21,166 --> 00:32:22,566 I WAS WATCHING THE SHOW LAST WEEK AND TOBY MENTIONED 669 00:32:22,566 --> 00:32:26,300 A COUPLE OF MEASURES FOR PREVENTING DAMAGE. 670 00:32:26,300 --> 00:32:29,600 THE MOST EFFECTIVE THING THAT YOU CAN DO IS TO CHANGE 671 00:32:29,600 --> 00:32:32,433 THE HABITAT CONDITIONS, SO REMOVE THE COVER. 672 00:32:32,433 --> 00:32:34,800 SO, IF YOU'RE HAVING PROBLEMS IN YOUR GARDEN, 673 00:32:34,800 --> 00:32:37,066 GETTING INTO YOUR GARDEN, THEN CREATE A BUFFER AROUND 674 00:32:37,066 --> 00:32:39,400 YOUR GARDEN OF JUST BARE SOIL OR ROCKS, THEY DON'T WANNA 675 00:32:39,400 --> 00:32:41,500 COME UP OVER, RUN OVER THAT. 676 00:32:41,500 --> 00:32:44,666 IN THE FALL, BEFORE WINTER, YOU WANNA REMOVE, YOU WANT TO 677 00:32:44,666 --> 00:32:47,533 CUT YOUR GRASS SHORT AND THEN REMOVE ALL THE THATCH SO THAT 678 00:32:47,533 --> 00:32:49,866 THEY DON'T HAVE ANY COVER AND THE SNOW CAN KINDA GET 679 00:32:49,866 --> 00:32:53,433 CAMPACTED THERE, TO PROTECT YOUR TREES, YOU CAN WRAP THOSE 680 00:32:53,433 --> 00:32:56,066 IN HARDWARE CLOTH, MAKE SURE YOU'RE BURYING IT 681 00:32:56,066 --> 00:32:58,333 TO THREE OR FOUR INCHES. 682 00:32:58,333 --> 00:32:59,766 AND OF COURSE, DON'T GIRDLE YOUR TREES WITH 683 00:32:59,766 --> 00:33:01,733 THE HARDWARE CLOTH. (LAUGHTER) 684 00:33:01,733 --> 00:33:05,133 - COULD YOU REALISTICALLY EXPECT A INSTALLED RAPTOR PERCH 685 00:33:05,133 --> 00:33:07,866 OF SOME SORT TO DRAW A BIRD IN AND HELP YOU OUT? 686 00:33:07,866 --> 00:33:13,100 - NO, THE DETERRENTS, OR THE SCARE DEVICES FOR THINGS ARE 687 00:33:13,100 --> 00:33:16,000 JUST KIND OF INEFFECTIVE, THEY USUALLY WORK FOR TWO OR THREE 688 00:33:16,000 --> 00:33:18,400 DAYS AND THEN ANIMALS GET HABITUATED TO 'EM. 689 00:33:18,400 --> 00:33:20,033 - YEAH, BUT I'M TRYIN' TO BRING A REAL RAPTOR IN. 690 00:33:20,033 --> 00:33:22,566 - WELL, THAT WOULD BE GOOD, YEAH, IF YOU COULD DO THAT, 691 00:33:22,566 --> 00:33:26,866 THAT WOULD HELP A LOT. 692 00:33:26,866 --> 00:33:30,633 YOU CAN BRING DOWN POPULATIONS WITH A CONCENTRATED 693 00:33:30,633 --> 00:33:35,133 TRAPPING EFFORT, SNAP TRAPS IN THE RUNS, BUT AS SOON AS 694 00:33:35,133 --> 00:33:37,466 YOUR ENTHUSIASM FOR TRAPPING WANES, THEY'RE GONNA 695 00:33:37,466 --> 00:33:41,766 COME RIGHT BACK, SO YEAH, TALK TO YOUR NEIGHBORS. 696 00:33:41,766 --> 00:33:44,000 - YOU KNOW, WE'RE GETTING A BUNCH OF HERBICIDE QUESTIONS, 697 00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:46,633 WEED PROBLEM QUESTIONS TONIGHT AND WE'RE GONNA HAVE 698 00:33:46,633 --> 00:33:50,466 JANE MANGOLD BACK ON PANEL, NEXT WEEK OR TWO, WE'RE GONNA 699 00:33:50,466 --> 00:33:53,366 HOLD THOSE FOR HER, BECAUSE SHE'S MUCH MORE KNOWLEDGEABLE 700 00:33:53,366 --> 00:33:56,200 THAN THESE PEOPLE ARE IN THAT AREA. 701 00:33:56,200 --> 00:33:59,100 FROM LAKESIDE, THIS ONE I'M UNFAMILIAR WITH. 702 00:33:59,100 --> 00:34:02,633 HOW WELL DOES A PRODUCT CALLED CAB FRESH WORK TO KEEP 703 00:34:02,633 --> 00:34:05,300 PACK RATS OUT OF VEHICLES AND CABINS? 704 00:34:05,300 --> 00:34:07,066 HAS ANYBODY EVER HEARD OF THAT? 705 00:34:07,066 --> 00:34:08,466 - I'M SORRY, NO, I DON'T KNOW WHAT THAT IS. 706 00:34:08,466 --> 00:34:09,900 - I HAVEN'T EITHER. 707 00:34:09,900 --> 00:34:16,333 YOU KNOW WHAT, WE'LL FIND OUT AND CHECK. 708 00:34:16,333 --> 00:34:19,333 FROM MCALLISTER, WE GOT LANCE UP, WE'LL JUST STAY 709 00:34:19,333 --> 00:34:21,833 RIGHT THERE, HE HAS DEER MICE GETTING INTO HIS HOUSE'S 710 00:34:21,833 --> 00:34:24,100 BASEMENT, HE HAS BEEN TOLD THAT POISONS THAT ARE 711 00:34:24,100 --> 00:34:28,700 AVAILABLE NOW ARE NOT AS EFFECTIVE AS IN THE PAST, DUE TO 712 00:34:28,700 --> 00:34:31,400 A LOWER CONCENTRATION OF ACTIVE INGREDIENT. 713 00:34:31,400 --> 00:34:32,900 IS THAT TRUE? 714 00:34:32,900 --> 00:34:37,833 - I'M UNSURE IF THAT'S TRUE, BUT, YOU KNOW, IN MY HOUSE, I'M 715 00:34:37,833 --> 00:34:40,833 CONSTANTLY BATTLING DEER MICE GETTING INTO THE HOUSE. 716 00:34:40,833 --> 00:34:43,533 SO, MAKE A CONCERTED EFFORT TO CLOSE UP ALL OF THE SMALL 717 00:34:43,533 --> 00:34:45,600 GAPS, THEY CAN GET THROUGH A SPACE THAT'S LESS THAN 718 00:34:45,600 --> 00:34:47,400 A QUARTER OF AN INCH, EVEN. 719 00:34:47,400 --> 00:34:51,166 SO, AND JUST LIKE THE VOLES THEY ARE HIGHLY PROLIFIC, 720 00:34:51,166 --> 00:34:53,133 SO YOU KINDA HAVE TO, THEY'LL BE CYCLIC. 721 00:34:53,133 --> 00:34:55,733 YOU'LL WHACK THE POPULATION DOWN AND TWO MORE 722 00:34:55,733 --> 00:34:57,933 WILL GET IN SOME LITTLE CRACK IN YOUR HOUSE AND THEN 723 00:34:57,933 --> 00:35:00,266 YOU'LL HAVE ANOTHER BOOM, AND YOU JUST KEEP AT IT. 724 00:35:00,266 --> 00:35:03,200 SO, I'M NOT SURE ABOUT THAT, REDUCED CONCENTRATION. 725 00:35:03,200 --> 00:35:08,033 - ARE THERE SOME EFFECTIVE POISONS FOR DEER MICE? 726 00:35:08,033 --> 00:35:12,433 - SURE, WELL I MEAN, YES, SO THERE ARE SEVERAL COMMERCIALLY 727 00:35:12,433 --> 00:35:17,200 AVAILABLE AT ANY HARDWARE STORE, RAT/MOUSE POISONS THAT 728 00:35:17,200 --> 00:35:18,600 WILL WORK. - TABLETS. 729 00:35:18,600 --> 00:35:20,266 - YEAH, EXACTLY, WELL, AND ACTUALLY I WOULDN'T WANT 730 00:35:20,266 --> 00:35:22,766 TO PUT OUT TABLETS, THEY MAKE THESE ENCLOSED TRAPS, 731 00:35:22,766 --> 00:35:24,633 THAT ONLY A MOUSE CAN GET IN. 732 00:35:24,633 --> 00:35:28,833 ALL RIGHT, SO ONE OF THE THINGS ABOUT POISONING RATHER 733 00:35:28,833 --> 00:35:31,566 THAN LIKE USING SNAP TRAPS OR SOME OTHER DEVICE IS THAT 734 00:35:31,566 --> 00:35:35,033 IT TAKES A WHILE FOR THAT TO WORK, AND IF THE MOUSE GETS OUT 735 00:35:35,033 --> 00:35:38,366 AND PERHAPS YOUR CAT CAN CONSUME IT THERE MAYBE SOME RISK. 736 00:35:38,366 --> 00:35:41,266 THAT'S PROBABLY WHY, IF THEY HAVE LOWERED THE CONCENTRATION, 737 00:35:41,266 --> 00:35:45,166 TO PREVENT SECONDARY TROPHIC CASCADES OF THE POISON. 738 00:35:45,166 --> 00:35:51,066 - SOUNDS GOOD, TOBY, THIS PERSON WANTS TO STORE SQUASH, 739 00:35:51,066 --> 00:35:53,466 SHE HAS A ROOT CELLAR, ANY SUGGESTIONS FOR IT? 740 00:35:53,466 --> 00:35:55,366 - WELL, THE FIRST THING I WOULD DO WITH THE SQUASH IS 741 00:35:55,366 --> 00:35:58,066 HOPEFULLY IT'S GOING TO BE SUNNY IN THE NEXT FEW DAYS, 742 00:35:58,066 --> 00:36:00,566 GET IT OUT IN THE SUN, GET IT OUT IN THE WARMTH, IT'LL 743 00:36:00,566 --> 00:36:02,866 SUBARIZE AGAIN, THAT KIND OF THE OUTSIDE SKIN, 744 00:36:02,866 --> 00:36:04,433 TOUGHEN UP THAT SKIN. 745 00:36:04,433 --> 00:36:06,900 THEN YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO STORE IT IN A COOL, KINDA DRY 746 00:36:06,900 --> 00:36:10,633 SPOT, OR DRIER SPOT, YOU DON'T WANT THE HUMIDITY TOO HIGH, 747 00:36:10,633 --> 00:36:14,500 I THINK 50, 60 PERCENT, WHICH A CRAWL SPACE WOULD BE JUST 748 00:36:14,500 --> 00:36:16,666 ABOUT PERFECT FOR THAT. - OKAY. 749 00:36:16,666 --> 00:36:19,166 - AND YOU WANNA WATCH AGAIN, ANY KIND OF WOUNDING, AND SO 750 00:36:19,166 --> 00:36:22,900 DON'T THROW IT IN A WHEEL BARROW, DON'T GET ANY KIND 751 00:36:22,900 --> 00:36:26,566 OF MARKS, DENTS, SCRATCHES, ANYTIME YOU HAVE THAT, THAT'S 752 00:36:26,566 --> 00:36:29,433 WHEN YOU CAN GET INFECTION, THEN THE MOLDS WILL TAKE THOSE 753 00:36:29,433 --> 00:36:31,533 OUT, SO BE GENTLE WITH THEM. 754 00:36:31,533 --> 00:36:33,500 - THEY'LL CONTINUE TO RIPEN IN STORAGE AS WELL. 755 00:36:33,500 --> 00:36:35,666 SO, IF MAYBE YOUR BUTTERNUTS DIDN'T QUITE FINISH UP 756 00:36:35,666 --> 00:36:38,733 THOSE CAN CONTINUE TO RIPEN SOME, NOT NECESSARILY 757 00:36:38,733 --> 00:36:40,800 FROM A GREEN STAGE, BUT. 758 00:36:40,800 --> 00:36:45,833 - OKAY, RIGHT, A COMMENT FROM HELENA, THIS PERSON 759 00:36:45,833 --> 00:36:48,866 CALLED IN AND SAID RABBITS WITH TULAREMIA WILL HAVE 760 00:36:48,866 --> 00:36:52,400 WHITE SPOTS ON THE LIVER, THAT ARE VISIBLE IN A NECROPSY, 761 00:36:52,400 --> 00:36:54,333 AND I THINK THAT'S TRUE, I THINK I'VE READ THAT. 762 00:36:54,333 --> 00:36:57,100 - YOU CAN DEFINITELY SEE LESIONS INTERNALLY, BUT YOU CAN'T 763 00:36:57,100 --> 00:37:00,100 TELL EXTERNALLY, IF TULAREMIA KILLED A RABBIT. 764 00:37:00,100 --> 00:37:03,266 - CLARIFIED THAT. - THANKS FOR THE CALL. 765 00:37:03,266 --> 00:37:06,333 - NO THAT'S GREAT, WE LIKE COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS. 766 00:37:06,333 --> 00:37:10,100 FROM BILLINGS, MACK AND TOBY WHAT'S A SPINNING-TYPE 767 00:37:10,100 --> 00:37:14,100 COMPOSTER, AND THEY FOLLOWED THE DIRECTIONS, THEY USED 768 00:37:14,100 --> 00:37:17,666 GRASS CLIPPINGS, DRY LEAVES, WATER, ETC., BUT IT DOESN'T 769 00:37:17,666 --> 00:37:20,833 WORK FOR 'EM, VERY WELL, ANY THOUGHT ON THAT? 770 00:37:20,833 --> 00:37:22,700 - MAYBE IT NEEDS MORE WATER? 771 00:37:22,700 --> 00:37:25,133 - WELL, THROW A SHOVELFUL OF SOIL IN THERE, GET SOME 772 00:37:25,133 --> 00:37:28,900 MICROBES GOING, AND IF YOU GOT TRILLIONS OF MICROBES 773 00:37:28,900 --> 00:37:32,433 IN THAT SHOVELFUL OF SOIL, THAT'LL HELP THE PROCESS, 774 00:37:32,433 --> 00:37:35,100 THE OTHER PART OF IT TOO, IS A LOT OF THOSE SPINNING-TYPE 775 00:37:35,100 --> 00:37:38,633 COMPOSTERS SIMPLY DO NOT HAVE ENOUGH VOLUME AND SO 776 00:37:38,633 --> 00:37:42,433 THEY STAY COLD, AND SO YOU REALLY NEED ABOUT A CUBIC YARD 777 00:37:42,433 --> 00:37:44,966 REALLY, TO START THAT COMPOSTING PROCESS, AND MOST OF 'EM 778 00:37:44,966 --> 00:37:46,466 ARE TOO SMALL. 779 00:37:46,466 --> 00:37:47,966 SO, GET THE LARGEST ONE YOU CAN, AND IF YOU ALREADY 780 00:37:47,966 --> 00:37:51,066 HAVE ONE, SELL IT IN A GARAGE SALE, GET A BIGGER ONE. 781 00:37:51,066 --> 00:37:52,466 I DON'T KNOW. 782 00:37:52,466 --> 00:37:53,800 (LAUGHTER) 783 00:37:53,800 --> 00:37:56,566 I LIKE PUTTIN' COMPOST IN COMPOST PILES, 784 00:37:56,566 --> 00:38:01,600 SIZE AS THAT SPINNER AND IT WORKS A LOT BETTER. 785 00:38:01,600 --> 00:38:03,766 - NOW THIS CAME IN FROM LAST WEEK, AND I'M BRINGING IT 786 00:38:03,766 --> 00:38:07,300 UP BECAUSE I'M CURIOUS, AND I DIDN'T REALIZE THIS, BUT THIS 787 00:38:07,300 --> 00:38:11,033 IS FROM A BIRD PERSON, AND THEY WANT TO KNOW WHAT HAPPENED 788 00:38:11,033 --> 00:38:13,533 TO ALL THE FINCHES THIS YEAR, IS THERE A REASON 789 00:38:13,533 --> 00:38:15,733 THE POPULATION'S DOWN? 790 00:38:15,733 --> 00:38:19,433 - YOU KNOW, I HEARD THAT QUESTION EARLIER, AND I DIDN'T 791 00:38:19,433 --> 00:38:22,233 REALLY HAVE A GOOD ANSWER FOR IT, SO I DON'T KNOW MUCH 792 00:38:22,233 --> 00:38:26,866 ABOUT FINCHES, I HAVE TO SAY, SO THERE'S A LOT GOING ON 793 00:38:26,866 --> 00:38:29,733 WITH MIGRATORY BIRD POPULATIONS AND THEY CAN BE 794 00:38:29,733 --> 00:38:33,533 SUSCEPTIBLE TO ALL KINDS OF THINGS, SO THERE COULD BE 795 00:38:33,533 --> 00:38:38,400 LIMITING HABITAT CONDITIONS HERE, BUT MORE LIKELY 796 00:38:38,400 --> 00:38:42,366 THERE WAS SOME SORT OF LIMITING FACTOR THAT OCCURRED 797 00:38:42,366 --> 00:38:44,266 ON IT'S WINTERING GROUNDS. 798 00:38:44,266 --> 00:38:45,633 - YEAH, I WOULD AGREE WITH THAT ENTIRELY. 799 00:38:45,633 --> 00:38:47,866 - IF THERE'S A DRASTIC CHANGE FROM ONE YEAR TO THE NEXT 800 00:38:47,866 --> 00:38:50,733 USUALLY IT'S ACCOUNTED FOR BY LARGE DIE-OFF ON THE 801 00:38:50,733 --> 00:38:53,866 WINTERING GROUNDS OR IN TRANSIT BETWEEN THE TWO. 802 00:38:53,866 --> 00:38:56,500 - [JACK] ALL RIGHT, WHILE WE HAVE YOU ON FROM HAVRE, 803 00:38:56,500 --> 00:39:00,700 THIS PERSON SAW BLACK VULTURES, A LOT OF BIRD QUESTIONS 804 00:39:00,700 --> 00:39:03,933 TONIGHT, FEEDING ON A DEER CARCASS, I'VE NEVER SEEN THAT 805 00:39:03,933 --> 00:39:06,166 BEFORE, ARE THEY NEW TO MONTANA? 806 00:39:06,166 --> 00:39:08,566 IF SO, IS THIS RELATED TO CLIMATE CHANGE? 807 00:39:08,566 --> 00:39:11,300 THAT'S A TOUGH QUESTION TO ANSWER, SOME 808 00:39:11,300 --> 00:39:12,800 CONJECTURE ON YOUR PART? 809 00:39:12,800 --> 00:39:17,900 SURE, YEAH, SO BLACK VULTURES ARE RARE, 810 00:39:17,900 --> 00:39:21,333 OR HAVE BEEN RARE AT LEAST, IN MONTANA. 811 00:39:21,333 --> 00:39:25,700 TO SEE ONE, UP NEAR HAVRE, THAT WOULD BE VERY UNIQUE. 812 00:39:25,700 --> 00:39:27,400 BUT I WOULD EXPECT TO SEE MORE AND MORE BLACK 813 00:39:27,400 --> 00:39:30,633 VULTURES AS WE CONTINUE TO GET WARMER AND WARMER, 814 00:39:30,633 --> 00:39:32,366 MILDER AND MILDER WINTERS, YES. 815 00:39:32,366 --> 00:39:34,533 - [TOBY] WOULDN'T YOU SAY TOO, WHEN I WAS A KID, GROWIN' UP 816 00:39:34,533 --> 00:39:38,666 IN MONTANA, IT WAS RARE IF I SAW A BALD EAGLE. 817 00:39:38,666 --> 00:39:41,733 I REALLY THINK, AND I DON'T KNOW IF YOU CAN TOUCH ON THIS, 818 00:39:41,733 --> 00:39:45,166 BUT MAYBE JUST THE ELIMINATION OF DDT, HAS THAT INCREASED 819 00:39:45,166 --> 00:39:48,033 BIRD POPULATIONS, RAPTOR POPULATIONS? 820 00:39:48,033 --> 00:39:53,033 - WELL, CERTAINLY FOR RAPTOR AND FOR VULTURES, 821 00:39:53,033 --> 00:39:56,300 THE ELIMINATION OF DDT HAD SIGNIFICANT AND RAPID 822 00:39:56,300 --> 00:40:01,500 POSITIVE IMPACTS FOR THEM, SO THAT MAY BE THE CASE. 823 00:40:01,500 --> 00:40:04,366 DDT HAS BEEN ELIMINATED FOR SEVERAL DECADES NOW, 824 00:40:04,366 --> 00:40:09,466 SO THE RECENT OBSERVATION OF A BLACK VULTURE, THIS FAR 825 00:40:09,466 --> 00:40:11,933 NORTH IS PROBABLY LESS TO DO WITH DDT PROBABLY, 826 00:40:11,933 --> 00:40:15,800 THAN JUST A NORTHWARD SHIFT IN THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 827 00:40:15,800 --> 00:40:18,733 - SOME OF THE WORMING AGENTS HAVE PROBLEMS WITH 828 00:40:18,733 --> 00:40:21,700 VULTURES IN SOME PARTS OF THE WORLD, IS THAT AFFECTING 829 00:40:21,700 --> 00:40:23,100 OURS? 830 00:40:23,100 --> 00:40:24,966 - I DO NOT KNOW. 831 00:40:24,966 --> 00:40:26,700 - YOU KNOW, YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE AND 832 00:40:26,700 --> 00:40:30,266 BIRD POPULATIONS, I LIKE TO HUNT DUCKS, AND IN AREAS 833 00:40:30,266 --> 00:40:33,766 THAT I HUNT DUCKS, IN COLORADO AND MONTANA, WE'RE 834 00:40:33,766 --> 00:40:38,333 SEEIN' IBIS NOW, WHICH 10 YEARS AGO YOU NEVER SAW, 835 00:40:38,333 --> 00:40:42,766 BLACK IBIS, SO YOU DO CHANGE PATTERNS OF ANIMALS 836 00:40:42,766 --> 00:40:45,566 WHEN TEMPERATURES CHANGE, FOR WHATEVER REASON. 837 00:40:45,566 --> 00:40:50,766 OKAY, FROM BOZEMAN, A QUESTION FOR MIKE, 838 00:40:50,766 --> 00:40:53,300 THIS IS INTERESTING, THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT STINGING 839 00:40:53,300 --> 00:40:57,366 INSECTS, IF YOU ARE ALLERGIC TO ONE KIND, ARE YOU ALLERGIC 840 00:40:57,366 --> 00:40:59,133 TO ALL THE OTHER KINDS? 841 00:40:59,133 --> 00:41:01,600 FOR EXAMPLE, IF YOU'RE ALLERGIC TO HONEY BEES ARE YOU 842 00:41:01,600 --> 00:41:04,133 ALSO ALLERGIC TO WASPS? 843 00:41:04,133 --> 00:41:06,100 - THIS IS A GREAT QUESTION. - IT IS. 844 00:41:06,100 --> 00:41:09,233 - AND, THIS IS SOMETHING THAT WE TALK ABOUT A LOT, BECAUSE 845 00:41:09,233 --> 00:41:11,500 SOME OF THESE THINGS, THEY'RE NOT ALL THAT CLOSELY RELATED 846 00:41:11,500 --> 00:41:13,500 TO EACH OTHER. 847 00:41:13,500 --> 00:41:16,866 THE PROBLEM IS, THERE'S NO EXPERIMENTAL METHOD THAT 848 00:41:16,866 --> 00:41:20,633 WOULD MEET THE REQUIREMENTS FOR VALID RESEARCH, 849 00:41:20,633 --> 00:41:23,300 BECAUSE YOU'D HAVE TO JUST TRY THIS, AND IT WOULD 850 00:41:23,300 --> 00:41:26,600 PROBABLY END UP LOSING SOME OF YOUR STUDY ORGANISMS. 851 00:41:26,600 --> 00:41:31,500 SO, BASICALLY, YOU WANT TO AVOID STINGING HYMENOPTERA 852 00:41:31,500 --> 00:41:35,366 IF YOU ARE ALLERGIC TO ANY OF THEM. 853 00:41:35,366 --> 00:41:39,800 I WOULD NOT SUGGEST TRYING IT, IT'S JUST NOT WORTH IT, 854 00:41:39,800 --> 00:41:44,466 BUT, IT IS POSSIBLE THAT IT IS SPECIFIC, BUT IT IS NOT 855 00:41:44,466 --> 00:41:47,466 ADVISABLE TO TEMPT FATE. 856 00:41:47,466 --> 00:41:50,366 - ARE THE BEE VENOMS THAT YOU CAN GET TESTED FOR 857 00:41:50,366 --> 00:41:54,800 WITH YOUR PHYSICIAN, IS THAT A GENERIC BEE VENOM? 858 00:41:54,800 --> 00:41:58,633 - GENERALLY, JUST AS FAR AS I KNOW, AND NOW WE'RE INTO 859 00:41:58,633 --> 00:42:02,133 MEDICAL STUFF, SO I PROBABLY SHOULD JUST BE QUIET NOW, 860 00:42:02,133 --> 00:42:06,266 BUT, AS FAR AS I KNOW IT'S USUALLY HONEY BEES, IT MAY ALSO 861 00:42:06,266 --> 00:42:10,866 BE YELLOW JACKETS, BUT THERE'S A WHOLE 862 00:42:10,866 --> 00:42:14,666 BUNCH OF, WELL THERE'S TENS OF THOUSANDS 863 00:42:14,666 --> 00:42:16,833 OF STINGING HYMENOPTERA TYPES. 864 00:42:16,833 --> 00:42:21,266 THERE'S PROBABLY 750 KINDS OF BEES JUST IN MONTANA, OR MORE. 865 00:42:21,266 --> 00:42:25,400 AND THEN YOU GET INTO THE STINGING WASPS AND SO ON, AND 866 00:42:25,400 --> 00:42:31,100 THEY'RE ALL SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT, BUT IT DEPENDS ON THE ACTUAL 867 00:42:31,100 --> 00:42:35,866 PROTEIN THAT YOU'RE ALLERGIC TO AND HOW CLOSE THAT IS. 868 00:42:35,866 --> 00:42:38,933 AND THEY'RE ALL EVOLUTIONARY RELATED, SO IT'S POSSIBLE 869 00:42:38,933 --> 00:42:41,066 THAT THEY COULD BE. 870 00:42:41,066 --> 00:42:42,833 - YOU KNOW WE ASKED FOR SUGGESTIONS, AND WE'RE GETTIN' 871 00:42:42,833 --> 00:42:45,400 LOTS OF 'EM, WHICH WE DO APPRECIATE, FROM LAUREL AND 872 00:42:45,400 --> 00:42:50,433 ALSO FROM MALTA, CALLERS SAID THAT CAB FRESH WORKS 873 00:42:50,433 --> 00:42:54,766 VERY WELL IN KEEPING AND CONTROLLING MICE IN TRACTORS 874 00:42:54,766 --> 00:42:57,200 AND OTHER TYPES OF EQUIPMENT. 875 00:42:57,200 --> 00:42:58,900 - HAVE THEY TOLD US WHAT CAB FRESH IS? 876 00:42:58,900 --> 00:43:00,766 - I DON'T KNOW WHAT CAB FRESH IS, THEY CAN CALL AND 877 00:43:00,766 --> 00:43:03,333 READ THE LABEL TO US AND WE WILL ALL LEARN SOMETHING 878 00:43:03,333 --> 00:43:06,400 TONIGHT, EVIDENTLY IT WORKS. 879 00:43:06,400 --> 00:43:08,066 - I'M GONNA LOOK THAT UP AS SOON AS I GET HOME. 880 00:43:08,066 --> 00:43:11,800 - SOUNDS GOOD, AND THEN FROM OLESON, FIRST CALL I THINK 881 00:43:11,800 --> 00:43:15,700 WE'VE EVER HAD FROM OLESON, SUGGESTIONS FOR VOLE CONTROL, 882 00:43:15,700 --> 00:43:19,233 AND WE KNOW THIS, TOMCATS, CATS IN GENERAL ARE VERY, 883 00:43:19,233 --> 00:43:21,566 VERY GOOD AT VOLE CONTROL. 884 00:43:21,566 --> 00:43:25,900 LET ME JUST COMMENT ON THE CATS, IF YOU WILL, SO YES, 885 00:43:25,900 --> 00:43:29,900 IF YOU DON'T LIKE SONGBIRDS, 'CAUSE CATS KILL A LOT 886 00:43:29,900 --> 00:43:32,900 SONGBIRDS, SO, IF YOU'RE GONNA USE CATS THEN PUT THEM 887 00:43:32,900 --> 00:43:34,900 OUT AFTER THE SONGBIRDS HAVE HATCHED THEIR NESTS AND 888 00:43:34,900 --> 00:43:36,700 THEY'RE FIXIN' TO LEAVE. 889 00:43:36,700 --> 00:43:40,833 SO FROM LATE JULY UNTIL WINTERTIME, THAT'S A GREAT TIME 890 00:43:40,833 --> 00:43:43,633 TO PUT YOUR CATS OUT THERE AND BE ASSURED THAT THEY'RE 891 00:43:43,633 --> 00:43:46,466 NOT GONNA HAVE NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON YOUR SONGBIRDS. 892 00:43:46,466 --> 00:43:48,766 - SOUNDS GOOD, AND I APPRECIATE THAT COMMENT, 893 00:43:48,766 --> 00:43:51,166 THAT'S VERY, VERY TRUE. 894 00:43:51,166 --> 00:43:55,166 NORTH OF WHITEFISH, LANCE, DO MINK OR ERMINE LIVE HERE? 895 00:43:55,166 --> 00:43:58,300 HE WAS OUTDOORS SAWING WOOD WITH HIS SAW, SOUNDED 896 00:43:58,300 --> 00:44:01,266 LIKE A RABBIT SCREAMING AND SAW A SLINKY WEASEL-LOOKING 897 00:44:01,266 --> 00:44:03,500 ANIMAL WATCHING HIM. 898 00:44:03,500 --> 00:44:05,133 - YES, TO BOTH. 899 00:44:05,133 --> 00:44:08,300 - OKAY, THEY'RE COMMON. - YEAH. 900 00:44:08,300 --> 00:44:13,166 - SO, MINK ARE MORE OF A WETLAND, RIPARIAN-TYPE OF WEASEL 901 00:44:13,166 --> 00:44:15,766 AND ERMINE, THEY STILL LIKE RIPARIAN AREAS, BUT IF YOU SEE 902 00:44:15,766 --> 00:44:18,600 MINK HANGING AROUND LIKE, BEAVER DAMS. 903 00:44:18,600 --> 00:44:21,866 AND MINK ARE ENTIRELY BROWN, AND THEY HAVE A LITTLE 904 00:44:21,866 --> 00:44:25,666 WHITE CHIN, WHEREAS ERMINE HAVE MUCH MORE WHITE ON 905 00:44:25,666 --> 00:44:27,366 THEIR BELLIES. 906 00:44:27,366 --> 00:44:30,900 - OKAY, TOBY, FROM BILLINGS, WHAT'S THE BEST WAY 907 00:44:30,900 --> 00:44:33,633 TO KEEP CARROTS OVER THE WINTER? 908 00:44:33,633 --> 00:44:36,766 - OKAY, KEEP CARROTS, ONE OF THE THINGS IS, SO, IN STORING 909 00:44:36,766 --> 00:44:39,366 YOUR VEGETABLES, WHAT YOU WANNA DO IS YOU WANNA HAVE 910 00:44:39,366 --> 00:44:41,933 A HIGH HUMIDITY, KINDA LOWER TEMPERATURE, WHICH IS KINDA 911 00:44:41,933 --> 00:44:44,600 HARD TO DO, SO MOST OF THE TIME IT WOULD BE IN THE CRAWL 912 00:44:44,600 --> 00:44:47,600 SPACE OR, IF YOU HAVE A ROOT CELLAR OF ANY KIND. 913 00:44:47,600 --> 00:44:51,133 A ROOT CELLAR CAN SIMPLY BE JUST A TRASH CAN, BURIED 914 00:44:51,133 --> 00:44:53,966 IN THE GROUND, A LITTLE BIT OF STRAW IN THERE, THAT'LL 915 00:44:53,966 --> 00:44:57,100 INCREASE THE HUMIDITY AND KEEP IT COOL ENOUGH. 916 00:44:57,100 --> 00:45:01,100 BUT, YOU WANT A KIND OF A COOL, MOIST AREA FOR THOSE 917 00:45:01,100 --> 00:45:03,733 CARROTS AND THEY SHOULD KEEP, PROBABLY FOR A COUPLE 918 00:45:03,733 --> 00:45:05,700 MONTHS ANYWAYS. 919 00:45:05,700 --> 00:45:07,866 - BUT, YOU DON'T WANT THAT ROOT CELLAR TO FREEZE, RIGHT? 920 00:45:07,866 --> 00:45:09,666 - RIGHT, YEAH, YOU DON'T WANT IT TO FREEZE. 921 00:45:09,666 --> 00:45:12,100 - YOU JUST WANT IT TO BE BASICALLY, A REFRIGERATOR. 922 00:45:12,100 --> 00:45:14,966 - BASICALLY, YES. 923 00:45:14,966 --> 00:45:19,766 - MAGIC OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY, FRESH CAB, NUMBER ONE, 924 00:45:19,766 --> 00:45:23,833 IS A BOTANICAL RODENT REPELLENT, AND IT IS THE FIRST AND 925 00:45:23,833 --> 00:45:27,200 ONLY GREEN REPELLENT REGISTERED BY THE EPA FOR INDOOR 926 00:45:27,200 --> 00:45:32,033 USE, SO, IT WORKS, AND IT GIVES YOU A LOT MORE INFORMATION 927 00:45:32,033 --> 00:45:34,933 ABOUT IT, SO, EVERYBODY THAT'S CALLED IN, THANK YOU 928 00:45:34,933 --> 00:45:37,566 ABOUT THAT, WE ALL LEARNED SOMETHING THIS EVENING. 929 00:45:37,566 --> 00:45:41,100 WE'VE TALKED ABOUT MICE PROBLEMS ALREADY, SO I'M 930 00:45:41,100 --> 00:45:43,166 GONNA MISS THAT ONE. 931 00:45:43,166 --> 00:45:46,433 THIS PERSON IS FROM MANHATTAN, MONTANA AND THEY 932 00:45:46,433 --> 00:45:52,333 HAVE BEAVER DAMAGE, HOW CAN THEY CONTROL THAT? 933 00:45:52,333 --> 00:45:56,133 - I LIKE THAT THE CALLER ASKED ABOUT CONTROLLING THE DAMAGE, 934 00:45:56,133 --> 00:45:58,900 RATHER THAN THE BEAVERS THEMSELVES, 935 00:45:58,900 --> 00:46:03,733 SO, I SUSPECT THEY DIDN'T ASK, THEY DIDN'T SPECIFY 936 00:46:03,733 --> 00:46:06,700 WHAT TYPE OF DAMAGE THEY'RE HAVING. 937 00:46:06,700 --> 00:46:09,233 - PROBABLY-- - IS IT THE FLOODING OR-- 938 00:46:09,233 --> 00:46:10,800 - THE TREES. - IS IT THE CUTTING? 939 00:46:10,800 --> 00:46:12,466 - PROBABLY THE CUTTING. 940 00:46:12,466 --> 00:46:14,666 - SO, I'LL JUST TOUCH A LITTLE ON BOTH. 941 00:46:14,666 --> 00:46:16,633 - OKAY. - SO, FOR THE CUTTING, IF YOU 942 00:46:16,633 --> 00:46:20,466 HAVE ORNAMENTALS OR ORCHARDS OR EVEN COTTONWOODS AND ASPENS 943 00:46:20,466 --> 00:46:22,900 THAT YOU'D LIKE TO PROTECT. 944 00:46:22,900 --> 00:46:25,566 GET OUT THERE AND PUT EITHER HARDWARE CLOTH OR SOME SORT 945 00:46:25,566 --> 00:46:29,900 OF FENCING AROUND THEM, OR I KNOW A NUMBER OF PEOPLE 946 00:46:29,900 --> 00:46:33,466 WHO HAVE HAD LUCK USING LATEX PAINT WITH A REALLY COARSE 947 00:46:33,466 --> 00:46:36,000 AGGREGATE IN IT, AND PAINT THAT ON THE TRUNK OF THE TREE, 948 00:46:36,000 --> 00:46:38,633 AND THAT WILL DETER BEAVERS FROM CUTTING 'EM AS WELL. 949 00:46:38,633 --> 00:46:43,433 WHEN IT COMES TO FLOODING, BEAVERS ARE EXCELLENT 950 00:46:43,433 --> 00:46:47,200 ENGINEERS, BUT THEY ARE JUST AS LAZY AS US, SO THEY LIKE 951 00:46:47,200 --> 00:46:50,166 TO FIND CULVERTS, THAT'S A GREAT PLACE, THERE ARE A NUMBER 952 00:46:50,166 --> 00:46:52,733 OF DEVICES THAT THEY CAN INSTALL TO PREVENT BEAVERS 953 00:46:52,733 --> 00:46:55,700 FROM BEING ABLE TO CLOG A CULVERT, OR YOU CAN INSTALL THEM 954 00:46:55,700 --> 00:47:00,833 IN A BEAVER DAM, FOR KEEPING A WATER LEVEL THAT WON'T 955 00:47:00,833 --> 00:47:03,833 FLOOD OUT IN THE GREATER FLOOD PLAIN. 956 00:47:03,833 --> 00:47:07,000 BUT, BEFORE THEY DO THAT, I'M GLAD THAT THEY WANT TO CONTROL 957 00:47:07,000 --> 00:47:10,233 THE DAMAGE ITSELF, RATHER THAN ELIMINATE THE BEAVERS, BUT 958 00:47:10,233 --> 00:47:12,000 BEFORE THEY DO THAT THEY SHOULD KINDA CONSIDER ALL THE 959 00:47:12,000 --> 00:47:14,200 BENEFITS THAT BEAVERS ACTUALLY PROVIDE. 960 00:47:14,200 --> 00:47:17,633 SO, NOT ONLY WILDLIFE HABITAT, BUT RETENTION OF WATER, 961 00:47:17,633 --> 00:47:21,833 GROUND WATER RECHARGE, SOIL AND NUTRIENT ADDITIONS 962 00:47:21,833 --> 00:47:26,800 TO THE SOIL, EROSION CONTROL, THERE'S A NUMBER OF THINGS. 963 00:47:26,800 --> 00:47:28,700 BEAVERS ARE A LOT OF NEAT THINGS. 964 00:47:28,700 --> 00:47:31,566 - SOUNDS GOOD, ALL RIGHT, FROM WOLF CREEK, TOBY, THIS 965 00:47:31,566 --> 00:47:34,966 PERSON, NOT TOBY, WELL, HE CAN TOUCH ON IT, TOO. 966 00:47:34,966 --> 00:47:40,066 MACK, LET'S THROW THIS ONE TOWARDS YOU, THEY HAVE A SMALL 967 00:47:40,066 --> 00:47:44,533 FARM-TYPE SITUATION, THEY HAVE DEER PROBLEMS THERE BUT THEY 968 00:47:44,533 --> 00:47:49,233 ALSO HAVE BUCK DEER THAT RUB THE BARK OFF THE TREES, 969 00:47:49,233 --> 00:47:52,633 THEY WANNA KNOW WHAT TO DO ABOUT THE DEER IN THE GARDEN 970 00:47:52,633 --> 00:47:57,466 AND HOW TO PREVENT THE BUCKS FROM DESTROYING TREES. 971 00:47:57,466 --> 00:47:59,866 YOU GUYS WANNA HAVE AT IT? 972 00:47:59,866 --> 00:48:02,433 - EIGHT FOOT TALL FENCE. (LAUGHTER) 973 00:48:02,433 --> 00:48:09,200 - HOW TALL A FENCE, SERIOUSLY? 974 00:48:09,200 --> 00:48:13,633 - IT DEPENDS HOW ATTRACTIVE WHAT YOU HAVE IS 975 00:48:13,633 --> 00:48:16,000 RELATIVE TO THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT. 976 00:48:16,000 --> 00:48:18,866 - USUALLY, GENERALLY SPEAKING, A SIX FOOT FENCE 977 00:48:18,866 --> 00:48:22,133 OF WOVEN OR WELDED WIRE WILL KEEP A DEER OR ELK 978 00:48:22,133 --> 00:48:25,066 OUT OF SOMETHING THEY WANNA EAT. 979 00:48:25,066 --> 00:48:26,733 IT WON'T KEEP THEM INSIDE OF SOMEWHERE THEY 980 00:48:26,733 --> 00:48:30,533 DON'T WANNA BE, SO, WHEREAS AN EIGHT FOOT FENCE WILL. 981 00:48:30,533 --> 00:48:34,200 SO, YES, I WOULD AGREE WITH MACK, THAT IT DEPENDS AND 982 00:48:34,200 --> 00:48:36,466 GENERALLY SPEAKING, PUT A FENCE AROUND IT. 983 00:48:36,466 --> 00:48:39,000 - AT THE HORTICULTURE FARM AROUND THE ORCHARD AND THE GREEN 984 00:48:39,000 --> 00:48:42,700 HOUSES THERE, WE PUT ABOUT A SIX FOOT SIX WOVEN WIRE FENCE 985 00:48:42,700 --> 00:48:45,533 AND IT HAS BEEN VERY EFFECTIVE KEEPING DEER OUT, 986 00:48:45,533 --> 00:48:47,200 THAT I'VE SEEN. 987 00:48:47,200 --> 00:48:49,766 I'VE ALWAYS MENTIONED THAT IT HAD TO BE A EIGHT FOOT FENCE 988 00:48:49,766 --> 00:48:51,900 THAT THEY COULD JUMP OVER IT, BUT I HAVEN'T SEEN A DEER 989 00:48:51,900 --> 00:48:53,666 IN THERE YET, SO. 990 00:48:53,666 --> 00:48:55,866 - JIM NYE, OUR FORMER WILDLIFE SPECIALIST, HE DID A NUMBER 991 00:48:55,866 --> 00:48:58,433 OF EXPERIMENTS TRYING TO SEE WHAT THE BEST FENCE DESIGN WAS 992 00:48:58,433 --> 00:49:03,266 TO KEEP DEER AND ELK OUT OF ESSENTIALLY HAY FIELDS, OR AREAS 993 00:49:03,266 --> 00:49:06,133 FOR HAY STORAGE, AND HE DETERMINED THAT A SIX FOOT FENCE 994 00:49:06,133 --> 00:49:08,966 OF WOVEN OR WELDED WIRE WAS EFFECTIVE AT KEEPING DEER OUT 995 00:49:08,966 --> 00:49:11,600 OF FOOD RESOURCES. 996 00:49:11,600 --> 00:49:16,733 - SOUNDS GOOD, AND I'VE NOTICED THIS MYSELF, THIS PERSON 997 00:49:16,733 --> 00:49:19,866 FROM BOZEMAN'S NOTICED THOUSANDS OF RAVENS, IN THE AREA 998 00:49:19,866 --> 00:49:22,366 THIS YEAR, ARE THEY MIGRATING? 999 00:49:22,366 --> 00:49:25,333 HOW LONG WILL THEY STAY, ANY INFORMATION ABOUT WHY WE'RE 1000 00:49:25,333 --> 00:49:27,233 SEEING SO MANY THIS YEAR? 1001 00:49:27,233 --> 00:49:31,233 - SO, RAVENS CAN BE MIGRATORY, OR NOT BE MIGRATORY, THEY CAN 1002 00:49:31,233 --> 00:49:33,433 BE RESIDENT BIRDS AS WELL. 1003 00:49:33,433 --> 00:49:37,733 IT COULD BE ANY NUMBER OF REASONS WHY YOU'RE SEEING 1004 00:49:37,733 --> 00:49:39,300 MORE RAVENS THAN NORMAL. 1005 00:49:39,300 --> 00:49:42,933 IT COULD BE YOU'VE CHANGED THE ENVIRONMENT, YOU'VE MADE 1006 00:49:42,933 --> 00:49:45,400 IT MORE ATTRACTIVE TO RAVENS, SO THERE AREN'T ANY 1007 00:49:45,400 --> 00:49:47,733 MORE RAVENS, YOU'RE JUST GETTING MORE OF THEM ON YOUR PLACE 1008 00:49:47,733 --> 00:49:52,166 FOR SOME REASON, BUT AS FAR AS POPULATION LEVEL, 1009 00:49:52,166 --> 00:49:58,366 INFLUENCES OR FLUCTUATIONS, I'M NOT SURE. 1010 00:49:58,366 --> 00:50:01,466 - WHAT DO YOU ACTUALLY CALL A GROUP OF RAVENS? 1011 00:50:01,466 --> 00:50:03,833 - OH YES, I WAS THINKING THAT. - IT'S A MURDER. 1012 00:50:03,833 --> 00:50:06,966 - AND IT'S ALMOST HALLOWEEN AND THAT'S SO COOL. (LAUGHTER) 1013 00:50:06,966 --> 00:50:08,633 SORRY, I JUST HAD TO SAY THAT. 1014 00:50:08,633 --> 00:50:11,066 - WHAT ABOUT CROWS? - I THINK IT'S ALSO A MURDER, 1015 00:50:11,066 --> 00:50:12,500 ISN'T IT? - IT'S A CONGRESS. 1016 00:50:12,500 --> 00:50:14,233 - IT'S A CONGRESS, OKAY, SORRY. 1017 00:50:14,233 --> 00:50:16,433 - BOY, THE EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCE I'M GETTING TONIGHT 1018 00:50:16,433 --> 00:50:18,266 IS INCREDIBLE. 1019 00:50:18,266 --> 00:50:23,500 - I THINK THAT'S ACTUALLY MADE-UP, BUT IT SOUNDS GOOD. 1020 00:50:23,500 --> 00:50:26,100 - ANOTHER COMMENT FROM MALTA, BLACK VULTURES 1021 00:50:26,100 --> 00:50:29,833 CAME TO MALTA FOR 20 YEARS, ALWAYS ON APRIL 13TH. 1022 00:50:29,833 --> 00:50:32,800 AND, I'M NOT GOING TO VERIFY THAT, BUT THAT WAS A COMMENT. 1023 00:50:32,800 --> 00:50:35,233 IN MAGRETTE, TOBY, QUICKLY, WHAT'S THE BEST WAY 1024 00:50:35,233 --> 00:50:37,366 TO STORE CABBAGE? 1025 00:50:37,366 --> 00:50:40,200 - IT'S ALL ABOUT STORAGE, OKAY, SAME THING, YOU'RE GONNA 1026 00:50:40,200 --> 00:50:43,600 WANT SOME HIGHER HUMIDITY, COOLER TEMPERATURES AND 1027 00:50:43,600 --> 00:50:46,700 YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO HOLD CABBAGE FOR PROBABLY A GOOD 1028 00:50:46,700 --> 00:50:49,400 MONTH OR TWO, AT BEST. 1029 00:50:49,400 --> 00:50:53,900 - WELL, THE TRADITIONAL WAY, FOR HUNDREDS, IF NOT THOUSANDS 1030 00:50:53,900 --> 00:50:56,500 OF YEARS IS TO STORE IT AS SAUERKRAUT. 1031 00:50:56,500 --> 00:50:58,333 - SAUERKRAUT, YES, I LOVE IT. 1032 00:50:58,333 --> 00:51:00,466 - THAT'S THE WAY TO KEEP CABBAGE OVER WINTER AND MAKE 1033 00:51:00,466 --> 00:51:03,633 IT GOOD FOR YOU AND HEALTHY, AND IT DOESN'T TASTE THAT 1034 00:51:03,633 --> 00:51:06,033 GREAT. - IT TASTES BETTER 1035 00:51:06,033 --> 00:51:08,400 THAN CABBAGE. (LAUGHTER) 1036 00:51:08,400 --> 00:51:10,966 - MIX FIVE POUNDS OF CABBAGE TO THREE TABLESPOONS 1037 00:51:10,966 --> 00:51:13,966 OF PICKLING SALT, I KNOW THAT, JUST BECAUSE I'VE MADE 1038 00:51:13,966 --> 00:51:15,133 SOME SAUERKRAUT. 1039 00:51:15,133 --> 00:51:16,800 - SO, HOW IS KIMCHEE MADE? 1040 00:51:16,800 --> 00:51:20,366 - OH, YOU KNOW, I DON'T EVEN KNOW, I DON'T LIKE KIMCHEE. 1041 00:51:20,366 --> 00:51:21,833 - JUST LIKE EGGPLANT, RIGHT? 1042 00:51:21,833 --> 00:51:23,366 - EXACTLY, EXACTLY. 1043 00:51:23,366 --> 00:51:28,000 - IT'S BASICALLY ANOTHER ASIAN FORM OF SAUERKRAUT, 1044 00:51:28,000 --> 00:51:30,266 AND IT'S A PICKLING, 1045 00:51:30,266 --> 00:51:33,200 AND IT'S AMAZINGLY NUTRITIOUS. 1046 00:51:33,200 --> 00:51:36,233 - IT IS. - JUST ANOTHER KIND OF CABBAGE 1047 00:51:36,233 --> 00:51:37,933 PICKLED WITH SOME SPICES THROWN IN. 1048 00:51:37,933 --> 00:51:40,533 - BUT IT IS, THAT'S HOW YOU STORE CABBAGE 1049 00:51:40,533 --> 00:51:43,033 AND KEEP IT SO THAT YOU'RE STILL HAVING SOMETHING TO EAT 1050 00:51:43,033 --> 00:51:45,000 BEFORE THINGS COME OUT IN MARCH. 1051 00:51:45,000 --> 00:51:48,400 - SOUNDS GOOD, WE'VE CORRECTED THAT PROBLEM NOW, 1052 00:51:48,400 --> 00:51:52,166 SO, ALL RIGHT, MIKE, WHILE WE GOTCHA, A LARGE BEE SWARM 1053 00:51:52,166 --> 00:51:54,600 MOVED INTO THE CEILING OF OUR ABANDONED FARM BUILDING 1054 00:51:54,600 --> 00:52:03,700 THIS PAST SUMMER, WHAT'S GONNA HAPPEN NEXT YEAR? 1055 00:52:03,700 --> 00:52:08,066 - WELL, IF THEY WENT IN THERE AND THEY STARTED A HIVE, 1056 00:52:08,066 --> 00:52:14,100 SO THAT THEY'RE PRODUCING COMB AND HONEY AND SO ON, 1057 00:52:14,100 --> 00:52:17,433 IT REALLY DEPENDS ON HOW PROTECTED THAT WILL BE OVER 1058 00:52:17,433 --> 00:52:20,233 THE WINTER HOW SUCCESSFUL THEY WERE AT MAKING UP A STORE. 1059 00:52:20,233 --> 00:52:26,100 THE ABILITY OF HONEY BEES TO OVERWINTER AS FERAL OR 1060 00:52:26,100 --> 00:52:31,300 OR WILD HIVES IN MONTANA HAS TRADITIONALLY BEEN THAT 1061 00:52:31,300 --> 00:52:33,500 THAT THEY WON'T MAKE IT. 1062 00:52:33,500 --> 00:52:36,000 AGAIN, THIS IS ONE OF THOSE THINGS WHERE LAST YEAR 1063 00:52:36,000 --> 00:52:40,000 I HEARD A REPORT, THIS YEAR, A REPORT OF A FERAL COLONY 1064 00:52:40,000 --> 00:52:44,266 OVERWINTERING LAST WINTER, WHICH IS SOMETHING THAT 1065 00:52:44,266 --> 00:52:46,600 IS EXTREMELY UNUSUAL. 1066 00:52:46,600 --> 00:52:50,133 SO, WHAT WILL HAPPEN IS THEY WILL EITHER DIE OFF OR 1067 00:52:50,133 --> 00:52:55,166 THEY WILL MAKE IT, AND IT'S VERY DIFFICULT TO TELL WHICH. 1068 00:52:55,166 --> 00:52:58,666 - ALL RIGHT, LANCE, THIS PERSON IS FROM GREAT FALLS, 1069 00:52:58,666 --> 00:53:01,500 HIS MOTHER HAS LARGE MOUNDS OF DIRT IN THE YARD, 1070 00:53:01,500 --> 00:53:05,333 CAUSED BY SOME UNDERGROUND ANIMAL, PROBABLY 1071 00:53:05,333 --> 00:53:08,300 POCKET GOPHERS, HOW CAN THEY GET RID OF THEM 1072 00:53:08,300 --> 00:53:11,433 WITHOUT POISONING THEIR CAT? 1073 00:53:11,433 --> 00:53:16,066 - SO, YES, INDEED, I THINK THEY DO HAVE POCKET GOPHERS. 1074 00:53:16,066 --> 00:53:19,200 POCKET GOPHERS ARE THE ONES THAT CREATE THAT NICE, FINE 1075 00:53:19,200 --> 00:53:23,500 MOUND OF DIRT, AND THOSE ARE ACTUALLY THE, THEY HAVE A 1076 00:53:23,500 --> 00:53:25,766 MAIN TRAILWAY UNDER THE GROUND AND IT'S REALLY CLOSE 1077 00:53:25,766 --> 00:53:27,433 TO THE SURFACE. 1078 00:53:27,433 --> 00:53:29,333 AND, THEY CREATE ALL THESE SIDE TUNNELS AND THEY PUSH 1079 00:53:29,333 --> 00:53:32,800 ALL THE DIRT UP THOSE SIDE TUNNELS, AND THEY DON'T USE 1080 00:53:32,800 --> 00:53:34,266 THOSE SIDE TUNNELS. 1081 00:53:34,266 --> 00:53:36,400 SO, A LOT OF PEOPLE THINK THEY CAN TRAP OR POISON 1082 00:53:36,400 --> 00:53:38,800 POCKET GOPHERS BY DIGGING IN THERE AND PUTTING 1083 00:53:38,800 --> 00:53:41,366 THE POISON OR WHATEVER IN THOSE, UNDERNEATH THOSE 1084 00:53:41,366 --> 00:53:43,600 MOUNDS OF DIRT, AND THAT JUST WON'T BE EFFECTIVE, 1085 00:53:43,600 --> 00:53:48,466 BECAUSE THEY DON'T USE THOSE AT ALL. 1086 00:53:48,466 --> 00:53:50,333 THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO CONTROL POCKET GOPHERS 1087 00:53:50,333 --> 00:53:52,433 IS BY TRAPPING THEM, IF THAT'S WHAT YOU WANT TO DO. 1088 00:53:52,433 --> 00:53:57,400 THERE ARE SOME APPROVED TOXICANTS FOR POCKET GOPHERS 1089 00:53:57,400 --> 00:54:00,833 INCLUDING, I BELIEVE IT'S STILL APPROVED, STRYCHNINE. 1090 00:54:00,833 --> 00:54:03,300 IT'S ACTUALLY THE ONLY APPROVED USE OF STRYCHNINE, I THINK, 1091 00:54:03,300 --> 00:54:04,933 IS UNDERGROUND. 1092 00:54:04,933 --> 00:54:07,600 SO, IF YOU HAVE POCKET GOPHERS AND YOU WANT TO GET RID 1093 00:54:07,600 --> 00:54:10,933 OF THEM, POCKET GOPHERS, IN CONTRAST TO GROUND SQUIRRELS, 1094 00:54:10,933 --> 00:54:14,533 ARE MUCH EASIER TO CONTROL, SO TRAPPING IS THE MOST 1095 00:54:14,533 --> 00:54:16,400 EFFECTIVE ROUTE. 1096 00:54:16,400 --> 00:54:19,800 - ALL RIGHT, FROM CONRAD, THIS PERSON WANTS US TO SPELL 1097 00:54:19,800 --> 00:54:23,133 THE NAME OF THE RODENT PRO PRODUCT USED INSIDE EQUIPMENT. 1098 00:54:23,133 --> 00:54:27,000 WHAT I HAVE HERE IS C-A-B F-R-E-S-H, AND IT MIGHT BE 1099 00:54:27,000 --> 00:54:28,600 HYPHENATED. 1100 00:54:28,600 --> 00:54:30,100 - OR, FRESH CAB. 1101 00:54:30,100 --> 00:54:33,833 - OR FRESH CAB, MAYBE IT'S FRESH CAB, OKAY, THAT WORKS, ONE 1102 00:54:33,833 --> 00:54:36,366 OF THE TWOS. 1103 00:54:36,366 --> 00:54:39,300 QUICKLY, HOW DO YOU STORE RED POTATOES, THE BEST WAY? 1104 00:54:39,300 --> 00:54:43,933 - THE SAME WAY, GET YOURSELF A ROOT CELLAR FOLKS, THAT'S 1105 00:54:43,933 --> 00:54:49,066 GONNA BE IT, OR A COOL, WET, HUMID ENVIRONMENT. 1106 00:54:49,066 --> 00:54:52,500 - OKAY, HERE WE HAD ANOTHER QUESTION, ABOUT WHERE HAVE 1107 00:54:52,500 --> 00:54:55,866 ALL THE GRASSLAND BIRDS GONE, ANY QUICK COMMENT ON THAT? 1108 00:54:55,866 --> 00:54:59,433 - OH, WOW, THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION, AND IT WOULD BE A VERY 1109 00:54:59,433 --> 00:55:01,200 LONG ANSWER, SO, GRASS AND BIRDS ARE ACTUALLY 1110 00:55:01,200 --> 00:55:04,233 THE MOST PRECIPITOUSLY DECLINING GUILD OF BIRDS IN 1111 00:55:04,233 --> 00:55:06,866 NORTH AMERICA, AND MOSTLY THAT'S BEEN DUE TO HABITAT 1112 00:55:06,866 --> 00:55:09,833 LOSS, OVER THE LAST 30 YEARS OR SO. 1113 00:55:09,833 --> 00:55:14,033 GRASSLAND HAS BEEN DECLINING RAPIDLY. 1114 00:55:14,033 --> 00:55:18,700 I THINK WE'RE AT THE END OF THAT DECLINE, PERHAPS, 1115 00:55:18,700 --> 00:55:21,100 IT DEPENDS ON WHERE THE COST OF BIOFUELS GOES 1116 00:55:21,100 --> 00:55:24,833 IN THE FUTURE. - IT'S HABITAT. 1117 00:55:24,833 --> 00:55:28,233 - BUT, IT'S ALL HABITAT DRIVEN, SO POOR BREEDING HABITAT 1118 00:55:28,233 --> 00:55:31,100 RESULTS IN RAPIDLY DECLINING GRASS AND BIRD POPULATIONS. 1119 00:55:31,100 --> 00:55:33,133 - WE'RE DONE FOR THE EVENING FOLKS AND WE APPRECIATE 1120 00:55:33,133 --> 00:55:36,133 ALL THE PHONE CALLS, ALL THE SUGGESTIONS, AND THE COMMENTS. 1121 00:55:36,133 --> 00:55:38,533 WE LOVE TO LISTEN TO YOUR COMMENTS. 1122 00:55:38,533 --> 00:55:43,133 NEXT WEEK, KATE FULLER WILL TALK A LITTLE BIT THE FARM BILL 1123 00:55:43,133 --> 00:55:45,733 AND SO FORTH, WE'LL SEE YA THEN, GOOD NIGHT, 1124 00:55:45,733 --> 00:55:49,366 AND HAVE A GOOD ONE. 1125 00:55:49,366 --> 00:56:16,033 (BANJO MUSIC) 1126 00:56:16,033 --> 00:56:19,033 - [VOICEOVER] MONTANA AG LIVE IS MADE POSSIBLE BY 1127 00:56:19,033 --> 00:56:22,433 THE MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, THE MSU 1128 00:56:22,433 --> 00:56:26,266 EXTENSION SERVICE, THE MSU AG EXPERIMENT STATIONS 1129 00:56:26,266 --> 00:56:29,766 OF THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, THE MONTANA WHEAT & 1130 00:56:29,766 --> 00:56:34,400 BARLEY COMMITTEE, THE MONTANA BANKERS ASSOCIATION, 1131 00:56:34,400 --> 00:56:38,133 CASHMAN NURSERY & LANDSCAPING, AND THE GALLATIN 1132 00:56:38,133 --> 00:56:41,333 GARDENERS CLUB. 1133 00:56:41,333 --> 00:56:42,333 (ELECTRIC GUITAR FANFARE)