WEBVTT 00:01.400 --> 00:02.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Announcer] "Montana Ag Live" is made possible 00:02.766 --> 00:06.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% by the Montana Department of Agriculture, 00:07.200 --> 00:09.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the MSU Extension Service, 00:10.200 --> 00:12.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the MSU Ag Experiment Stations 00:12.300 --> 00:14.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of the College of Agriculture, 00:14.700 --> 00:17.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the Montana Wheat & Barley Committee, 00:17.633 --> 00:20.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the Montana Bankers Association, 00:20.733 --> 00:23.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Cashman Nursery & Landscaping, 00:23.533 --> 00:25.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the Gallatin Gardeners Club, 00:25.633 --> 00:30.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and the Rocky Mountain Certified Crop Advisor Program. 00:30.000 --> 00:33.000 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% (lively folk music) 00:43.633 --> 00:46.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - Greetings, you are tuned to "Montana Ag Live," 00:46.566 --> 00:48.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% starting in another new year, 00:48.500 --> 00:51.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% coming to you from the studios of KUSM 00:51.200 --> 00:52.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% on the very dynamic campus 00:52.866 --> 00:55.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% we call Montana State University, 00:55.500 --> 00:56.700 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and being brought to you 00:56.700 --> 01:00.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% over your Montana public television system. 01:00.066 --> 01:01.266 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% I'm Jack Riesselman, 01:01.266 --> 01:03.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I'm a retired professor of plant pathology. 01:03.166 --> 01:05.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Happy to be your host this evening. 01:05.333 --> 01:07.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We have kind of an interesting program tonight. 01:07.033 --> 01:08.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% I think you wanna stay tuned 01:08.433 --> 01:11.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% because we'll have a few laughs, a few chuckles, 01:11.433 --> 01:12.800 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and you'll learn a lot. 01:12.800 --> 01:14.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% But before we get to that, 01:14.600 --> 01:16.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% let me introduce today's panel. 01:16.600 --> 01:19.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% On my far left, Mary Burrows. 01:19.000 --> 01:20.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Mary is a plant pathologist, 01:20.733 --> 01:23.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% spends part-time in the dean's office, 01:23.100 --> 01:25.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but overall she's better as a plant pathologist 01:25.633 --> 01:27.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% than being in the dean's office. 01:27.000 --> 01:28.766 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% I had to say that. 01:28.766 --> 01:30.033 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% Kevin Mcphee. 01:30.033 --> 01:32.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Kevin's a pulse crop developer, breeder. 01:32.766 --> 01:34.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Kevin's been here several years. 01:34.400 --> 01:36.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% He really knows how to produce 01:36.666 --> 01:38.866 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% some of the best quality pulse crops 01:38.866 --> 01:40.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% here in the Northern Great Plains. 01:40.300 --> 01:42.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% It's a pleasure to have Kevin here. 01:42.300 --> 01:43.566 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% He's been here before. 01:43.566 --> 01:45.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But if you have any questions this evening 01:45.133 --> 01:47.000 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% concerning pulse crops 01:47.000 --> 01:49.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and their use and development, hey, 01:49.033 --> 01:52.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% it's an absolutely beautiful time to ask that question. 01:52.533 --> 01:53.933 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% Tim Seipel. 01:53.933 --> 01:56.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Tim is an extension weed scientist. 01:56.733 --> 01:58.266 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (Tim laughs) 01:58.266 --> 02:00.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I prefer weed scientist to cropland weed specialist 02:00.866 --> 02:03.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% because weed scientists cover a lot of things 02:03.300 --> 02:05.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% other than cropland weeds, 02:05.133 --> 02:08.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% so I want to be a little less specific. 02:08.500 --> 02:09.566 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% And Abi. 02:10.733 --> 02:12.233 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Welcome back, Abi. 02:12.233 --> 02:15.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Abi Saeed is our extension horticultural specialist 02:15.366 --> 02:18.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% if you have questions concerning horticultural crops. 02:18.466 --> 02:20.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And I think most of you that watch this program, 02:20.933 --> 02:22.433 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% a lot of you do, 02:22.433 --> 02:25.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% will have questions about when to plant your tomatoes, 02:25.200 --> 02:27.033 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% so forth and so on. 02:27.033 --> 02:28.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Answering the phones tonight, 02:28.366 --> 02:29.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and they're doing it remotely, 02:29.500 --> 02:32.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% is Nancy Blake and Bruce Loble. 02:32.233 --> 02:34.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Tell you a little bit more about the program tonight, 02:34.500 --> 02:36.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% we have a pulse crop cook-off. 02:36.266 --> 02:38.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We're gonna do that halfway through the program. 02:38.633 --> 02:40.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% In order to sit at this panel this evening, 02:40.833 --> 02:42.233 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% everybody had to agree 02:42.233 --> 02:45.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to bring in their favorite pulse crop recipe. 02:45.700 --> 02:50.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And we have a panel of experts here from KUSM management 02:50.466 --> 02:54.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% who is going to judge the special recipes 02:55.533 --> 02:56.666 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% that we brought in. 02:56.666 --> 02:58.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% I'd like to introduce those. 02:58.900 --> 03:02.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% On the far left, or far right is Aaron Pruitt. 03:02.700 --> 03:06.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Aaron is director and general manager of KUSM. 03:06.400 --> 03:08.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Aaron, thank you for being here. 03:08.133 --> 03:10.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I hope you enjoy the special treats 03:10.400 --> 03:11.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% you're gonna have tonight. - I'm sure I will. 03:11.833 --> 03:15.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - Jeannie Gracey, development officer for Montana PBS. 03:15.500 --> 03:18.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Gracey, happy to have you here. 03:18.200 --> 03:21.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And Christina Martin, who is director of development. 03:21.533 --> 03:23.166 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% So about 6:30, 03:23.166 --> 03:25.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% we will turn that over to the panel 03:25.366 --> 03:28.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and we'll see what we have to eat. 03:28.066 --> 03:29.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Before we do that, Kevin, 03:29.733 --> 03:32.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% tell us what you do here at MSU. 03:32.200 --> 03:33.400 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% - Very well. 03:33.400 --> 03:35.866 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Thank you for having me on the show tonight. 03:35.866 --> 03:38.166 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% As a pulse crop breeder, 03:38.166 --> 03:41.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% what I do here at MSU is work on developing 03:41.666 --> 03:45.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% new varieties of peas, lentils, and chickpeas. 03:45.166 --> 03:46.900 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% We focus on a wide range 03:46.900 --> 03:51.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% of different traits objectives within those. 03:51.166 --> 03:54.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So we're after traits that the producers really want: 03:54.933 --> 03:57.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% upright growth, high yield, 03:57.200 --> 04:00.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% standability, harvestability; 04:00.466 --> 04:03.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% looking for traits that consumers want: 04:03.700 --> 04:08.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% so quality of the crop, protein is one of those, 04:09.566 --> 04:11.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the topic may come up later. 04:11.433 --> 04:12.933 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Disease resistance, 04:12.933 --> 04:16.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that's a very big issue with regard to production. 04:16.333 --> 04:18.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% All places that pulses crops are grown, 04:18.200 --> 04:20.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but Montana is certainly no exception to that, 04:20.666 --> 04:23.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% many different diseases across the three crops. 04:23.733 --> 04:25.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And a lot of different things. 04:25.366 --> 04:29.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It's a lot of fun to look at the variation that we create 04:29.233 --> 04:31.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% by crossing different varieties together 04:31.033 --> 04:32.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to try and combine the traits 04:32.933 --> 04:34.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and then select within those. 04:34.066 --> 04:35.700 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% So yeah. 04:35.700 --> 04:37.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - You know, when I first moved out here, 04:37.800 --> 04:40.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and that's been a long, long time ago, 04:40.833 --> 04:43.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% all we had in this state basically was wheat, barley, 04:43.500 --> 04:45.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and a little bit of alfalfa, 04:45.333 --> 04:48.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and now we're a very diverse agricultural state. 04:48.200 --> 04:51.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Why have pulse crops taken off so extensively 04:51.333 --> 04:53.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% here in the Northern Great Plains, 04:53.100 --> 04:54.500 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% specifically in Montana? 04:55.866 --> 04:59.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - So the reason for that expansion within the industry 04:59.033 --> 05:01.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% within the producer community 05:01.166 --> 05:04.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% is that legumes for many years 05:04.500 --> 05:08.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% have fit well with rotations of cereal grains. 05:08.633 --> 05:10.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% They offer an opportunity for producers 05:10.666 --> 05:15.100 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% to control grassy weeds, 05:15.100 --> 05:18.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% weeds that are important to the cereal grains crops. 05:18.000 --> 05:18.933 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% They also, 05:18.933 --> 05:20.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% one of the big advantages 05:20.433 --> 05:23.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% is the nitrogen fixation potential that they have. 05:23.400 --> 05:26.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% They fix nitrogen through symbiosis 05:26.466 --> 05:30.600 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% with a soil bacteria, 05:30.600 --> 05:33.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and they produce nodules on the roots; 05:33.333 --> 05:35.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and as they fix the nitrogen, 05:35.333 --> 05:37.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% they take the nitrogen from the soil, 05:37.200 --> 05:39.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% fix it within their biological systems 05:39.466 --> 05:41.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% into a form of available to the legumes 05:41.766 --> 05:44.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% as well as the cereal grains. 05:44.000 --> 05:46.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So they help to improve the soil fertility. 05:46.700 --> 05:47.633 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% There's a lot, 05:47.633 --> 05:49.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% there's quite a wide range 05:49.166 --> 05:51.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% of different agronomic as well as economical issues 05:51.866 --> 05:54.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that they help the producers with. 05:54.433 --> 05:55.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - I've always preached rotation,. 05:55.966 --> 05:58.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Mary has preached rotation her whole life, and, boy, 05:58.666 --> 06:00.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% does that fit in nicely with the pulse crops. 06:00.200 --> 06:02.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - And they don't only benefit from that crop, 06:02.400 --> 06:04.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but also the wheat crop following really benefits. 06:04.800 --> 06:06.233 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% - Absolutely. - Certainly. 06:06.233 --> 06:07.500 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - That's a good point. 06:07.500 --> 06:10.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Tim, a question from Billings. 06:10.033 --> 06:11.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And this is one that comes in every year 06:11.700 --> 06:13.733 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and it's an early one. 06:13.733 --> 06:16.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Bulbous bluegrass, what is it, 06:16.166 --> 06:17.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% what do they do about it, 06:17.733 --> 06:19.700 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and why is it a problem? 06:19.700 --> 06:23.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - Bulbous bluegrass is one of the earliest weeds 06:23.000 --> 06:24.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% we see growing in Montana. 06:24.500 --> 06:26.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% It's probably the, you know, 06:26.533 --> 06:27.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% it's really one of the first ones. 06:27.966 --> 06:29.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% There's a lot of it around the Billings area. 06:29.866 --> 06:34.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It does really well in our warmer climates in Montana. 06:34.366 --> 06:37.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% It's a bluegrass. It's a non-native species. 06:38.933 --> 06:41.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It's a short-lived perennial, it'll live for a few years, 06:41.666 --> 06:44.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but you'll see it's the first thing to turn green. 06:44.400 --> 06:46.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I've seen it turn green in Bozeman already. 06:46.700 --> 06:49.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And it'll grow, and instead of making seeds, 06:49.366 --> 06:52.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% it makes little bulbils that... 06:52.000 --> 06:53.266 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% They're called bulbils, 06:53.266 --> 06:55.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and the hence the name Bulbous bluegrass, 06:55.333 --> 06:58.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but those fall and they're ready to grow. 06:58.200 --> 07:01.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% It can be a weed in alfalfa, early alfalfa. 07:01.766 --> 07:04.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% It can be a weed in some crops. 07:05.533 --> 07:07.266 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% And to manage it really, 07:08.733 --> 07:11.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% it depends on what crop or what situation you're in. 07:11.100 --> 07:14.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But what most people do is apply glyphosate 07:14.233 --> 07:17.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% very early in the next... 07:17.100 --> 07:18.300 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Whenever it gets warm, 07:18.300 --> 07:20.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% whenever spring arrives in Montana, 07:20.466 --> 07:25.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% we can go out and put down a early application of glyphosate 07:25.100 --> 07:27.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% before other things grow, 07:27.000 --> 07:29.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and that's probably the best way to control it. 07:29.666 --> 07:31.866 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - And when is the snow gonna be off? 07:31.866 --> 07:33.133 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (Tim laughs) 07:33.133 --> 07:35.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - You know, I was talking to a producer 07:35.266 --> 07:38.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% in Livingston recently, and he said, 07:38.066 --> 07:39.800 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% "The first 50-degree day 07:39.800 --> 07:41.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% is the day you really need to be out there 07:41.933 --> 07:43.433 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% when the snow is gone 07:43.433 --> 07:45.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% if you're trying to manage it in your situations." 07:45.633 --> 07:47.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - Okay, that makes good sense. 07:48.500 --> 07:51.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Abi, this question is from Bozeman. 07:51.266 --> 07:54.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% When should they put out their mason bee hotel? 07:54.600 --> 07:57.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% What is a mason bee hotel? - Yeah, good question. 07:57.300 --> 08:00.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So mason bee hotels are little hotels, 08:00.300 --> 08:01.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% you might have seen them, 08:01.466 --> 08:03.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that have those little cardboard 08:03.000 --> 08:04.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% or bamboo tubes inside them. 08:04.866 --> 08:06.366 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% And they're a great home 08:06.366 --> 08:10.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% for cavity-nesting bees like mason and leafcutter bees. 08:10.266 --> 08:14.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And these are usually are early season bees as well 08:14.900 --> 08:18.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that need this kind of environment to nest in. 08:18.833 --> 08:20.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And so usually you wanna aim 08:20.633 --> 08:23.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% for when it's about 55 to 60 degrees 08:23.566 --> 08:25.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% for a few days in a row to set them out, 08:25.666 --> 08:28.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that's when those bees are gonna start flying around 08:28.666 --> 08:30.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and be looking for a place to nest. 08:33.200 --> 08:36.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - You know, it's cold this year, yeah, it's a late spring. 08:36.366 --> 08:40.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And do the bees survive all right in a winter like this? 08:40.333 --> 08:44.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - Yeah, because, you know, our climate has, you know, 08:44.400 --> 08:45.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% it varies year after year, 08:45.633 --> 08:48.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and the bees are pretty well accustomed to it. 08:48.100 --> 08:49.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Sometimes it can be an issue 08:49.866 --> 08:52.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% when the bees might emerge 08:52.500 --> 08:54.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and the plants are a little bit delayed, 08:54.433 --> 08:57.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% there might be be kind of a resource limitation 08:57.133 --> 08:59.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% where there may not be enough flowers. 08:59.166 --> 09:01.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So planting kind of early season flowering plants 09:01.933 --> 09:04.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% in your landscape could be a good way to help 09:04.333 --> 09:07.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% kind of offset the slow spring 09:07.133 --> 09:10.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% when you don't have as abundant of those floral resources. 09:10.400 --> 09:11.700 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - Okay, thank you. 09:11.700 --> 09:12.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Kevin, we got a question here/ 09:12.900 --> 09:14.266 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% But before we do that, 09:14.266 --> 09:16.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the one before that was this person 09:16.800 --> 09:18.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% has some black, they call 'em, 09:18.900 --> 09:22.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% knots in their choke cherries, 09:22.866 --> 09:24.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and they're curious what it is 09:24.733 --> 09:25.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and what should they do about it? 09:25.800 --> 09:27.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Mary, I think that's yours. 09:27.200 --> 09:29.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - Yeah, that's how you recognize cherry: black knot. 09:29.933 --> 09:31.133 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - Yeah, you're right. 09:31.133 --> 09:32.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - So all you can do is prune it out. 09:32.733 --> 09:35.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And I'd prune it out while the tree is dormant. 09:35.100 --> 09:36.566 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% And since cherry 09:36.566 --> 09:38.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% is also susceptible to other diseases, you know, 09:38.600 --> 09:42.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% clean your pruners pretty well with an antiseptic, 09:42.066 --> 09:44.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% not bleach 'cause that'll crow corrode pruners, 09:44.133 --> 09:46.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% between each cut so you don't spread anything else. 09:46.666 --> 09:49.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - You know, I've had some in my.... 09:49.500 --> 09:51.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I've got a couple choke cherries, 09:51.566 --> 09:53.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and it doesn't seem to spread very rapidly. 09:53.800 --> 09:56.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Is there a reason that it doesn't spread? 09:56.100 --> 09:57.600 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% - I don't know. 09:57.600 --> 10:00.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I have one that's declining, and it's really quite bad. 10:02.800 --> 10:04.033 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% I don't mind it. 10:04.033 --> 10:05.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And I bring it in for "Ag Live" occasionally, 10:05.433 --> 10:06.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% so I keep the tree around. 10:06.566 --> 10:09.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But it's just preference, I suppose. 10:09.500 --> 10:11.266 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% What do you think, Abi? 10:11.266 --> 10:13.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - Yeah, I'm not sure either. 10:13.200 --> 10:14.600 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% I would, yeah, 10:14.600 --> 10:15.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I really think so. - Maybe wounding 10:15.633 --> 10:18.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and the environment at the time. 10:18.500 --> 10:20.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - We've had like hail and stuff 10:20.366 --> 10:22.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% sometimes will open that tree up to- 10:22.566 --> 10:24.300 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% - Yeah, damage - Yeah. 10:24.300 --> 10:25.100 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% - Okay. 10:26.700 --> 10:27.933 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% From Billings: 10:27.933 --> 10:31.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% "Are pulse crops more or less drought-tolerant 10:31.333 --> 10:33.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% than the more common Montana crops?" 10:33.333 --> 10:35.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And I assume they're talking about wheat and barley, 10:35.466 --> 10:37.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% although chickpeas are about... 10:37.300 --> 10:38.266 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% Not chickpeas, 10:38.266 --> 10:39.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% pulse crops are about as common 10:39.400 --> 10:40.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% as wheat and barley anymore. 10:42.333 --> 10:43.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Yeah, we've got like half a million acres. 10:43.966 --> 10:45.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% No, a million acres of pulses now, right? 10:45.633 --> 10:46.600 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - A million acres, yeah. 10:46.600 --> 10:48.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - And 5 million of wheat. 10:48.000 --> 10:50.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - [Jack] So are they pretty drought-tolerant? 10:50.466 --> 10:53.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - In general, compared to many crops, yes, they are. 10:54.800 --> 10:57.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Chickpeas and lentils more so maybe than peas, 10:57.833 --> 10:59.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but they do tolerate the dry conditions 10:59.900 --> 11:02.100 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% better than some crops. 11:02.100 --> 11:06.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - So I've been out of ag, not totally out of agriculture, 11:06.333 --> 11:08.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but I'm not as current as I used to be. 11:08.733 --> 11:10.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% If you have a rotational system, 11:10.266 --> 11:13.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% we used to call it flex cropping years ago, 11:13.133 --> 11:16.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and if these crops don't use as much moisture, 11:16.200 --> 11:18.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% can we, in our dryer areas, 11:18.166 --> 11:21.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% maybe grow three crops in four years 11:21.033 --> 11:26.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% using the peas or chickpeas or lentils in that rotation? 11:26.766 --> 11:27.700 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% I'll let you guys- 11:27.700 --> 11:29.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - Well, most areas of the state 11:29.366 --> 11:31.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% can grow a crop every year now. 11:31.800 --> 11:33.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And weed fallow is disappearing, 11:33.300 --> 11:35.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and a lot of that is due to pulses. 11:35.366 --> 11:36.366 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% - Yeah. 11:36.366 --> 11:37.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - [Jack] I didn't realize that. 11:37.366 --> 11:38.633 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% - Yeah, yeah. - That's good. 11:38.633 --> 11:39.866 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - And you can't grow lentils everywhere. 11:39.866 --> 11:41.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% You know, they have a really good fit 11:41.066 --> 11:42.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in that northeast corner, 11:42.200 --> 11:44.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% where peas are everywhere in the state. 11:44.033 --> 11:44.866 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% - Yeah. 11:44.866 --> 11:46.133 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% Peas, sorry. 11:46.133 --> 11:47.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Peas and lentils both tend to have 11:47.966 --> 11:50.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% a narrower or a shorter root system, 11:50.933 --> 11:52.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% so they don't mine the soil 11:52.233 --> 11:55.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% as much for moisture as chickpeas, 11:55.566 --> 11:57.866 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but they all tend to leave moisture behind 11:57.866 --> 11:59.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% for the following crop. - Yeah. 11:59.733 --> 12:01.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I think sometimes we have to watch out 12:01.166 --> 12:02.833 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% for herbicide carryover 12:02.833 --> 12:06.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% because what's used in wheat or fallow 12:06.766 --> 12:09.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% can sometimes damage pulses into the next year. 12:09.600 --> 12:14.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So we have herbicides with less residual now, 12:14.366 --> 12:17.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but it's still sometimes an issue. 12:17.100 --> 12:19.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% If you wanna change your rotation, 12:19.133 --> 12:21.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% you have to be cognizant of those plan-back intervals. 12:21.666 --> 12:22.600 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% - Okay. 12:22.600 --> 12:23.966 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Another question here. 12:23.966 --> 12:25.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And this person says they're anxious 12:25.966 --> 12:28.166 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% to see what the panel 12:28.166 --> 12:32.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% has put together for dinner tonight, 12:32.400 --> 12:34.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% but they also are curious 12:34.100 --> 12:36.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% what else are pulse crops used for. 12:36.766 --> 12:38.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And I'm gonna talk a little bit about that. 12:38.533 --> 12:41.400 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% But Kevin, Mary, all of you guys, 12:41.400 --> 12:42.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% why are we growing so many? 12:42.833 --> 12:44.200 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Where are they going? 12:44.200 --> 12:45.633 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% What do we do with them? 12:45.633 --> 12:47.733 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% - So I'll take a first stab at it 12:47.733 --> 12:49.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and then everybody else can chime in. 12:50.866 --> 12:52.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% The the first thing they were produced for 12:52.500 --> 12:56.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% was for human consumption as well as animal feed, 12:56.866 --> 13:00.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% both as whole and split seeds 13:00.933 --> 13:02.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% for human consumption into soups 13:02.566 --> 13:07.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and various mixtures of that nature worldwide. 13:07.366 --> 13:10.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And much of our crop in the US in the past 13:10.433 --> 13:15.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% was exported into feed markets as well as food. 13:15.166 --> 13:18.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% With the shift toward ingredients, 13:18.466 --> 13:20.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% using the pulse crops as an ingredient 13:20.400 --> 13:25.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% in many different recipes that companies have put together, 13:25.366 --> 13:29.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that shift or that export market has reduced. 13:29.133 --> 13:32.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So we're consuming a lot more of our own crop domestically. 13:32.466 --> 13:34.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And you look at the grocery store shelves, 13:34.733 --> 13:37.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and the range of different products 13:37.433 --> 13:40.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that include to some degree any of the pulse crops 13:40.900 --> 13:42.966 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% is enormous, is immense, 13:42.966 --> 13:44.233 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and very diverse. 13:44.233 --> 13:48.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And a lot of it is quite enjoyable, quite tasty. 13:48.333 --> 13:50.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Well, and a lot of it is incorporated 13:50.266 --> 13:51.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% in some products that you're gonna show. 13:51.366 --> 13:53.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% The protein is extracted from the seed. 13:53.466 --> 13:56.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And a lot of it is included in pet food, 13:56.433 --> 13:58.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% a lot of these plant-based meats. 13:59.400 --> 14:01.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% I don't know what else that- 14:01.366 --> 14:03.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Well, a lot of the protein drinks 14:03.833 --> 14:05.033 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% have pea protein in 'em. 14:05.033 --> 14:07.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And on that note, this is... 14:07.466 --> 14:10.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% As you can tell, I'm not a smoothie-type guy. 14:10.466 --> 14:13.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% But this is a protein powder 14:13.466 --> 14:15.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that is made here in Bozeman, 14:15.700 --> 14:18.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and it's a combination of cricket and pea powder 14:18.900 --> 14:21.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and some chocolate and a little bit of sugar. 14:21.333 --> 14:24.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Nutritionally, this is really quite good. 14:24.233 --> 14:25.366 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% If you go online, 14:25.366 --> 14:26.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% you'd be surprised to find 14:26.833 --> 14:29.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that there are a lot of different products out there 14:29.066 --> 14:31.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that contain cricket protein. 14:31.733 --> 14:34.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% The reason that it is so usable 14:34.800 --> 14:37.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% is that the iron from crickets is very, 14:37.900 --> 14:40.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% very utilizable by the human body 14:40.700 --> 14:43.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% compared to some of the other proteins. 14:43.500 --> 14:45.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% But a young lady here in Bozeman 14:45.700 --> 14:49.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% started a company called Orchestra Provisions, 14:49.566 --> 14:53.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and she has combined pea powder and cricket protein. 14:53.366 --> 14:56.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And from what I'm told and what you read online, 14:56.333 --> 14:58.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% it's really kind of interesting. 14:58.033 --> 14:59.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But there's a lot of products like this 14:59.833 --> 15:01.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that are coming on the market. 15:01.600 --> 15:03.900 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% And 20 years ago, 15:03.900 --> 15:06.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% if you saw anything other than green peas 15:06.300 --> 15:08.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% for split pea soup and lentils, 15:08.600 --> 15:09.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% there wasn't much out there. 15:09.866 --> 15:11.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It's changed. - Well, I think that gluten... 15:11.966 --> 15:13.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% You know, a lot of people are sensitive to gluten, 15:13.766 --> 15:15.300 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% so there's a lot of alternatives. 15:15.300 --> 15:16.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And then if you're diabetic, too, 15:16.533 --> 15:17.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% they have a low glycemic index, 15:17.933 --> 15:19.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and they're just good for your heart as well. 15:19.800 --> 15:21.033 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% - That's true. 15:21.033 --> 15:22.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And, folks, if you got questions tonight... 15:22.600 --> 15:24.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% We're not getting a ton of questions. 15:24.100 --> 15:26.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And if you have specific questions, concerns, 15:26.733 --> 15:28.233 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% or comments, hey, 15:28.233 --> 15:30.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% get 'em in tonight because you're gonna have a good chance 15:30.766 --> 15:32.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to have it answered on air. 15:32.633 --> 15:35.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And with that, back to Abi. 15:36.500 --> 15:40.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% This person wants to know when is a good time 15:40.066 --> 15:42.100 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% to plant rhubarb. 15:42.100 --> 15:44.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - Yeah, so like you said, 15:44.166 --> 15:45.766 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% we've had kind of a, 15:45.766 --> 15:47.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% we've been having a pretty slow spring. 15:47.700 --> 15:50.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But usually I like to go and, like, 15:50.566 --> 15:52.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% put my trowel into my soil. 15:52.333 --> 15:55.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And as soon as that soil's workable and not frozen, 15:55.066 --> 15:56.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% you can put that in there. 15:56.300 --> 15:57.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% That's when I'll put my crowns in. 15:57.800 --> 15:59.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - I'm always scared, like, I'll put... 15:59.500 --> 16:01.100 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Dormant I think is okay. 16:01.100 --> 16:02.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% But if I did a transplant, I don't want it to freeze. 16:02.466 --> 16:03.900 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% So I kinda 16:03.900 --> 16:04.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% want things growing. - Yeah, I would be worried 16:04.700 --> 16:05.500 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% about transplanting. 16:05.500 --> 16:06.966 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% That's a good point. 16:06.966 --> 16:08.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Yeah, yeah, when things start to start to green up. 16:08.566 --> 16:09.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - Yeah, everybody's anxious. 16:09.866 --> 16:10.800 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% - Yeah. 16:10.800 --> 16:12.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Wanting to get in there, yeah. 16:12.633 --> 16:13.466 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% - Okay. 16:14.666 --> 16:17.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% From Livingston, here's an interesting question: 16:17.266 --> 16:19.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% "Why are lentils all different colors? 16:19.633 --> 16:22.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And do the colors affect the taste?" 16:22.566 --> 16:23.766 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% - Okay. 16:23.766 --> 16:28.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So lentils are quite diverse within the crop, 16:30.000 --> 16:31.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and that's because there are different market classes 16:31.300 --> 16:32.733 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% of lentils. 16:32.733 --> 16:35.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And they can come with different seed-coat colors, 16:35.633 --> 16:37.500 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% seed-=coat patterns. 16:37.500 --> 16:39.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% The cotyledon colors that are marketed 16:39.600 --> 16:42.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% are typically either yellow or the reds. 16:42.700 --> 16:44.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% The yellow cotyledon types 16:44.166 --> 16:48.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% are what kind of oddly we refer to as the green lentils 16:48.000 --> 16:50.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% because of the seed coat that they have, 16:50.166 --> 16:55.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and they're typically consistent as far the color. 16:55.000 --> 16:58.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We try to breed them and select and produce lentils 16:58.100 --> 16:59.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in the green market class 16:59.866 --> 17:01.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that hold that green color; 17:01.433 --> 17:05.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% it can in time discolor to a brown. 17:05.000 --> 17:08.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The pigments in the seed coat oxidize and change color, 17:08.433 --> 17:10.666 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% which is not desirable. 17:10.666 --> 17:11.933 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Within the red lentils, 17:11.933 --> 17:16.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% it's a lot more diverse as far as the seed coat 17:16.400 --> 17:20.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and whether it's a dark brown, a light brown, 17:20.600 --> 17:22.533 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% whether it has speckles, 17:22.533 --> 17:24.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% some sort of a model or pattern to it. 17:24.433 --> 17:27.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And it's just the nature of the the lentil crops. 17:27.600 --> 17:29.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% It's a lot of different options. 17:29.900 --> 17:31.500 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% And that's what in part 17:31.500 --> 17:33.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% it makes it kind of fun for me as a breeder 17:33.333 --> 17:36.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% to see that variation and to select amongst that. 17:36.766 --> 17:37.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - But they take the seed coat 17:37.966 --> 17:40.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% off of the red lentils, right, before they- 17:40.200 --> 17:42.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - Yeah, when they're consumed they decorticate 'em, 17:42.800 --> 17:44.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% so take the seed coat off. 17:44.933 --> 17:47.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Some markets will split them just like peas. 17:47.666 --> 17:50.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Other markets like to keep the cotyledons together 17:50.900 --> 17:53.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% so it's just a seed without the seed coat. 17:54.633 --> 17:57.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - You know, on that note, this is my own question. 17:57.366 --> 17:59.100 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% I love split pea soup, 17:59.100 --> 18:00.700 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% ham and split pea soup, 18:00.700 --> 18:03.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and you always make that with green peas 18:03.933 --> 18:05.333 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and not yellow peas. 18:05.333 --> 18:06.366 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Is there a reason? 18:07.466 --> 18:09.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - The green peas tend to hold a color. 18:09.833 --> 18:11.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Sometimes the yellow peas 18:11.966 --> 18:14.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% don't have as attractive of a color 18:14.633 --> 18:15.900 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% once they're processed. 18:18.000 --> 18:19.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I'll go back to the previous question 18:19.800 --> 18:22.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% on the flavor of the different lentils 18:22.166 --> 18:23.366 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% based on the seed coat. 18:23.366 --> 18:26.066 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% And some markets... 18:28.366 --> 18:30.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So, yes, there are differences in the seed coats, 18:30.000 --> 18:31.500 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% in the flavor of them, 18:31.500 --> 18:33.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% based on the pigments that are in there. 18:33.166 --> 18:34.000 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% And 18:36.533 --> 18:39.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to a cultural preference, 18:39.900 --> 18:42.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% they can tell a difference between different lentils 18:42.300 --> 18:44.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% based on those pigments and how much is there, 18:44.300 --> 18:45.533 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and they do prefer that. 18:46.700 --> 18:49.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But, yes, there are differences in flavor. 18:49.166 --> 18:50.400 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% - Okay. 18:50.400 --> 18:52.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% A question came in as kind of a follow-up: 18:52.066 --> 18:55.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% "Are pulse crops a good source of fiber?" 18:55.166 --> 18:56.566 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% - They can be. 18:56.566 --> 19:00.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% That's one of the three primary components of the seed, 19:00.300 --> 19:02.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% you know, protein, starch, and fiber. 19:02.400 --> 19:05.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So, yes, as long as the seed coat is retained, 19:05.933 --> 19:08.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% usually with the green lentils, 19:08.366 --> 19:10.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% not so much the reds because of the dark pigments 19:10.633 --> 19:12.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that come with the red lentils. 19:12.200 --> 19:13.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% But with the green lentils, yes, 19:13.933 --> 19:15.333 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% the fiber can be good. 19:15.333 --> 19:16.266 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - Okay, thank you. 19:18.133 --> 19:19.633 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% From Helena. 19:19.633 --> 19:23.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% This person has a lot of purslane in their garden, 19:23.700 --> 19:25.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and that's a low-growing, 19:25.433 --> 19:28.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% kind of a almost wet crop, 19:28.966 --> 19:29.900 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% I mean, it is, 19:29.900 --> 19:31.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% it contains a lot of moisture, 19:31.466 --> 19:33.233 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% very low-growing. 19:33.233 --> 19:37.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% They rototilled it last year or a year before, 19:37.366 --> 19:40.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and last year they had even more purslane 19:40.500 --> 19:42.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% than they did before they rototilled it. 19:42.366 --> 19:43.666 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Is there a reason? 19:43.666 --> 19:45.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - Yep, there's a lot of.... 19:45.000 --> 19:48.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So purslane is a, it's a warm season weed, 19:48.066 --> 19:52.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% so we won't see it germinate here until middle of June, 19:52.633 --> 19:55.333 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% maybe the 1st of July. 19:55.333 --> 19:57.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% It has a very persistent seed in the seed bank, 19:57.666 --> 19:59.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and that seed will be there for a really, 19:59.633 --> 20:01.633 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% really long time. 20:01.633 --> 20:03.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And then when you chop it up, 20:03.033 --> 20:05.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% it will grow into new pieces and chunks too. 20:05.900 --> 20:07.766 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% It dies back every year, 20:07.766 --> 20:11.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but you often don't seed the seeds and the flowers 20:11.700 --> 20:13.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that are in the axials of the leaf. 20:13.733 --> 20:14.966 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% And when you chop it up, 20:14.966 --> 20:16.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% you put all those seeds out there. 20:16.900 --> 20:20.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And that seed bank remains really persistent. 20:20.133 --> 20:22.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% The one thing, you can eat it. 20:22.233 --> 20:23.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Purslane is actually pretty good. 20:23.766 --> 20:28.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I fermented some purslane in kimchi style last year. 20:28.166 --> 20:30.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% If you can't beat it, eat it. 20:32.700 --> 20:35.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And so that was one of the things I did with it. 20:35.066 --> 20:36.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% I think it's really important 20:36.366 --> 20:38.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% you have to keep it from going to flower 20:38.066 --> 20:41.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and you have to keep it out of your seed bank. 20:41.033 --> 20:42.533 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% I think it really, 20:42.533 --> 20:45.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I view it sometimes as a cover crop under my sweet corn. 20:45.900 --> 20:47.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Yeah, basically that's correct. 20:47.733 --> 20:50.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - But you need to add more water because it does, 20:50.700 --> 20:52.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% it sucks up a lot of water 20:52.233 --> 20:55.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and it'll suck up a lot of nutrients, too, is my... 20:55.300 --> 20:57.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Yeah. - It is hard to get rid of. 20:57.700 --> 20:59.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% It is susceptible to glyphosate 20:59.433 --> 21:00.766 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% if you get it early. 21:00.766 --> 21:03.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - And you can use some, like, too, in corn. 21:03.100 --> 21:04.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% If you have it under your sweet corn, 21:04.466 --> 21:06.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% you can use some broad-leaf herbicide too, 21:06.166 --> 21:07.400 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% that will get it. 21:07.400 --> 21:08.866 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% It's hard to keep it chopped out. 21:08.866 --> 21:10.866 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% It'll keep growing and growing and growing. 21:10.866 --> 21:11.700 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% - Okay. 21:12.600 --> 21:13.833 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% From Hamilton. 21:13.833 --> 21:15.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% This person would like suggestions 21:15.900 --> 21:20.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% on how to thin and prune his Triple Crown blackberries. 21:20.433 --> 21:23.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I don't know what a Triple Crown blackberry is, do you? 21:23.766 --> 21:25.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - No, I actually don't know 21:25.000 --> 21:27.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% what a Triple Crown blackberry is either. 21:27.033 --> 21:29.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But in general, to thin and prune, 21:29.333 --> 21:32.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% now is a really good time to do that anyway. 21:32.133 --> 21:34.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So that's a really good question. 21:35.566 --> 21:38.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% You can definitely start pruning your blackberries 21:38.733 --> 21:40.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and your trees and shrubs as well. 21:40.833 --> 21:42.066 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% But to thin it, 21:42.066 --> 21:43.933 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% we have a really nice smart guide 21:43.933 --> 21:46.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that's talking about pruning fruit trees and bushes. 21:46.866 --> 21:48.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So if you go to the MSU Extension store 21:48.966 --> 21:50.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and check out the publications, 21:50.200 --> 21:52.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% it'll show you more detail on how to do it. 21:52.966 --> 21:54.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But you wanna start with making sure 21:54.633 --> 21:58.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that it has enough kind of nice circulation. 21:58.300 --> 21:59.600 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% So thin it out, 21:59.600 --> 22:01.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% don't remove more than a third of that material. 22:01.800 --> 22:05.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% If you wanna encourage that additional growth, 22:05.433 --> 22:08.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% you can head some of those branches. 22:08.100 --> 22:10.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But generally you wanna thin it out, 22:10.200 --> 22:11.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% make sure it has enough circulation, 22:11.766 --> 22:13.000 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% and yeah. 22:13.000 --> 22:14.466 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - Okay. Thank you. 22:14.466 --> 22:17.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And while I have you up, I like this question: 22:17.166 --> 22:19.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% "Will flowers grow if you scatter seeds 22:19.700 --> 22:21.866 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% on top of the snow," and they say, 22:21.866 --> 22:23.166 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% 'in a flower garden?" 22:23.166 --> 22:26.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Now, that's, the birds will get it. 22:26.100 --> 22:27.233 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% - Yeah. Yeah. 22:27.233 --> 22:28.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% The birds are probably gonna get it. 22:28.766 --> 22:31.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And sometimes if it's on top of the snow, 22:31.033 --> 22:33.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% you'd worry about them kind of, you know, rotting. 22:33.800 --> 22:38.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And so that's why you wouldn't wanna seed grass then, too, 22:38.500 --> 22:39.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% because it can just sit there 22:39.833 --> 22:42.066 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and just, yeah, rot. 22:42.066 --> 22:42.900 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% - Okay. 22:46.500 --> 22:48.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Kevin, this person has a home garden 22:48.633 --> 22:51.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but would like to try to grow some pulse crops 22:51.100 --> 22:52.700 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% in their home garden. 22:52.700 --> 22:54.400 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% This is from Corvallis. 22:54.400 --> 22:56.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Any suggestions what they could do? 22:57.533 --> 23:00.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Well, certainly peas is a great option. 23:00.433 --> 23:03.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Peas have been grown in gardens for many, many years. 23:03.900 --> 23:07.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And there's a lot of different varieties 23:07.300 --> 23:11.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% with fresh peas, snow peas, the snap peas, 23:11.500 --> 23:14.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% so the immature pods are consumed. 23:14.833 --> 23:18.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I have a friend who enjoys growing chickpeas 23:18.966 --> 23:19.900 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% in their garden. 23:19.900 --> 23:22.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And we often think of chickpeas 23:22.066 --> 23:25.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% as a dry seed harvested crop 23:25.166 --> 23:28.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that is then reconstituted or soaked 23:28.133 --> 23:29.233 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and then cooked, canned, 23:29.233 --> 23:31.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and prepared in some manner. 23:31.433 --> 23:36.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% But there are also many who enjoy the immature chickpeas. 23:36.200 --> 23:38.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Much like your, like the peas I just mentioned, 23:38.800 --> 23:41.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% harvest them immature when the pods are full, 23:41.633 --> 23:43.800 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% the seeds are plump, 23:43.800 --> 23:46.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and they're really quite a tasty snack. 23:46.433 --> 23:49.233 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% And in the Middle East, 23:49.233 --> 23:53.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% it's a delicacy or it's a part of their diet 23:53.333 --> 23:57.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% where they'll take a handful of plants 23:57.033 --> 23:58.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% with the pods still attached, 23:58.866 --> 24:01.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% they'll roast them over a fire, 24:01.366 --> 24:03.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and then shell 'em out, add a little oil, 24:04.566 --> 24:05.566 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and eat them that way. 24:05.566 --> 24:07.200 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% So that's a kind of a fun option. 24:07.200 --> 24:09.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I'm not sure that lentils have much of an option 24:09.900 --> 24:11.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% for the fresh side of things. 24:11.366 --> 24:12.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - [Mary] They're just too hard to harvest. 24:12.600 --> 24:13.833 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% - They are. 24:13.833 --> 24:15.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% They're such a small pod and a small seed, but- 24:15.033 --> 24:16.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - I've grown fallow bean, though. 24:16.266 --> 24:17.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And the same thing with the chickpeas, 24:17.300 --> 24:19.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% so you can get the green. 24:19.000 --> 24:21.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Yeah, they're really hard to break the pod 24:21.400 --> 24:23.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% once they're dry just by hand, 24:23.100 --> 24:25.100 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% but the green is great. 24:25.100 --> 24:26.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - Yep, when they're immature, 24:26.333 --> 24:27.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I enjoy walking through the plots 24:27.566 --> 24:29.800 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% in an alley or an odd 24:31.066 --> 24:31.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% border plant- - That's the best part 24:31.900 --> 24:33.300 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% of pulse field days. 24:33.300 --> 24:35.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - pull a plant and just shell the peas 24:35.766 --> 24:37.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% or the chickpeas and eat them fresh. 24:37.800 --> 24:39.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - I will comment on that. 24:39.300 --> 24:43.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% If you have any four-legged creatures like deer in the area, 24:43.300 --> 24:47.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% you don't wanna try to grow pulse crops in your garden. 24:47.666 --> 24:49.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - Antelope and chickpeas. 24:49.100 --> 24:50.466 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Antelope and chickpeas, 24:50.466 --> 24:52.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% they've given me trouble a couple times. 24:52.833 --> 24:54.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Well, antelope and lentils, they love... 24:54.700 --> 24:57.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I've got great pictures of birds within the lentil plots; 24:57.866 --> 24:59.100 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% they not only eat them, 24:59.100 --> 25:01.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but they like to take a rest there. 25:01.433 --> 25:06.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Elk and chickpeas are a terrible combination for producers. 25:07.366 --> 25:09.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% They'll walk through any other field 25:09.166 --> 25:12.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% with a straight line to the chickpea field, yeah. 25:12.033 --> 25:12.866 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - [Jack] I believe that. 25:12.866 --> 25:14.100 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% I've seen that myself. 25:14.100 --> 25:15.566 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - So Kevin, I was... 25:15.566 --> 25:19.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I've walked around some rural villages in Morocco before 25:19.000 --> 25:22.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and seen a bag of Montana product lentils 25:22.700 --> 25:24.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% sitting kind of on the side. 25:24.500 --> 25:25.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And I was walking around with a friend 25:25.800 --> 25:27.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% who's from Bullhook Bottoms . 25:27.700 --> 25:31.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And so how much of our chickpea or lentil 25:31.200 --> 25:33.866 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% is exported to other parts of the world? 25:33.866 --> 25:35.333 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% - Okay. 25:35.333 --> 25:36.166 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% Before 25:40.033 --> 25:42.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the trade tariffs were put in place by India, 25:42.366 --> 25:44.466 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% it was closer to 90%, 25:45.566 --> 25:48.600 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% 85 to 90% were exported. 25:48.600 --> 25:50.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% With the domestic markets 25:50.633 --> 25:53.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% through the use of the fractionation 25:53.733 --> 25:56.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and the parts of the seed, 25:56.100 --> 26:00.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that has dropped down to the 50 to 60% range exported, 26:00.433 --> 26:02.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the rest is all consumed. 26:02.766 --> 26:05.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So it's about a 50/50 mix anymore. 26:05.100 --> 26:06.633 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - Okay. Thank you. 26:06.633 --> 26:08.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% We're gonna change tunes a little bit 26:08.166 --> 26:11.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and we're going to turn it over to our taste panel 26:11.733 --> 26:14.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and the various dishes that our esteemed panel, 26:14.733 --> 26:17.100 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% myself not included, 26:17.100 --> 26:18.300 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% have prepared. 26:18.300 --> 26:20.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So we're gonna start off with myself. 26:20.466 --> 26:24.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And I made a lentil elk burger soup, 26:24.133 --> 26:26.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and they're going to have an opportunity 26:26.633 --> 26:27.733 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% to taste that right now. 26:27.733 --> 26:29.266 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% It's pretty simple. 26:29.266 --> 26:31.266 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% The hard part is getting the elk. 26:31.266 --> 26:33.000 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% The easy part is making the soup. 26:33.000 --> 26:36.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It's a combination of lentils, any type of lentil, 26:36.433 --> 26:37.700 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% elk burger, 26:37.700 --> 26:41.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% a little bit of chicken broth or chicken stock, 26:41.666 --> 26:43.500 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% grated carrot, onion, 26:43.500 --> 26:46.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and maybe a touch of tomato paste. 26:46.633 --> 26:50.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And it's actually a very, very good wintertime soup. 26:50.700 --> 26:53.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And I hope the panel will enjoy it. 26:53.066 --> 26:54.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% They're gonna taste it right now. 26:54.733 --> 26:56.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% They're at it as we speak. 26:56.733 --> 26:58.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% None of 'em have dropped over, 26:58.066 --> 27:00.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% so I guess it's not that bad right now. 27:00.933 --> 27:03.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And with that, after they finish that... 27:03.633 --> 27:04.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Oh, no, they're still eating. 27:04.566 --> 27:05.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% It must be pretty good, huh? 27:07.533 --> 27:09.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% So I'm getting a few nods 27:09.366 --> 27:11.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that it's edible at least. 27:11.833 --> 27:15.000 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Okay, our next is Abi, 27:15.000 --> 27:18.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and she made chana masala, 27:19.466 --> 27:21.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% which is actually chickpea masala. 27:21.966 --> 27:25.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And if you would care to explain to the audience 27:25.466 --> 27:27.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% how you did that and why it's special, 27:27.366 --> 27:28.200 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% that would be great. 27:28.200 --> 27:29.133 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - Yeah, I'd love to. 27:29.133 --> 27:31.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% So chana masala, and again, 27:31.433 --> 27:35.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% it translates to chickpea and the spicy sauce, 27:35.400 --> 27:36.733 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% it's a chickpea curry. 27:36.733 --> 27:38.166 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% And when I, 27:38.166 --> 27:40.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% growing up in Pakistan and even in Canada, it's something, 27:40.633 --> 27:44.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% it's a big staple of what I grew up eating. 27:44.133 --> 27:48.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% My mom would make it once a month, if not once a week. 27:48.300 --> 27:51.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And so very, very nice staple dish. 27:51.000 --> 27:52.566 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% And generally, 27:52.566 --> 27:55.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% pulses are one of the most common foods that, you know, 27:55.800 --> 27:58.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% in South Asia that we grew up eating. 27:58.400 --> 28:00.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% But this is my favorite recipe. 28:00.166 --> 28:03.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It's chickpeas and it's a tomato and onion based sauce. 28:03.366 --> 28:04.766 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% It's a little bit spicy. 28:04.766 --> 28:08.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% It's served with basmati rice and naan. 28:08.633 --> 28:12.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And it's not as good as my mom's, I'm sure of it, 28:12.333 --> 28:14.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but I think I did a pretty good job 28:14.333 --> 28:17.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% trying to emulate her recipe. 28:17.133 --> 28:19.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So it's one of my favorite dishes ever. 28:19.533 --> 28:20.366 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - Okay. Thank you. 28:20.366 --> 28:21.700 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% It looks good. 28:21.700 --> 28:23.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And I'm sitting here salivating, so... 28:23.933 --> 28:24.900 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% (panelists laughing) 28:24.900 --> 28:25.733 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% All right. 28:25.733 --> 28:27.600 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Tim, hotdog soup, right? 28:27.600 --> 28:31.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Yep, well, so this is Frankfurter lentil soup. 28:31.800 --> 28:35.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% My dad was an immigrant from Bavaria and came, 28:35.333 --> 28:37.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% worked for International Harvester, actually. 28:37.766 --> 28:41.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And so this is a staple of Frankfurt, Germany, actually; 28:41.700 --> 28:43.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% if you can look, you find it. 28:43.466 --> 28:44.766 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% And so it has, 28:44.766 --> 28:47.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% it's green lentils, it has, 28:47.866 --> 28:50.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% does have Frankfurter or sausage in it. 28:50.733 --> 28:52.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And basically you start out, 28:52.500 --> 28:54.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% you put some soup vegetables together, 28:54.433 --> 28:57.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% some celery, some onion, some carrots, 28:57.933 --> 29:00.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% saute 'em around, tomato paste, 29:00.266 --> 29:03.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% then add a little bit of wine in there, green lentils, 29:03.200 --> 29:05.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% put the sausage in at the end, 29:05.466 --> 29:08.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and just a little bit of vinegar that goes in at the end, 29:08.366 --> 29:11.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% with a little bit of potato in there as well. 29:11.100 --> 29:13.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And that was always one of my favorites as a kid. 29:13.866 --> 29:15.300 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% - You know, Tim, 29:15.300 --> 29:18.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I'm not trying to influence the panel at all, but- 29:18.066 --> 29:18.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% (laughter drowns out Jack) 29:18.966 --> 29:20.133 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% Should go with- 29:20.133 --> 29:21.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% (laughter drowns out Jack) 29:21.400 --> 29:22.633 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - That's a wiener. 29:22.633 --> 29:25.233 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% (panelists laughing) 29:25.233 --> 29:27.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - So I'm not criticizing your creation, 29:27.700 --> 29:29.366 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% I'm just, you know, 29:29.366 --> 29:30.933 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% making a comment. 29:30.933 --> 29:33.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Kevin, what'd you bring us? 29:33.000 --> 29:34.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - So tonight I brought in a bruschetta. 29:34.766 --> 29:36.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% It's a lentil bruschetta. 29:36.300 --> 29:38.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% We have two different kinds of lentils. 29:38.466 --> 29:42.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I included both a small green as well as a red lentil. 29:42.600 --> 29:46.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And we just cooked those on the stove by themselves 29:46.533 --> 29:47.466 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and then added them in. 29:47.466 --> 29:49.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% It's a very colorful dish. 29:49.433 --> 29:50.633 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% It goes on bread. 29:50.633 --> 29:53.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% You can see this picture there on the screen. 29:53.366 --> 29:55.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% It has tomatoes, basal, feta cheese, avocado, 29:55.966 --> 29:59.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% a little olive oil to help spread the flavors 29:59.166 --> 30:00.566 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% through the dish. 30:00.566 --> 30:02.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% It's a very simple dish to put together. 30:02.700 --> 30:05.333 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - It looks delicious. 30:05.333 --> 30:06.566 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% You know, 30:06.566 --> 30:10.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I know that you have specialized in cooking 30:10.200 --> 30:12.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% with a lot of different pulse crops. 30:12.200 --> 30:16.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Because we have a coffee at the department every year; 30:16.633 --> 30:19.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and when Kevin's lab comes, 30:19.400 --> 30:23.233 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% it's strictly various different kinds of chickpeas, 30:23.233 --> 30:25.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% every different preparation that you, 30:25.200 --> 30:26.433 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and it's all delicious. 30:26.433 --> 30:29.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So my compliments to you and your wife too. 30:29.133 --> 30:30.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - So I thought I was gonna make... 30:30.633 --> 30:33.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So, like, I have international students within the project. 30:33.966 --> 30:38.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% They always bring something traditional to their background. 30:38.933 --> 30:40.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% But I certainly have to pass on 30:40.533 --> 30:42.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% an awful lot of congratulations 30:42.566 --> 30:43.800 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and thank you to my wife 30:43.800 --> 30:46.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% for putting a lot of this together, she's... 30:46.100 --> 30:47.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% In fact, with the lentils, 30:47.333 --> 30:51.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% she put together a lentil cookbook for a, 30:51.333 --> 30:53.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% or actually it's for my mom's boss 30:53.133 --> 30:55.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% who had some health challenges 30:55.333 --> 30:57.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and needed to have something with pulse crops in 'em. 30:57.900 --> 31:00.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% So they have a, a lot of value. 31:00.633 --> 31:01.566 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% - [Jack] Good. 31:01.566 --> 31:02.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And, Mary, it's up to you. 31:02.766 --> 31:06.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I think what you brought was chickpea pasta. 31:06.066 --> 31:09.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - I brought a lentil bolognese sauce 31:09.800 --> 31:11.833 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% on chickpea pasta. 31:11.833 --> 31:15.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So I used a small brown lentil, paridna lentil, 31:15.500 --> 31:17.333 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% from Timeless Seeds, 31:17.333 --> 31:19.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and that's in Chester, Montana, 31:19.466 --> 31:20.900 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% they're organic. 31:20.900 --> 31:23.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And then the chickpea pasta is produced by Banza, 31:23.700 --> 31:25.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but the chickpeas are grown in Montana, again, 31:25.966 --> 31:27.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in a similar area of the state. 31:29.066 --> 31:30.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - [Jack] And is it really good? 31:30.633 --> 31:32.033 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - [Mary] I hope so. 31:32.033 --> 31:33.600 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% It's vegan, I put, 31:33.600 --> 31:35.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% except for the Parmesan cheese. 31:35.433 --> 31:37.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And there's lots of wine in it, so it may... 31:37.966 --> 31:38.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - [Jack] Well, it can't be all bad. 31:38.966 --> 31:40.233 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% - [Mary] Yeah. 31:40.233 --> 31:43.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - So, honestly, folks out there in TV land, 31:43.133 --> 31:44.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% I'm not trying to buy votes. 31:44.800 --> 31:46.033 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% (panelists laughing) 31:46.033 --> 31:49.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% However, if the elk burger chickpea 31:49.300 --> 31:52.433 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% or lentil soup won, 31:52.433 --> 31:56.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I do have my second favorite beer, brew here, 31:56.400 --> 31:58.100 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% it's called lentil beer. 31:58.100 --> 32:01.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It comes to us from Rebellion Brewing Company 32:01.033 --> 32:03.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% up in Regina, Saskatchewan. 32:03.266 --> 32:06.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% A good friend of ours, Charlie Cahill, 32:06.200 --> 32:09.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% up in Scobey arranged to get this down here. 32:09.433 --> 32:12.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And Charlie is big in the chickpea industry. 32:12.100 --> 32:13.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% He is one of the pioneers 32:13.333 --> 32:14.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% up in the northeast part of the state. 32:14.900 --> 32:16.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I say chickpea, he started with chickpeas, 32:16.366 --> 32:18.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but he does all pulses right now, 32:18.833 --> 32:22.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% provides a lot of seed for northeast part of Montana. 32:22.333 --> 32:24.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I thank him for bringing down the lentil beer. 32:24.533 --> 32:27.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And should I happen to win, 32:27.166 --> 32:29.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I think we could split up a few beers 32:29.366 --> 32:30.566 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% here this evening. 32:30.566 --> 32:32.700 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% (panelists laughing) 32:32.700 --> 32:34.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% So with that, any comments? 32:34.666 --> 32:36.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% If not, we're gonna judge this 32:36.633 --> 32:38.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% with five minutes left in the show. 32:38.400 --> 32:39.866 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% Stay tuned. 32:39.866 --> 32:40.866 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% They're gonna converse 32:40.866 --> 32:43.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% on which ones they like best 32:43.466 --> 32:45.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and we'll announce the winner at that time. 32:45.700 --> 32:48.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And the winner gives some kind of special prize, 32:48.200 --> 32:50.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% like a trip to Honduras, I believe. 32:50.400 --> 32:51.233 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% Wasn't that... 32:51.233 --> 32:52.066 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% (panelists laughing) 32:52.066 --> 32:53.333 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% I guess that's not true. 32:53.333 --> 32:56.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Okay, let's move on to some questions here. 32:56.066 --> 32:57.333 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% Dylan, a caller, 32:57.333 --> 32:59.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% asks how to start growing water crest 32:59.533 --> 33:02.133 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% in his warm water slew? 33:02.133 --> 33:03.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Why would you wanna do that? 33:05.000 --> 33:08.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - I do not know how to grow water crest, yeah. 33:10.233 --> 33:11.066 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% Do you know? 33:12.433 --> 33:14.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - I think I just buy it at the grocery store. 33:15.800 --> 33:17.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - I've never tried growing it personally. 33:17.700 --> 33:21.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - First of all, I think it's probably too cold 33:21.666 --> 33:23.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to grow it around this part of the country 33:23.800 --> 33:25.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% even in a warm water slew. 33:25.666 --> 33:27.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - [Mary] Maybe he has a hot springs slew. 33:27.266 --> 33:28.500 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - Well, that's true. 33:28.500 --> 33:29.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% We do have some hot springs here. 33:31.400 --> 33:32.866 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% From Laurel. 33:32.866 --> 33:35.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% This person has a weed growing in his potatoes last year 33:35.766 --> 33:38.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that was a vine with a spike on it. 33:38.700 --> 33:40.133 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% When it dried out, 33:40.133 --> 33:42.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% it cut him while harvesting his potatoes. 33:42.766 --> 33:44.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Any idea what it is, Tim? 33:44.533 --> 33:47.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I don't- - I think maybe puncturevine. 33:47.800 --> 33:48.833 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - [Jack] Good point. 33:48.833 --> 33:51.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - Also called goat's head. 33:51.300 --> 33:52.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% If you look up puncturevine 33:52.500 --> 33:54.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% or goat's head on the internet, it's... 33:54.933 --> 33:56.933 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Yeah, you see it around, 33:56.933 --> 33:58.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% you see it around in the warmer parts 33:58.600 --> 34:02.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% of the Yellowstone Valley all the way out to Sidney. 34:02.433 --> 34:05.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And it's common and flat, has a yellow flower. 34:05.666 --> 34:09.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It has a compound leaf, a pinnately compound leaf, 34:09.000 --> 34:11.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% kind of looks like a legume leaf. 34:11.466 --> 34:12.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And then you'll have these really, 34:12.900 --> 34:15.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% really sharp seed úheads that are... 34:15.300 --> 34:18.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And they're called goat's heads. And if you look at 'em, 34:18.300 --> 34:20.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% they do look like the head of a goat. 34:20.666 --> 34:22.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% So if he wants to go out, 34:22.200 --> 34:24.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% he might find one that's still out there. 34:24.400 --> 34:25.600 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% But, yeah, puncturevine. 34:25.600 --> 34:27.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Tractor tires, lots of equipment, 34:27.466 --> 34:29.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% they could be pretty difficult- 34:29.000 --> 34:30.266 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% - As I recall, 34:30.266 --> 34:32.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that's primarily in the warmer parts of- 34:32.100 --> 34:35.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - Yep, it's a really, it's a warm season weed down further. 34:35.666 --> 34:38.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Really we're kind of at the northern distribution of it. 34:39.466 --> 34:41.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% As you go into California, 34:41.000 --> 34:42.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% as you get down into some of the other agriculture, 34:42.833 --> 34:44.266 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% it's really common. 34:44.266 --> 34:45.733 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% - Okay. 34:45.733 --> 34:48.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% From Scobey, and this may be Charlie calling in: 34:50.233 --> 34:54.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% "Is there any new seed treatments for pulse crops?" 34:54.433 --> 34:56.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - There are quite a few on the market. 34:56.800 --> 35:00.700 align:left position:20% line:77% size:70% Most of them will have a combination of active ingredients. 35:00.700 --> 35:03.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And in a cold, wet spring, 35:03.133 --> 35:06.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% you're gonna wanna use something containing metalaxyl 35:06.000 --> 35:09.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% or mefenoxam for pythium root rot. 35:09.433 --> 35:13.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% In areas that have aphanomyces root rot. 35:13.166 --> 35:15.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% You could use ethaboxam, but it's not, 35:15.833 --> 35:20.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the disease is not active until the soil's warm, 35:20.066 --> 35:21.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% so it's your personal choice, 35:21.900 --> 35:25.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but there's no consistent yield benefit of that product. 35:25.600 --> 35:26.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And then you wanna use something 35:26.833 --> 35:30.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% with activity against the fusariums for sure. 35:30.200 --> 35:32.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And those seed treatments will last, you know, 35:32.033 --> 35:34.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% three weeks after planting or so 35:34.200 --> 35:37.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and then it's kind of up to the crop establishment. 35:37.733 --> 35:40.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - And you definitely should be using them. 35:40.133 --> 35:41.433 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% - Absolutely. 35:41.433 --> 35:44.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% It is not recommended to go without one, 35:44.333 --> 35:46.133 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% especially on chickpea. 35:46.133 --> 35:48.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And if you're trying to grow organically, 35:48.800 --> 35:50.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% you need to wait a while, 35:50.400 --> 35:53.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% like puncture weed makes you wait a while sometimes, 35:54.866 --> 35:57.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% till those soils are, you know, 45, 50 degrees. 35:57.600 --> 35:58.633 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% - At least. - At least. 35:58.633 --> 35:59.866 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% - Yeah. Yeah. 35:59.866 --> 36:01.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - And there's some really good data 36:01.166 --> 36:02.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% from Michael Wunsch out of Carrington 36:02.633 --> 36:05.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% about soil temperature and yield of pulse crops. 36:05.366 --> 36:08.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So if you look at the Carrington website, 36:08.100 --> 36:09.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% you can find that information. 36:09.533 --> 36:10.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - You know, that's interesting 36:10.733 --> 36:12.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% because I've always been told you plant peas 36:12.466 --> 36:14.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% as early as you can get in. 36:14.066 --> 36:15.000 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% - [Mary] You do. 36:15.000 --> 36:17.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - But lentils and chickpeas, 36:17.400 --> 36:18.333 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% you need warmer soil. 36:18.333 --> 36:19.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - I believe lentils, too, 36:19.400 --> 36:22.066 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% you go as early as you can. 36:22.066 --> 36:23.566 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% But chickpeas, 36:23.566 --> 36:24.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% especially if you're gonna try to grow organically, 36:24.833 --> 36:27.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% you're gonna lose 'em if the soils are too cold, 36:27.366 --> 36:29.366 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% especially the Kabulis. 36:29.366 --> 36:30.200 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% - All right. 36:31.700 --> 36:35.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Got a couple questions here that have been piling up, 36:35.066 --> 36:36.666 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% one is from Missoula. 36:38.433 --> 36:43.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% They see that you can purchase chickpea flour to bake with, 36:43.133 --> 36:46.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% does it bake well or does it need some gluten added to it 36:46.900 --> 36:49.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to make breads or so forth? 36:50.700 --> 36:55.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - So with the chickpea flour, it can be cooked. 36:55.600 --> 36:57.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I think the pasta that that Mary brought in 36:57.600 --> 36:59.233 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% is 100% chickpea flour, 36:59.233 --> 37:02.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% so it can be used straight. 37:02.700 --> 37:07.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Oftentimes it is in a blend with a cereal grain 37:07.266 --> 37:11.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to give it the proteins that are necessary 37:11.466 --> 37:13.566 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% for the bread making. 37:13.566 --> 37:15.166 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% - Okay. 37:15.166 --> 37:16.333 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% Tim, 37:16.333 --> 37:17.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and this is an interesting question 37:17.766 --> 37:19.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% because it's one I've always been fascinated with. 37:19.966 --> 37:21.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% We do have resistance to kochia, 37:21.966 --> 37:23.566 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% which is a major weed. 37:23.566 --> 37:26.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And this person from the Sidney area 37:26.300 --> 37:30.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% would like to know what's new in resistance to kochia 37:30.966 --> 37:32.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% here in the State of Montana. 37:32.466 --> 37:35.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - Yeah, so kochia is a tough weed actually to manage 37:35.466 --> 37:36.400 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% in pulse crops. 37:36.400 --> 37:37.566 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% It's a broadly-leaf weed. 37:37.566 --> 37:39.066 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Kevin mentioned earlier, 37:39.066 --> 37:43.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% you can control grassy weeds quite well in pulse crops 37:43.433 --> 37:45.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% when you don't have resistance. 37:45.266 --> 37:47.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Broad-leaf weeds are harder in pulse crops. 37:47.633 --> 37:50.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And we have a smaller suite of herbicides 37:50.266 --> 37:52.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that are used in pulse crops. 37:52.600 --> 37:56.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And then so in Northeastern Montana and parts of Montana, 37:56.966 --> 37:59.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% we have increased resistance in kochia, 37:59.900 --> 38:03.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% so the kochia was killed with a herbicide before 38:03.700 --> 38:07.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and now it doesn't because it's evolved resistance. 38:07.133 --> 38:10.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And this year in Southern Alberta, 38:10.033 --> 38:13.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Southern Saskatchewan and Western North Dakota, 38:15.266 --> 38:17.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% they documented resistance 38:17.966 --> 38:19.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% to a herbicide called Sharpen. 38:19.900 --> 38:22.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And Sharpen is a really important herbicide 38:22.100 --> 38:23.766 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% that pulse producers use 38:26.200 --> 38:27.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% before planting their pulses. 38:27.966 --> 38:32.033 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And so that's a thing to keep our eye out for in Montana. 38:32.033 --> 38:34.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And I'd like to hear about instances if we have it. 38:34.800 --> 38:37.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And I'd be happy to work with producers who, 38:37.933 --> 38:41.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% as we try to do a better job of managing that kochia. 38:41.533 --> 38:43.000 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% I think as we go along, 38:43.000 --> 38:45.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% kochia is gonna get more and more difficult to manage 38:45.900 --> 38:48.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% in our pulse crops and in fallow, 38:48.166 --> 38:50.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% especially in the lower part of the state. 38:50.500 --> 38:54.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - How widespread is kochia resistance in Montana? 38:54.333 --> 38:56.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - It depends on where you are 38:56.033 --> 38:57.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and in what system you are. 38:57.400 --> 38:59.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% As you go down the Yellowstone Valley, 38:59.100 --> 39:01.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% you have so much glyphosate-resistant kochia 39:01.933 --> 39:03.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% because of Roundup Ready sugar beets, 39:03.633 --> 39:05.800 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Roundup Ready alfalfa. 39:05.800 --> 39:07.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% In different parts of the state, 39:07.500 --> 39:10.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% you have a lot of resistance to group two herbicides 39:10.933 --> 39:13.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and there's increasing resistance 39:13.466 --> 39:16.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to group four herbicides like 2,4-D, 39:16.733 --> 39:19.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% fluroxypry, things like that. 39:19.800 --> 39:24.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Canada did a survey just recently, 39:24.300 --> 39:28.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and I think they showed about 45% of populations 39:28.000 --> 39:29.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% are resistant to glyphosate; 39:29.833 --> 39:33.900 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and I think 10 to 15% were resistant to dicamba, 39:33.900 --> 39:35.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the group two herbicides, 39:35.266 --> 39:36.500 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% and glyphosate. 39:36.500 --> 39:40.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And now we add Sharpen resistance on top of it. 39:40.200 --> 39:43.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% So it's a tough situation. 39:43.200 --> 39:45.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Yeah, that doesn't sound real good. 39:46.566 --> 39:47.833 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Interesting question. 39:49.866 --> 39:51.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Abi, this one I'll throw to you. 39:51.300 --> 39:53.266 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Sydney, Australia. 39:53.266 --> 39:56.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Rhubarb grower had success 39:56.100 --> 39:59.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% during a recent hot and dry summer season 39:59.033 --> 40:03.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and wondered whether their next summer crop would be as good 40:03.566 --> 40:04.800 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% or whether the hot, 40:04.800 --> 40:07.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% dry previous season would cause issues 40:07.600 --> 40:09.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in growing the next crop. 40:09.100 --> 40:12.300 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% And the question is from Bozeman, 40:12.300 --> 40:15.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% a father from his Sydney-based daughter. 40:15.433 --> 40:17.066 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% - Okay. 40:17.066 --> 40:19.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So I would say, you know, as long... 40:19.900 --> 40:21.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% So the question was if the hot, 40:21.900 --> 40:23.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% dry season is gonna impact this year? 40:23.500 --> 40:25.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - This year, yeah. - Yeah. 40:25.000 --> 40:27.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And, you know, if you keep up with irrigation 40:27.600 --> 40:30.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and make sure that you have good soil, 40:30.200 --> 40:31.733 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% add some compost 40:31.733 --> 40:34.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% so it helps kind of the water holding capacity of this soil, 40:34.700 --> 40:36.633 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% it should be just fine. 40:36.633 --> 40:38.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I wouldn't worry too much about that. 40:38.833 --> 40:39.866 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - Okay. Thank you. 40:41.000 --> 40:42.266 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Question from Florence. 40:42.266 --> 40:44.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% We don't get a lot of questions from Florence. 40:44.966 --> 40:47.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Are pulses part of the Mediterranean diet? 40:49.566 --> 40:50.733 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% - 100%, yes. 40:50.733 --> 40:53.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Yeah, the Mediterranean diet 40:53.300 --> 40:56.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% consumes a lot of lentils 40:56.833 --> 40:58.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% as well as some chickpeas. 40:58.766 --> 41:01.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Peas are not as as popular in that diet or that region, 41:01.833 --> 41:06.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but the lentils are probably consumed daily 41:06.600 --> 41:08.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and maybe multiple times during the day, 41:08.933 --> 41:11.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and chickpeas very close behind. 41:11.133 --> 41:13.266 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% So, yes, they are. 41:13.266 --> 41:14.633 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - You know, we're seeing 41:14.633 --> 41:17.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% more and more chickpeas in restaurants. 41:17.300 --> 41:18.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And pulse crops in general, 41:18.933 --> 41:21.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% you're seeing more of their use 41:21.366 --> 41:23.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in various different dishes 41:23.200 --> 41:24.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in a variety of restaurants, 41:24.333 --> 41:25.800 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% which I think is good. 41:25.800 --> 41:27.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% It's good for the growers 41:27.033 --> 41:28.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% here in the State of Montana 41:28.033 --> 41:28.966 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% especially 'cause- 41:28.966 --> 41:30.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - In school lunches, too, 41:30.100 --> 41:30.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% you see it. - In school lunches. 41:30.933 --> 41:32.433 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% I didn't know that. 41:32.433 --> 41:33.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And the kids are eating them? 41:33.533 --> 41:34.533 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% - Oh yeah. 41:34.533 --> 41:36.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - Okay, I'm just checking. 41:36.400 --> 41:37.400 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% - All right. 41:39.500 --> 41:42.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Question about exporting again. 41:44.033 --> 41:45.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% You mentioned a large portion 41:45.533 --> 41:47.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% were exported for a long period of time 41:47.566 --> 41:49.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and now that's dropped off. 41:49.600 --> 41:51.466 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Do you anticipate seeing 41:52.533 --> 41:54.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the export market increase again 41:54.533 --> 41:55.500 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% for pulse crops? 41:57.633 --> 41:59.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - I guess I'm not sure how to predict that. 41:59.900 --> 42:04.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% A lot of it depends on the trade barriers, tariffs, 42:04.500 --> 42:06.533 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% agreements between countries 42:06.533 --> 42:10.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% with regard to how those export markets move and shift. 42:10.433 --> 42:13.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And I don't know the ins and outs of that. 42:13.566 --> 42:16.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It would be nice if those markets did come back. 42:16.533 --> 42:20.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% It would increase the demand for these crops 42:20.033 --> 42:21.400 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% in our cropping systems 42:21.400 --> 42:24.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and certainly benefit the producers, 42:24.600 --> 42:28.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% expand the acres and benefit them in that way. 42:28.400 --> 42:30.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% But how soon that will happen, 42:30.600 --> 42:33.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I wouldn't wouldn't even hazard to guess. 42:33.266 --> 42:34.500 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% - Okay 42:34.500 --> 42:36.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Yeah, it's hard to predict markets, 42:36.433 --> 42:38.366 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% there's no doubt about it. 42:38.366 --> 42:39.200 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% Comments. 42:39.200 --> 42:40.433 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% And by the way, folks, 42:40.433 --> 42:43.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% we do recommend that you comment on things. 42:43.466 --> 42:47.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We will issue or air those comments whenever we get 'em. 42:47.533 --> 42:49.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But we did have a comment tonight, 42:49.700 --> 42:52.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% both from Ennis and Missoula, 42:52.233 --> 42:55.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% callers that rose to the defense of local water crest 42:55.333 --> 42:56.566 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% and said, 42:56.566 --> 42:58.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% "Water crest is a native Montana plant," 42:58.600 --> 43:02.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and callers find it very tasty and recommend it. 43:02.166 --> 43:05.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Your job is to find out, next time you're on, 43:05.233 --> 43:07.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% more about water crest. - Yeah, I will. 43:07.066 --> 43:08.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - And we'll see what we can do 43:08.466 --> 43:09.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% about answering those questions. 43:09.666 --> 43:10.766 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - Yeah, absolutely. 43:10.766 --> 43:11.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Okay- - So when we mean 43:11.633 --> 43:13.233 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% local water crest, 43:13.233 --> 43:15.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% they are referring to cardamine, 43:15.000 --> 43:16.233 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% the genus cardamine. 43:16.233 --> 43:18.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% They can answer back in if they'd like to. 43:18.733 --> 43:21.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% That's an intriguing question. 43:21.166 --> 43:22.400 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% - Okay. 43:22.400 --> 43:24.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So we have some things to do our homework with. 43:24.666 --> 43:25.866 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% - Yep. - Okay. 43:28.200 --> 43:31.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Do people use as many pesticides on pulse crops? 43:31.866 --> 43:34.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% It doesn't say where that question came from, but- 43:36.233 --> 43:38.466 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - As many by what comparison? 43:38.466 --> 43:39.533 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% I'm curious. - Well, that's 43:39.533 --> 43:40.966 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% a good question. 43:40.966 --> 43:43.800 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Say compared to traditional wheat-barley rotation, 43:43.800 --> 43:46.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% do we use a lot of pesticides on 'em? 43:46.333 --> 43:49.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - There's this perception that farmers wanna use pesticides. 43:49.166 --> 43:51.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And I think they use as little as possible 43:51.400 --> 43:54.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% because they don't wanna drive across the field 43:54.166 --> 43:57.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and spend the diesel and pay for the pesticide, 43:57.633 --> 44:00.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% so they're going over as little as possible 44:00.566 --> 44:03.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% probably pre-plant and conventional systems 44:03.300 --> 44:04.933 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% to control the weeds. 44:07.066 --> 44:09.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I don't know if there are any in-crop herbicides. 44:10.500 --> 44:12.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - Yeah, people use the... 44:12.233 --> 44:13.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Maybe not like wheat and barley. 44:13.733 --> 44:16.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% We use in-crop herbicide in wheat and barley. 44:16.333 --> 44:19.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Usually as the pulse crop is growing in the field, 44:19.200 --> 44:21.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% there is less in-crop weed control 44:21.800 --> 44:26.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% with maybe a pre-harvest weed control somewhere 44:27.600 --> 44:28.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% at a later point. - And, like, 44:28.533 --> 44:29.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% chickpeas might use a fungicide 44:29.800 --> 44:31.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% for ascochyta in wet year; 44:31.200 --> 44:33.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but lentils and peas, very, very rarely. 44:33.233 --> 44:34.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - I was gonna comment on that as well, 44:34.766 --> 44:37.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that the fungicides for disease control 44:39.833 --> 44:42.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% would say that it's less on the pulse crops 44:42.133 --> 44:44.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% than in many of the other crops that are out there. 44:44.633 --> 44:46.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Primarily it's gonna be the herbicides 44:46.233 --> 44:47.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% that we've just discussed. 44:47.800 --> 44:49.700 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - Okay. Thank you. 44:49.700 --> 44:52.566 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Mary from Lewistown. 44:52.566 --> 44:53.800 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% This us good question. 44:53.800 --> 44:56.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% This is a year that we might consider. 44:56.100 --> 44:58.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Are we gonna have an issue with snow mold? 44:58.633 --> 44:59.900 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - [Mary] Oh yeah. 44:59.900 --> 45:01.466 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - [Jack] Oh yeah. 45:01.466 --> 45:02.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% A lot of different places. 45:02.400 --> 45:04.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - On winter wheat, for sure. 45:04.233 --> 45:08.166 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And then so anywhere where you get snow 45:09.366 --> 45:12.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% sitting on a grass over three months, 45:12.066 --> 45:13.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% you're gonna get snow mold. 45:13.200 --> 45:15.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% So all the lawns this spring, 45:15.733 --> 45:17.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% you're gonna have dead patches. 45:17.666 --> 45:21.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Just rake out the dead bits and let it grow back. 45:21.333 --> 45:22.633 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% And then winter wheat, 45:22.633 --> 45:24.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% there's gonna be some loss, for sure. 45:24.666 --> 45:25.566 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - [Jack] Lawns too. 45:25.566 --> 45:27.133 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% - Yes. - Absolutely. 45:28.666 --> 45:30.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Kevin, this is an interesting question 45:30.466 --> 45:32.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% I've never thought about. 45:32.133 --> 45:35.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Are most post crop lines developed 45:35.400 --> 45:37.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% by university researchers 45:38.366 --> 45:41.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% or are there also industry people 45:41.266 --> 45:44.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that are developing peas, chickpeas, and lentils? 45:44.533 --> 45:45.400 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% - Okay, sure. 45:45.400 --> 45:46.300 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% Good question. 45:47.400 --> 45:49.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% It is different depending on the crop. 45:49.500 --> 45:54.500 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% With peas, there's a very active group of private companies, 45:55.366 --> 45:57.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% both domestically here in the US 45:57.300 --> 45:59.133 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% as well as internationally, 45:59.133 --> 46:03.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that are breeding peas for production in Montana 46:03.266 --> 46:06.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and the US production areas. 46:06.600 --> 46:09.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Lentils, for the greatest majority, 46:09.466 --> 46:12.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% it is public institutions, 46:12.300 --> 46:15.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% universities that are developing those. 46:15.400 --> 46:19.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Chickpeas kind of follow the same path as the lentil. 46:19.266 --> 46:22.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% But there are a few companies I've heard 46:22.000 --> 46:24.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that are beginning to think about breeding for chickpeas. 46:24.933 --> 46:28.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Is the chickpea acres increasing 46:28.400 --> 46:29.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% in the Pacific Northwest, 46:29.933 --> 46:31.500 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% specifically Montana? 46:35.033 --> 46:36.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - I don't believe that they're necessarily increasing, 46:36.666 --> 46:38.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but they're certainly very stable. 46:38.933 --> 46:40.533 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% The Pacific Northwest, 46:40.533 --> 46:43.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% if we looked to the western side 46:43.733 --> 46:46.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% on the continental divide, the Montana, 46:46.833 --> 46:50.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% or, sorry, the Idaho, Washington area, 46:50.400 --> 46:52.366 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% the area there, 46:52.366 --> 46:56.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the chickpeas are part of the legume rotation, 46:56.800 --> 46:59.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but the primary crop is the cereal grain, 46:59.200 --> 47:02.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% the wheats that they can really produce very well there. 47:02.700 --> 47:05.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So I think that the area there is very stable. 47:05.200 --> 47:09.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% There is room within Montana, the continental area, 47:09.000 --> 47:11.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the continental climates that we have here 47:11.333 --> 47:12.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% as well as in North Dakota. 47:12.966 --> 47:17.966 align:left position:20% line:77% size:70% If we can get a handle on ascochyta for disease resistance, 47:17.966 --> 47:21.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% there's quite a large area potential for increase there. 47:21.666 --> 47:26.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - And then South Dakota and Nebraska and Kansas, right? 47:26.300 --> 47:29.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - They produce some in those three states as well. 47:29.466 --> 47:31.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% They don't produce as much 47:31.200 --> 47:35.266 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% as the potential may be there, 47:35.266 --> 47:36.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% but they are working with it 47:36.733 --> 47:38.566 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and trying to establish 47:38.566 --> 47:40.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% a good production system for those, yeah. 47:40.500 --> 47:43.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - And I kind of wanna revisit the pesticide question 47:43.100 --> 47:45.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and just say that pulses are very sensitive 47:45.400 --> 47:47.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% to pesticide residual in export markets; 47:47.433 --> 47:49.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% especially the European market 47:49.833 --> 47:51.866 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and glyphosate residual, 47:51.866 --> 47:55.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% they'll get it rejected for herbicide residual. 47:55.333 --> 47:57.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So they watch labels very, very closely. 47:57.900 --> 47:59.733 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - Okay, thank you. 47:59.733 --> 48:01.300 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% From Bozeman. 48:01.300 --> 48:04.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% This person has a lot of dieback on their ash tree. 48:04.100 --> 48:08.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% When is a good time to prune that out, Abi? 48:08.333 --> 48:11.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - With dieback, you wanna prune that out now. 48:11.466 --> 48:13.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Now is the really good time for pruning in general. 48:13.666 --> 48:16.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And you wanna cut back to the live wood. 48:16.533 --> 48:17.766 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% And so, yeah, 48:17.766 --> 48:20.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I would start pruning back your dead parts 48:20.800 --> 48:22.033 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% of your trees now 48:22.033 --> 48:24.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - [Mary] Do you wanna explain why we prune 48:24.933 --> 48:26.166 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% while things are dormant? 48:26.166 --> 48:27.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Yeah, that's a good point, Mary. 48:27.700 --> 48:30.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So, yeah, we wanna prune when things are dormant 48:30.000 --> 48:34.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% because it reduces the likelihood of disease issues 48:34.000 --> 48:36.866 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and it also helps kind of increase 48:36.866 --> 48:40.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% that vigorous growth when the spring gets here and yeah... 48:40.533 --> 48:42.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - You need to see everything better. 48:42.600 --> 48:43.766 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% - Yeah, exactly. 48:43.766 --> 48:45.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% You can see the structure of your tree 48:45.000 --> 48:46.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and you can, and, you know, 48:46.500 --> 48:48.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% visualize what you want it to look like better too. 48:48.633 --> 48:50.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - It gives us such a feeling of accomplishment 48:50.633 --> 48:51.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% actually to have pruned a tree. 48:51.900 --> 48:53.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - I love pruning. It's my favorite. 48:53.366 --> 48:54.600 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% Definitely. 48:54.600 --> 48:55.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - Okay, I have a question here, 48:55.833 --> 48:58.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and then we're going to go to our taste panel 48:58.500 --> 48:59.633 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% for the judges. 48:59.633 --> 49:01.533 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% And remember, folks, 49:01.533 --> 49:02.600 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% I do you have... 49:02.600 --> 49:03.500 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% You know? Okay. 49:04.366 --> 49:06.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% No influence there, but... 49:08.100 --> 49:10.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Kevin, what is the protein content, compared to wheat, 49:10.766 --> 49:13.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of most of the pulse crops? 49:13.600 --> 49:16.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - So protein content in all three, 49:16.500 --> 49:18.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the pea, lentil, and chickpea, 49:18.233 --> 49:22.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% hover in that 20 to 25% range, 49:22.500 --> 49:24.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% so it's often roughly twice what you would see 49:24.400 --> 49:26.133 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% in a cereal grain. 49:27.900 --> 49:32.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And it really depends on the production region, 49:32.700 --> 49:35.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% how well the crop grows, drought conditions. 49:37.866 --> 49:39.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% The drought conditions or the amount of moisture 49:39.533 --> 49:42.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% really impacts how much protein is there. 49:42.400 --> 49:46.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Lower moisture tends to give a higher protein content 49:46.200 --> 49:47.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and vice versa with that. 49:47.733 --> 49:49.300 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% - All right. 49:49.300 --> 49:52.166 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% We do have a comment here, and I'm not sure... 49:52.166 --> 49:53.666 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% We'll try to do this. 49:53.666 --> 49:57.433 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% A person from Helena asked if we will show the recipes 49:57.433 --> 50:00.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that we are utilizing this evening 50:00.366 --> 50:03.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% with the viewing audience. 50:03.200 --> 50:04.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And we'll try to do that. 50:04.400 --> 50:06.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% We'll see if we can't work that out. 50:06.433 --> 50:09.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% But meanwhile, here we go. 50:10.900 --> 50:12.000 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% Here we go. 50:12.900 --> 50:14.733 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Who is the winner? 50:14.733 --> 50:16.266 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - Well, first of all, 50:16.266 --> 50:18.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I have to say that all of these dishes were amazing. 50:18.666 --> 50:19.500 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% We were all, I think, 50:19.500 --> 50:20.700 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% really surprised 50:20.700 --> 50:22.133 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% and impressed. - Very good. 50:22.133 --> 50:25.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - And I would like the recipes as well for all of them. 50:25.300 --> 50:28.666 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% But the winner was unanimously decided upon. 50:28.666 --> 50:30.833 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Yes. - And it was Abi's dish. 50:30.833 --> 50:32.000 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% - [Abi] Oh, yay. 50:32.000 --> 50:34.733 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (group laughing) 50:36.200 --> 50:37.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - So, Abi. - Really nice spice level. 50:37.966 --> 50:40.200 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - Ooh, very cool. 50:40.200 --> 50:41.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - [Jack] And that is kind of nice. 50:41.500 --> 50:43.200 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - Yeah, that's really awesome. 50:43.200 --> 50:44.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% My mom's gonna be proud of me, 50:44.666 --> 50:46.733 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% so I'm excited. 50:46.733 --> 50:49.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - I saw them all carrying on eating it repeatedly, so yeah. 50:49.533 --> 50:51.633 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Now, I hope you guys haven't eaten it all 50:51.633 --> 50:54.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% because the rest of us would like to sample some of this 50:54.933 --> 50:56.333 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% as- - Oh, yeah. 50:56.333 --> 50:57.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - We made a pretty good dent in it. 50:57.566 --> 50:58.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - We did make a good dent. 50:58.766 --> 51:00.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - So we have a couple other questions. 51:00.133 --> 51:02.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% We got just a few moments left here. 51:02.233 --> 51:03.766 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% - Oh, thank you. 51:03.766 --> 51:07.600 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - Tim, this person wants to know how to get rid of weeds 51:07.600 --> 51:08.833 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% in asparagus. 51:08.833 --> 51:10.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - Ooh, weeds in asparagus. 51:11.633 --> 51:14.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% I would either cut 'em all out 51:14.933 --> 51:17.866 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% with like a stirrup hoe or something 51:17.866 --> 51:19.133 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% really early in the... 51:19.133 --> 51:21.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Do it as soon as the weeds start to grow 51:22.533 --> 51:25.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and before the asparagus starts to germinate 51:25.700 --> 51:27.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% or starts to grow for the year. 51:27.766 --> 51:29.400 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% And I'd say go over the top. 51:29.400 --> 51:30.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% You can also do it with glyphosate. 51:30.800 --> 51:33.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% You can do it with a light bit of harrowing. 51:33.000 --> 51:34.500 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% If you do it with the harrow, 51:34.500 --> 51:35.733 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% you're probably gonna have to come back multiple times 51:35.733 --> 51:36.566 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% and do it. 51:36.566 --> 51:37.700 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% It'll be the chickweeds, 51:37.700 --> 51:39.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% it'll be some cheatgrass, 51:39.033 --> 51:41.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% it'll be those early-season weeds. 51:42.900 --> 51:44.566 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60% - Okay. - Do it soon. 51:44.566 --> 51:47.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Well, you gotta let snow disappear. 51:47.033 --> 51:48.300 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - I know I'm too jumping too 51:48.300 --> 51:49.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but I'll wait for the snow to melt first. 51:49.766 --> 51:52.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Yeah, we're all itching to get... 51:52.266 --> 51:53.233 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% Yeah. 51:53.233 --> 51:54.666 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% - Well, before the program, 51:54.666 --> 51:56.866 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and this is a question we were discussing. 51:56.866 --> 51:58.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Normally by this time of year, Mary, 51:58.600 --> 52:02.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% we're planting barley in the Park City area, 52:02.466 --> 52:05.033 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Joliet, Fromberg area. 52:05.033 --> 52:08.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Is that gonna affect the yield by having a late spring 52:08.066 --> 52:10.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and planting probably a month later than normal? 52:10.966 --> 52:12.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - I believe it will affect yields, 52:12.233 --> 52:13.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% but hopefully we get some good moisture. 52:13.666 --> 52:15.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% We'll have good soil moisture for sure, 52:15.766 --> 52:19.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% so we'll be mining that until the tap turns off and... 52:19.200 --> 52:20.133 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% - Okay. 52:20.133 --> 52:23.633 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Question for Abi from Bozeman. 52:23.633 --> 52:28.633 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% When is a good time to start your tomato seedlings or sets? 52:30.000 --> 52:32.933 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - Yeah, so if you're growing them in a greenhouse, 52:32.933 --> 52:34.133 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% you can... 52:34.133 --> 52:35.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% I'd probably start them in a couple of weeks 52:35.666 --> 52:38.100 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and aim for that, you know, 52:38.100 --> 52:41.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% late May kind of planting in Bozeman. 52:41.400 --> 52:42.800 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% But you can start... 52:44.233 --> 52:47.400 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I would probably start them by the end of this month. 52:47.400 --> 52:48.233 align:left position:40% line:83% size:50% - Okay. - Yeah. 52:49.500 --> 52:52.600 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Mary, this person from Bozeman saw an article 52:52.600 --> 52:54.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% about wheat disease in a local newspaper. 52:56.200 --> 52:58.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% You wanna comment on what that contained? 52:58.400 --> 52:59.900 align:left position:40% line:89% size:50% - Yeah. 52:59.900 --> 53:02.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So Uta McKelvy, who's an Extension plant pathologist, 53:02.100 --> 53:04.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% has been working on spore trapping in wheat 53:04.466 --> 53:08.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% so we can predict disease and use less pesticides. 53:08.000 --> 53:11.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% So that'll be entered into a national model 53:11.700 --> 53:13.166 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% to help wheat growers 53:13.166 --> 53:16.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% all across the US predict leaf diseases, rusts, 53:16.866 --> 53:18.033 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and other things. 53:20.166 --> 53:24.200 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - I mean, I've been away from it for a number of years. 53:24.200 --> 53:25.433 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% Stripe rust. 53:25.433 --> 53:27.233 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Do you predict some stripe rust this year, 53:27.233 --> 53:29.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% because we've had some snow cover, that may have survived? 53:29.366 --> 53:32.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - The prediction came out from Washington State last week, 53:32.700 --> 53:34.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% and it's a moderate year, 53:34.433 --> 53:37.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but it hasn't been found much in Eastern Washington. 53:37.066 --> 53:38.266 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% And usually for us, 53:38.266 --> 53:40.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% it has to either be established in the fall 53:40.200 --> 53:42.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% or hop the mountains early, 53:42.433 --> 53:43.933 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% so probably low for us. 53:43.933 --> 53:46.133 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% Plus we've got pretty good resistant varieties now. 53:46.133 --> 53:49.133 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Okay. A quick question for Kevin. 53:49.133 --> 53:50.366 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% And he says, 53:50.366 --> 53:52.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% "You talked about animal problems 53:52.766 --> 53:54.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% with growing the pulse crops. 53:54.966 --> 53:58.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Any suggestions on how to avoid that?" 53:59.566 --> 54:02.100 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Legally. (laughs) 54:02.100 --> 54:05.700 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - It really, it depends on your field and where you're at. 54:05.700 --> 54:07.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% The best way is just to fence them out, 54:07.966 --> 54:11.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% that's the only reasonable option. 54:11.100 --> 54:12.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And I don't know how reasonable that is 54:12.700 --> 54:14.866 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% with the expense of building a fence 54:14.866 --> 54:17.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% around a property to keep them out. 54:17.700 --> 54:20.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% But it's a difficult challenge, 54:21.866 --> 54:23.866 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% it's a hard one to deal with. 54:23.866 --> 54:27.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - I've seen the fences you've build at the pulse farm. 54:27.000 --> 54:30.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% I can't see many producers building fences quite like that. 54:30.066 --> 54:31.400 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - No, that's true. 54:31.400 --> 54:33.566 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% - Although I will say Perry Miller 54:33.566 --> 54:37.833 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% has had some problems with deer and elk in his garden, 54:37.833 --> 54:39.800 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% and he puts a live wire, 54:39.800 --> 54:41.033 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% a hot wire around it 54:41.033 --> 54:42.366 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% and puts a little peanut butter on it 54:42.366 --> 54:43.866 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% but doesn't charge us. 54:43.866 --> 54:46.533 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% So the deer come for two or three days, four days, 54:46.533 --> 54:48.033 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% lick the peanut butter off. 54:48.033 --> 54:50.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And then about the fifth or sixth day, 54:50.000 --> 54:52.033 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% he puts the juice to it. 54:52.033 --> 54:54.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% And they don't come back after that. 54:54.400 --> 54:55.966 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% They're trainable. 54:55.966 --> 54:57.466 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - I've not seen that, 54:57.466 --> 55:00.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% but I have certainly heard the stories of the outcomes. 55:00.766 --> 55:01.833 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% They're humorous. 55:01.833 --> 55:02.766 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% - Well, first of all, 55:02.766 --> 55:03.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% let me thank the taste panel, 55:03.900 --> 55:05.800 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% even though I did not win. 55:05.800 --> 55:07.033 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% (panelists laugh) 55:07.033 --> 55:10.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Other than that, we appreciate your time. 55:10.500 --> 55:11.966 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% We had a good time tonight. 55:11.966 --> 55:15.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% And we will try to get those recipes out to you. 55:15.000 --> 55:17.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% Next week we'll have Paddy Fleming 55:17.100 --> 55:20.566 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% with the Montana Manufacturing Extension Center. 55:20.566 --> 55:21.933 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% It'll be great to have him here. 55:21.933 --> 55:24.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% He talks about how small industries 55:24.033 --> 55:26.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% are developing here in the state, 55:26.066 --> 55:27.833 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% especially in agriculture. 55:27.833 --> 55:29.233 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% Stay safe this week. 55:29.233 --> 55:30.733 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Hope to see you next week. 55:30.733 --> 55:32.266 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% Good night. 55:32.266 --> 55:33.900 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% (gentle folk music) 55:33.900 --> 55:36.100 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Announcer] For more information and resources, 55:36.100 --> 55:40.900 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% visit montanapbs.org/aglive. 55:40.900 --> 55:43.900 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70% (lively folk music) 56:10.433 --> 56:12.766 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% - [Announcer] "Montana Ag Live" is made possible 56:12.766 --> 56:16.333 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% by the Montana Department of Agriculture, 56:17.266 --> 56:20.233 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the MSU Extension Service, 56:20.233 --> 56:22.333 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the MSU Ag Experiment Stations 56:22.333 --> 56:24.766 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% of the College of Agriculture, 56:24.766 --> 56:27.666 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70% the Montana Wheat & Barley Committee, 56:27.666 --> 56:30.000 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the Montana Bankers Association, 56:30.866 --> 56:33.600 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% Cashman Nursery & Landscaping, 56:33.600 --> 56:35.700 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80% the Gallatin Gardeners Club, 56:35.700 --> 56:39.366 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80% and the Rocky Mountain Certified Crop Advisor Program. 56:40.433 --> 56:43.033 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60% (gentle music)