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- [Announcer] "Montana 
Ag Live" is made possible

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by the Montana Department 
of Agriculture,

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the MSU Extension Service,

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the MSU Ag Experiment Stations

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of the College of Agriculture,

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the Montana Wheat 
& Barley Committee,

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the Montana Bankers Association,

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Cashman Nursery & Landscaping,

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the Gallatin Gardeners Club,

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and the Rocky Mountain 
Certified Crop Advisor Program.

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(lively folk music)

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- Greetings, you are tuned 
to "Montana Ag Live,"

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starting in another new year,

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coming to you from 
the studios of KUSM

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on the very dynamic campus

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we call Montana 
State University,

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and being brought to you

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over your Montana public 
television system.

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I'm Jack Riesselman,

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I'm a retired professor 
of plant pathology.

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Happy to be your 
host this evening.

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We have kind of an 
interesting program tonight.

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I think you wanna stay tuned

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because we'll have a few 
laughs, a few chuckles,

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and you'll learn a lot.

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But before we get to that,

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let me introduce today's panel.

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On my far left, Mary Burrows.

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Mary is a plant pathologist,

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spends part-time in 
the dean's office,

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but overall she's better 
as a plant pathologist

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than being in the dean's office.

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I had to say that.

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Kevin Mcphee.

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Kevin's a pulse crop 
developer, breeder.

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Kevin's been here several years.

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He really knows how to produce

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some of the best 
quality pulse crops

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here in the Northern 
Great Plains.

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It's a pleasure to 
have Kevin here.

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He's been here before.

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But if you have any 
questions this evening

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concerning pulse crops

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and their use and 
development, hey,

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it's an absolutely beautiful 
time to ask that question.

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Tim Seipel.

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Tim is an extension 
weed scientist.

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(Tim laughs)

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I prefer weed scientist to 
cropland weed specialist

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because weed scientists 
cover a lot of things

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other than cropland weeds,

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so I want to be a 
little less specific.

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And Abi.

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Welcome back, Abi.

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Abi Saeed is our extension 
horticultural specialist

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if you have questions 
concerning horticultural crops.

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And I think most of you 
that watch this program,

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a lot of you do,

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will have questions about 
when to plant your tomatoes,

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so forth and so on.

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Answering the phones tonight,

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and they're doing it remotely,

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is Nancy Blake and Bruce Loble.

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Tell you a little bit more 
about the program tonight,

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we have a pulse crop cook-off.

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We're gonna do that halfway 
through the program.

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In order to sit at this 
panel this evening,

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everybody had to agree

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to bring in their favorite 
pulse crop recipe.

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And we have a panel of experts 
here from KUSM management

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who is going to judge 
the special recipes

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that we brought in.

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I'd like to introduce those.

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On the far left, or far 
right is Aaron Pruitt.

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Aaron is director and 
general manager of KUSM.

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Aaron, thank you for being here.

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I hope you enjoy 
the special treats

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you're gonna have tonight. 
- I'm sure I will.

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- Jeannie Gracey, development 
officer for Montana PBS.

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Gracey, happy to have you here.

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And Christina Martin, who 
is director of development.

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So about 6:30,

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we will turn that 
over to the panel

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and we'll see what 
we have to eat.

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Before we do that, Kevin,

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tell us what you do here at MSU.

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- Very well.

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Thank you for having 
me on the show tonight.

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As a pulse crop breeder,

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what I do here at MSU 
is work on developing

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new varieties of peas, 
lentils, and chickpeas.

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We focus on a wide range

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of different traits 
objectives within those.

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So we're after traits that 
the producers really want:

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upright growth, high yield,

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standability, harvestability;

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looking for traits 
that consumers want:

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so quality of the crop, 
protein is one of those,

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the topic may come up later.

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Disease resistance,

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that's a very big issue 
with regard to production.

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All places that pulses 
crops are grown,

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but Montana is certainly 
no exception to that,

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many different diseases 
across the three crops.

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And a lot of different things.

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It's a lot of fun to look at 
the variation that we create

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by crossing different 
varieties together

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to try and combine the traits

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and then select within those.

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So yeah.

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- You know, when I 
first moved out here,

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and that's been a 
long, long time ago,

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all we had in this state 
basically was wheat, barley,

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and a little bit of alfalfa,

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and now we're a very 
diverse agricultural state.

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Why have pulse crops 
taken off so extensively

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here in the Northern 
Great Plains,

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specifically in Montana?

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- So the reason for that 
expansion within the industry

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within the producer community

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is that legumes for many years

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have fit well with 
rotations of cereal grains.

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They offer an 
opportunity for producers

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to control grassy weeds,

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weeds that are important 
to the cereal grains crops.

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They also,

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one of the big advantages

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is the nitrogen fixation 
potential that they have.

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They fix nitrogen 
through symbiosis

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with a soil bacteria,

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and they produce 
nodules on the roots;

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and as they fix the nitrogen,

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they take the nitrogen 
from the soil,

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fix it within their 
biological systems

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into a form of 
available to the legumes

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as well as the cereal grains.

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So they help to improve 
the soil fertility.

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There's a lot,

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there's quite a wide range

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of different agronomic as 
well as economical issues

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that they help the 
producers with.

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- I've always 
preached rotation,.

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Mary has preached rotation 
her whole life, and, boy,

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does that fit in nicely 
with the pulse crops.

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- And they don't only 
benefit from that crop,

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but also the wheat crop 
following really benefits.

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- Absolutely. 
- Certainly.

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- That's a good point.

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Tim, a question from Billings.

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And this is one that 
comes in every year

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and it's an early one.

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Bulbous bluegrass, what is it,

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what do they do about it,

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and why is it a problem?

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- Bulbous bluegrass is 
one of the earliest weeds

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we see growing in Montana.

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It's probably the, you know,

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it's really one 
of the first ones.

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There's a lot of it 
around the Billings area.

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It does really well in our 
warmer climates in Montana.

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It's a bluegrass. It's 
a non-native species.

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It's a short-lived perennial, 
it'll live for a few years,

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but you'll see it's the 
first thing to turn green.

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I've seen it turn green 
in Bozeman already.

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And it'll grow, and 
instead of making seeds,

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it makes little bulbils that...

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They're called bulbils,

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and the hence the name 
Bulbous bluegrass,

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but those fall and 
they're ready to grow.

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It can be a weed in 
alfalfa, early alfalfa.

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It can be a weed in some crops.

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And to manage it really,

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it depends on what crop or 
what situation you're in.

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But what most people 
do is apply glyphosate

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very early in the next...

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Whenever it gets warm,

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whenever spring 
arrives in Montana,

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we can go out and put down a 
early application of glyphosate

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before other things grow,

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and that's probably the 
best way to control it.

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- And when is the 
snow gonna be off?

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(Tim laughs)

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- You know, I was 
talking to a producer

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in Livingston 
recently, and he said,

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"The first 50-degree day

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is the day you really 
need to be out there

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when the snow is gone

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if you're trying to manage 
it in your situations."

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- Okay, that makes good sense.

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Abi, this question 
is from Bozeman.

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When should they put out 
their mason bee hotel?

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What is a mason bee hotel? 
- Yeah, good question.

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So mason bee hotels 
are little hotels,

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you might have seen them,

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that have those little cardboard

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or bamboo tubes inside them.

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And they're a great home

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for cavity-nesting bees like 
mason and leafcutter bees.

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And these are usually are 
early season bees as well

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that need this kind of 
environment to nest in.

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And so usually you wanna aim

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for when it's about 
55 to 60 degrees

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for a few days in a 
row to set them out,

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that's when those bees are 
gonna start flying around

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and be looking for 
a place to nest.

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- You know, it's cold this 
year, yeah, it's a late spring.

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And do the bees survive all 
right in a winter like this?

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- Yeah, because, you know, 
our climate has, you know,

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it varies year after year,

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and the bees are pretty 
well accustomed to it.

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Sometimes it can be an issue

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when the bees might emerge

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and the plants are a 
little bit delayed,

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there might be be kind 
of a resource limitation

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where there may not 
be enough flowers.

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So planting kind of early 
season flowering plants

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in your landscape could 
be a good way to help

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kind of offset the slow spring

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when you don't have as abundant 
of those floral resources.

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- Okay, thank you.

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Kevin, we got a question here/

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But before we do that,

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the one before that 
was this person

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has some black, they call 'em,

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knots in their choke cherries,

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and they're curious what it is

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and what should 
they do about it?

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Mary, I think that's yours.

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- Yeah, that's how you 
recognize cherry: black knot.

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- Yeah, you're right.

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- So all you can 
do is prune it out.

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And I'd prune it out 
while the tree is dormant.

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And since cherry

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is also susceptible to 
other diseases, you know,

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clean your pruners pretty 
well with an antiseptic,

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not bleach 'cause that'll 
crow corrode pruners,

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between each cut so you 
don't spread anything else.

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- You know, I've 
had some in my....

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I've got a couple 
choke cherries,

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and it doesn't seem to 
spread very rapidly.

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Is there a reason that 
it doesn't spread?

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- I don't know.

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I have one that's declining, 
and it's really quite bad.

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I don't mind it.

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And I bring it in for 
"Ag Live" occasionally,

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so I keep the tree around.

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But it's just 
preference, I suppose.

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What do you think, Abi?

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- Yeah, I'm not sure either.

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I would, yeah,

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I really think so. 
- Maybe wounding

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and the environment at the time.

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- We've had like hail and stuff

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sometimes will open 
that tree up to-

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- Yeah, damage 
- Yeah.

256
00:10:24,300 --> 00:10:25,100
- Okay.

257
00:10:26,700 --> 00:10:27,933
From Billings:

258
00:10:27,933 --> 00:10:31,333
"Are pulse crops more 
or less drought-tolerant

259
00:10:31,333 --> 00:10:33,333
than the more common 
Montana crops?"

260
00:10:33,333 --> 00:10:35,466
And I assume they're talking 
about wheat and barley,

261
00:10:35,466 --> 00:10:37,300
although chickpeas are about...

262
00:10:37,300 --> 00:10:38,266
Not chickpeas,

263
00:10:38,266 --> 00:10:39,400
pulse crops are about as common

264
00:10:39,400 --> 00:10:40,766
as wheat and barley anymore.

265
00:10:42,333 --> 00:10:43,966
- Yeah, we've got like 
half a million acres.

266
00:10:43,966 --> 00:10:45,633
No, a million acres 
of pulses now, right?

267
00:10:45,633 --> 00:10:46,600
- A million acres, yeah.

268
00:10:46,600 --> 00:10:48,000
- And 5 million of wheat.

269
00:10:48,000 --> 00:10:50,466
- [Jack] So are they 
pretty drought-tolerant?

270
00:10:50,466 --> 00:10:53,033
- In general, compared to 
many crops, yes, they are.

271
00:10:54,800 --> 00:10:57,833
Chickpeas and lentils 
more so maybe than peas,

272
00:10:57,833 --> 00:10:59,900
but they do tolerate 
the dry conditions

273
00:10:59,900 --> 00:11:02,100
better than some crops.

274
00:11:02,100 --> 00:11:06,333
- So I've been out of ag, not 
totally out of agriculture,

275
00:11:06,333 --> 00:11:08,733
but I'm not as current 
as I used to be.

276
00:11:08,733 --> 00:11:10,266
If you have a rotational system,

277
00:11:10,266 --> 00:11:13,133
we used to call it flex 
cropping years ago,

278
00:11:13,133 --> 00:11:16,200
and if these crops don't 
use as much moisture,

279
00:11:16,200 --> 00:11:18,166
can we, in our dryer areas,

280
00:11:18,166 --> 00:11:21,033
maybe grow three 
crops in four years

281
00:11:21,033 --> 00:11:26,033
using the peas or chickpeas 
or lentils in that rotation?

282
00:11:26,766 --> 00:11:27,700
I'll let you guys-

283
00:11:27,700 --> 00:11:29,366
- Well, most areas of the state

284
00:11:29,366 --> 00:11:31,800
can grow a crop every year now.

285
00:11:31,800 --> 00:11:33,300
And weed fallow is disappearing,

286
00:11:33,300 --> 00:11:35,366
and a lot of that 
is due to pulses.

287
00:11:35,366 --> 00:11:36,366
- Yeah.

288
00:11:36,366 --> 00:11:37,366
- [Jack] I didn't realize that.

289
00:11:37,366 --> 00:11:38,633
- Yeah, yeah. 
- That's good.

290
00:11:38,633 --> 00:11:39,866
- And you can't grow 
lentils everywhere.

291
00:11:39,866 --> 00:11:41,066
You know, they have 
a really good fit

292
00:11:41,066 --> 00:11:42,200
in that northeast corner,

293
00:11:42,200 --> 00:11:44,033
where peas are 
everywhere in the state.

294
00:11:44,033 --> 00:11:44,866
- Yeah.

295
00:11:44,866 --> 00:11:46,133
Peas, sorry.

296
00:11:46,133 --> 00:11:47,966
Peas and lentils 
both tend to have

297
00:11:47,966 --> 00:11:50,933
a narrower or a 
shorter root system,

298
00:11:50,933 --> 00:11:52,233
so they don't mine the soil

299
00:11:52,233 --> 00:11:55,566
as much for moisture 
as chickpeas,

300
00:11:55,566 --> 00:11:57,866
but they all tend to 
leave moisture behind

301
00:11:57,866 --> 00:11:59,733
for the following crop. 
- Yeah.

302
00:11:59,733 --> 00:12:01,166
I think sometimes 
we have to watch out

303
00:12:01,166 --> 00:12:02,833
for herbicide carryover

304
00:12:02,833 --> 00:12:06,766
because what's used 
in wheat or fallow

305
00:12:06,766 --> 00:12:09,600
can sometimes damage 
pulses into the next year.

306
00:12:09,600 --> 00:12:14,366
So we have herbicides 
with less residual now,

307
00:12:14,366 --> 00:12:17,100
but it's still 
sometimes an issue.

308
00:12:17,100 --> 00:12:19,133
If you wanna change 
your rotation,

309
00:12:19,133 --> 00:12:21,666
you have to be cognizant of 
those plan-back intervals.

310
00:12:21,666 --> 00:12:22,600
- Okay.

311
00:12:22,600 --> 00:12:23,966
Another question here.

312
00:12:23,966 --> 00:12:25,966
And this person 
says they're anxious

313
00:12:25,966 --> 00:12:28,166
to see what the panel

314
00:12:28,166 --> 00:12:32,400
has put together 
for dinner tonight,

315
00:12:32,400 --> 00:12:34,100
but they also are curious

316
00:12:34,100 --> 00:12:36,766
what else are pulse 
crops used for.

317
00:12:36,766 --> 00:12:38,533
And I'm gonna talk a 
little bit about that.

318
00:12:38,533 --> 00:12:41,400
But Kevin, Mary, 
all of you guys,

319
00:12:41,400 --> 00:12:42,833
why are we growing so many?

320
00:12:42,833 --> 00:12:44,200
Where are they going?

321
00:12:44,200 --> 00:12:45,633
What do we do with them?

322
00:12:45,633 --> 00:12:47,733
- So I'll take a 
first stab at it

323
00:12:47,733 --> 00:12:49,533
and then everybody 
else can chime in.

324
00:12:50,866 --> 00:12:52,500
The the first thing 
they were produced for

325
00:12:52,500 --> 00:12:56,866
was for human consumption 
as well as animal feed,

326
00:12:56,866 --> 00:13:00,933
both as whole and split seeds

327
00:13:00,933 --> 00:13:02,566
for human consumption into soups

328
00:13:02,566 --> 00:13:07,366
and various mixtures of 
that nature worldwide.

329
00:13:07,366 --> 00:13:10,433
And much of our crop 
in the US in the past

330
00:13:10,433 --> 00:13:15,166
was exported into feed 
markets as well as food.

331
00:13:15,166 --> 00:13:18,466
With the shift 
toward ingredients,

332
00:13:18,466 --> 00:13:20,400
using the pulse crops 
as an ingredient

333
00:13:20,400 --> 00:13:25,366
in many different recipes that 
companies have put together,

334
00:13:25,366 --> 00:13:29,133
that shift or that export 
market has reduced.

335
00:13:29,133 --> 00:13:32,466
So we're consuming a lot more 
of our own crop domestically.

336
00:13:32,466 --> 00:13:34,733
And you look at the 
grocery store shelves,

337
00:13:34,733 --> 00:13:37,433
and the range of 
different products

338
00:13:37,433 --> 00:13:40,900
that include to some degree 
any of the pulse crops

339
00:13:40,900 --> 00:13:42,966
is enormous, is immense,

340
00:13:42,966 --> 00:13:44,233
and very diverse.

341
00:13:44,233 --> 00:13:48,333
And a lot of it is quite 
enjoyable, quite tasty.

342
00:13:48,333 --> 00:13:50,266
- Well, and a lot of 
it is incorporated

343
00:13:50,266 --> 00:13:51,366
in some products that 
you're gonna show.

344
00:13:51,366 --> 00:13:53,466
The protein is 
extracted from the seed.

345
00:13:53,466 --> 00:13:56,433
And a lot of it is 
included in pet food,

346
00:13:56,433 --> 00:13:58,366
a lot of these 
plant-based meats.

347
00:13:59,400 --> 00:14:01,366
I don't know what else that-

348
00:14:01,366 --> 00:14:03,833
- Well, a lot of 
the protein drinks

349
00:14:03,833 --> 00:14:05,033
have pea protein in 'em.

350
00:14:05,033 --> 00:14:07,466
And on that note, this is...

351
00:14:07,466 --> 00:14:10,466
As you can tell, I'm 
not a smoothie-type guy.

352
00:14:10,466 --> 00:14:13,466
But this is a protein powder

353
00:14:13,466 --> 00:14:15,700
that is made here in Bozeman,

354
00:14:15,700 --> 00:14:18,900
and it's a combination 
of cricket and pea powder

355
00:14:18,900 --> 00:14:21,333
and some chocolate and 
a little bit of sugar.

356
00:14:21,333 --> 00:14:24,233
Nutritionally, this 
is really quite good.

357
00:14:24,233 --> 00:14:25,366
If you go online,

358
00:14:25,366 --> 00:14:26,833
you'd be surprised to find

359
00:14:26,833 --> 00:14:29,066
that there are a lot of 
different products out there

360
00:14:29,066 --> 00:14:31,733
that contain cricket protein.

361
00:14:31,733 --> 00:14:34,800
The reason that it is so usable

362
00:14:34,800 --> 00:14:37,900
is that the iron from 
crickets is very,

363
00:14:37,900 --> 00:14:40,700
very utilizable 
by the human body

364
00:14:40,700 --> 00:14:43,500
compared to some of 
the other proteins.

365
00:14:43,500 --> 00:14:45,700
But a young lady here in Bozeman

366
00:14:45,700 --> 00:14:49,566
started a company called 
Orchestra Provisions,

367
00:14:49,566 --> 00:14:53,366
and she has combined pea 
powder and cricket protein.

368
00:14:53,366 --> 00:14:56,333
And from what I'm told 
and what you read online,

369
00:14:56,333 --> 00:14:58,033
it's really kind of interesting.

370
00:14:58,033 --> 00:14:59,833
But there's a lot of 
products like this

371
00:14:59,833 --> 00:15:01,600
that are coming on the market.

372
00:15:01,600 --> 00:15:03,900
And 20 years ago,

373
00:15:03,900 --> 00:15:06,300
if you saw anything 
other than green peas

374
00:15:06,300 --> 00:15:08,600
for split pea soup and lentils,

375
00:15:08,600 --> 00:15:09,866
there wasn't much out there.

376
00:15:09,866 --> 00:15:11,966
It's changed. 
- Well, I think that gluten...

377
00:15:11,966 --> 00:15:13,766
You know, a lot of people 
are sensitive to gluten,

378
00:15:13,766 --> 00:15:15,300
so there's a lot 
of alternatives.

379
00:15:15,300 --> 00:15:16,533
And then if you're 
diabetic, too,

380
00:15:16,533 --> 00:15:17,933
they have a low glycemic index,

381
00:15:17,933 --> 00:15:19,800
and they're just good 
for your heart as well.

382
00:15:19,800 --> 00:15:21,033
- That's true.

383
00:15:21,033 --> 00:15:22,600
And, folks, if you got 
questions tonight...

384
00:15:22,600 --> 00:15:24,100
We're not getting 
a ton of questions.

385
00:15:24,100 --> 00:15:26,733
And if you have specific 
questions, concerns,

386
00:15:26,733 --> 00:15:28,233
or comments, hey,

387
00:15:28,233 --> 00:15:30,766
get 'em in tonight because 
you're gonna have a good chance

388
00:15:30,766 --> 00:15:32,633
to have it answered on air.

389
00:15:32,633 --> 00:15:35,300
And with that, back to Abi.

390
00:15:36,500 --> 00:15:40,066
This person wants to 
know when is a good time

391
00:15:40,066 --> 00:15:42,100
to plant rhubarb.

392
00:15:42,100 --> 00:15:44,166
- Yeah, so like you said,

393
00:15:44,166 --> 00:15:45,766
we've had kind of a,

394
00:15:45,766 --> 00:15:47,700
we've been having a 
pretty slow spring.

395
00:15:47,700 --> 00:15:50,566
But usually I like 
to go and, like,

396
00:15:50,566 --> 00:15:52,333
put my trowel into my soil.

397
00:15:52,333 --> 00:15:55,066
And as soon as that soil's 
workable and not frozen,

398
00:15:55,066 --> 00:15:56,300
you can put that in there.

399
00:15:56,300 --> 00:15:57,800
That's when I'll 
put my crowns in.

400
00:15:57,800 --> 00:15:59,500
- I'm always scared, 
like, I'll put...

401
00:15:59,500 --> 00:16:01,100
Dormant I think is okay.

402
00:16:01,100 --> 00:16:02,466
But if I did a transplant, 
I don't want it to freeze.

403
00:16:02,466 --> 00:16:03,900
So I kinda

404
00:16:03,900 --> 00:16:04,700
want things growing. 
- Yeah, I would be worried

405
00:16:04,700 --> 00:16:05,500
about transplanting.

406
00:16:05,500 --> 00:16:06,966
That's a good point.

407
00:16:06,966 --> 00:16:08,566
Yeah, yeah, when things 
start to start to green up.

408
00:16:08,566 --> 00:16:09,866
- Yeah, everybody's anxious.

409
00:16:09,866 --> 00:16:10,800
- Yeah.

410
00:16:10,800 --> 00:16:12,633
Wanting to get in there, yeah.

411
00:16:12,633 --> 00:16:13,466
- Okay.

412
00:16:14,666 --> 00:16:17,266
From Livingston, here's 
an interesting question:

413
00:16:17,266 --> 00:16:19,633
"Why are lentils all 
different colors?

414
00:16:19,633 --> 00:16:22,566
And do the colors 
affect the taste?"

415
00:16:22,566 --> 00:16:23,766
- Okay.

416
00:16:23,766 --> 00:16:28,600
So lentils are quite 
diverse within the crop,

417
00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:31,300
and that's because there 
are different market classes

418
00:16:31,300 --> 00:16:32,733
of lentils.

419
00:16:32,733 --> 00:16:35,633
And they can come with 
different seed-coat colors,

420
00:16:35,633 --> 00:16:37,500
seed-=coat patterns.

421
00:16:37,500 --> 00:16:39,600
The cotyledon colors 
that are marketed

422
00:16:39,600 --> 00:16:42,700
are typically either 
yellow or the reds.

423
00:16:42,700 --> 00:16:44,166
The yellow cotyledon types

424
00:16:44,166 --> 00:16:48,000
are what kind of oddly we 
refer to as the green lentils

425
00:16:48,000 --> 00:16:50,166
because of the seed 
coat that they have,

426
00:16:50,166 --> 00:16:55,000
and they're typically 
consistent as far the color.

427
00:16:55,000 --> 00:16:58,100
We try to breed them and 
select and produce lentils

428
00:16:58,100 --> 00:16:59,866
in the green market class

429
00:16:59,866 --> 00:17:01,433
that hold that green color;

430
00:17:01,433 --> 00:17:05,000
it can in time 
discolor to a brown.

431
00:17:05,000 --> 00:17:08,433
The pigments in the seed coat 
oxidize and change color,

432
00:17:08,433 --> 00:17:10,666
which is not desirable.

433
00:17:10,666 --> 00:17:11,933
Within the red lentils,

434
00:17:11,933 --> 00:17:16,400
it's a lot more diverse 
as far as the seed coat

435
00:17:16,400 --> 00:17:20,600
and whether it's a dark 
brown, a light brown,

436
00:17:20,600 --> 00:17:22,533
whether it has speckles,

437
00:17:22,533 --> 00:17:24,433
some sort of a model 
or pattern to it.

438
00:17:24,433 --> 00:17:27,600
And it's just the nature 
of the the lentil crops.

439
00:17:27,600 --> 00:17:29,900
It's a lot of different options.

440
00:17:29,900 --> 00:17:31,500
And that's what in part

441
00:17:31,500 --> 00:17:33,333
it makes it kind of 
fun for me as a breeder

442
00:17:33,333 --> 00:17:36,766
to see that variation and 
to select amongst that.

443
00:17:36,766 --> 00:17:37,966
- But they take the seed coat

444
00:17:37,966 --> 00:17:40,200
off of the red lentils, 
right, before they-

445
00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:42,800
- Yeah, when they're consumed 
they decorticate 'em,

446
00:17:42,800 --> 00:17:44,933
so take the seed coat off.

447
00:17:44,933 --> 00:17:47,666
Some markets will split 
them just like peas.

448
00:17:47,666 --> 00:17:50,900
Other markets like to keep 
the cotyledons together

449
00:17:50,900 --> 00:17:53,166
so it's just a seed 
without the seed coat.

450
00:17:54,633 --> 00:17:57,366
- You know, on that note, 
this is my own question.

451
00:17:57,366 --> 00:17:59,100
I love split pea soup,

452
00:17:59,100 --> 00:18:00,700
ham and split pea soup,

453
00:18:00,700 --> 00:18:03,100
and you always make 
that with green peas

454
00:18:03,933 --> 00:18:05,333
and not yellow peas.

455
00:18:05,333 --> 00:18:06,366
Is there a reason?

456
00:18:07,466 --> 00:18:09,833
- The green peas 
tend to hold a color.

457
00:18:09,833 --> 00:18:11,966
Sometimes the yellow peas

458
00:18:11,966 --> 00:18:14,633
don't have as 
attractive of a color

459
00:18:14,633 --> 00:18:15,900
once they're processed.

460
00:18:18,000 --> 00:18:19,800
I'll go back to the 
previous question

461
00:18:19,800 --> 00:18:22,166
on the flavor of the 
different lentils

462
00:18:22,166 --> 00:18:23,366
based on the seed coat.

463
00:18:23,366 --> 00:18:26,066
And some markets...

464
00:18:28,366 --> 00:18:30,000
So, yes, there are 
differences in the seed coats,

465
00:18:30,000 --> 00:18:31,500
in the flavor of them,

466
00:18:31,500 --> 00:18:33,166
based on the pigments 
that are in there.

467
00:18:33,166 --> 00:18:34,000
And

468
00:18:36,533 --> 00:18:39,900
to a cultural preference,

469
00:18:39,900 --> 00:18:42,300
they can tell a difference 
between different lentils

470
00:18:42,300 --> 00:18:44,300
based on those pigments 
and how much is there,

471
00:18:44,300 --> 00:18:45,533
and they do prefer that.

472
00:18:46,700 --> 00:18:49,166
But, yes, there are 
differences in flavor.

473
00:18:49,166 --> 00:18:50,400
- Okay.

474
00:18:50,400 --> 00:18:52,066
A question came in as 
kind of a follow-up:

475
00:18:52,066 --> 00:18:55,166
"Are pulse crops a 
good source of fiber?"

476
00:18:55,166 --> 00:18:56,566
- They can be.

477
00:18:56,566 --> 00:19:00,300
That's one of the three 
primary components of the seed,

478
00:19:00,300 --> 00:19:02,400
you know, protein, 
starch, and fiber.

479
00:19:02,400 --> 00:19:05,933
So, yes, as long as the 
seed coat is retained,

480
00:19:05,933 --> 00:19:08,366
usually with the green lentils,

481
00:19:08,366 --> 00:19:10,633
not so much the reds 
because of the dark pigments

482
00:19:10,633 --> 00:19:12,200
that come with the red lentils.

483
00:19:12,200 --> 00:19:13,933
But with the green lentils, yes,

484
00:19:13,933 --> 00:19:15,333
the fiber can be good.

485
00:19:15,333 --> 00:19:16,266
- Okay, thank you.

486
00:19:18,133 --> 00:19:19,633
From Helena.

487
00:19:19,633 --> 00:19:23,700
This person has a lot of 
purslane in their garden,

488
00:19:23,700 --> 00:19:25,433
and that's a low-growing,

489
00:19:25,433 --> 00:19:28,966
kind of a almost wet crop,

490
00:19:28,966 --> 00:19:29,900
I mean, it is,

491
00:19:29,900 --> 00:19:31,466
it contains a lot of moisture,

492
00:19:31,466 --> 00:19:33,233
very low-growing.

493
00:19:33,233 --> 00:19:37,366
They rototilled it last 
year or a year before,

494
00:19:37,366 --> 00:19:40,500
and last year they 
had even more purslane

495
00:19:40,500 --> 00:19:42,366
than they did before 
they rototilled it.

496
00:19:42,366 --> 00:19:43,666
Is there a reason?

497
00:19:43,666 --> 00:19:45,000
- Yep, there's a lot of....

498
00:19:45,000 --> 00:19:48,066
So purslane is a, it's 
a warm season weed,

499
00:19:48,066 --> 00:19:52,633
so we won't see it germinate 
here until middle of June,

500
00:19:52,633 --> 00:19:55,333
maybe the 1st of July.

501
00:19:55,333 --> 00:19:57,666
It has a very persistent 
seed in the seed bank,

502
00:19:57,666 --> 00:19:59,633
and that seed will be 
there for a really,

503
00:19:59,633 --> 00:20:01,633
really long time.

504
00:20:01,633 --> 00:20:03,033
And then when you chop it up,

505
00:20:03,033 --> 00:20:05,900
it will grow into new 
pieces and chunks too.

506
00:20:05,900 --> 00:20:07,766
It dies back every year,

507
00:20:07,766 --> 00:20:11,700
but you often don't seed 
the seeds and the flowers

508
00:20:11,700 --> 00:20:13,733
that are in the 
axials of the leaf.

509
00:20:13,733 --> 00:20:14,966
And when you chop it up,

510
00:20:14,966 --> 00:20:16,900
you put all those 
seeds out there.

511
00:20:16,900 --> 00:20:20,133
And that seed bank 
remains really persistent.

512
00:20:20,133 --> 00:20:22,233
The one thing, you can eat it.

513
00:20:22,233 --> 00:20:23,766
Purslane is actually 
pretty good.

514
00:20:23,766 --> 00:20:28,166
I fermented some purslane 
in kimchi style last year.

515
00:20:28,166 --> 00:20:30,633
If you can't beat it, eat it.

516
00:20:32,700 --> 00:20:35,066
And so that was one of 
the things I did with it.

517
00:20:35,066 --> 00:20:36,366
I think it's really important

518
00:20:36,366 --> 00:20:38,066
you have to keep it 
from going to flower

519
00:20:38,066 --> 00:20:41,033
and you have to keep it 
out of your seed bank.

520
00:20:41,033 --> 00:20:42,533
I think it really,

521
00:20:42,533 --> 00:20:45,900
I view it sometimes as a cover 
crop under my sweet corn.

522
00:20:45,900 --> 00:20:47,733
- Yeah, basically 
that's correct.

523
00:20:47,733 --> 00:20:50,700
- But you need to add more 
water because it does,

524
00:20:50,700 --> 00:20:52,233
it sucks up a lot of water

525
00:20:52,233 --> 00:20:55,300
and it'll suck up a lot of 
nutrients, too, is my...

526
00:20:55,300 --> 00:20:57,700
Yeah. 
- It is hard to get rid of.

527
00:20:57,700 --> 00:20:59,433
It is susceptible to glyphosate

528
00:20:59,433 --> 00:21:00,766
if you get it early.

529
00:21:00,766 --> 00:21:03,100
- And you can use some, 
like, too, in corn.

530
00:21:03,100 --> 00:21:04,466
If you have it under 
your sweet corn,

531
00:21:04,466 --> 00:21:06,166
you can use some 
broad-leaf herbicide too,

532
00:21:06,166 --> 00:21:07,400
that will get it.

533
00:21:07,400 --> 00:21:08,866
It's hard to keep 
it chopped out.

534
00:21:08,866 --> 00:21:10,866
It'll keep growing and 
growing and growing.

535
00:21:10,866 --> 00:21:11,700
- Okay.

536
00:21:12,600 --> 00:21:13,833
From Hamilton.

537
00:21:13,833 --> 00:21:15,900
This person would 
like suggestions

538
00:21:15,900 --> 00:21:20,433
on how to thin and prune his 
Triple Crown blackberries.

539
00:21:20,433 --> 00:21:23,766
I don't know what a Triple 
Crown blackberry is, do you?

540
00:21:23,766 --> 00:21:25,000
- No, I actually don't know

541
00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:27,033
what a Triple Crown 
blackberry is either.

542
00:21:27,033 --> 00:21:29,333
But in general, 
to thin and prune,

543
00:21:29,333 --> 00:21:32,133
now is a really good 
time to do that anyway.

544
00:21:32,133 --> 00:21:34,133
So that's a really 
good question.

545
00:21:35,566 --> 00:21:38,733
You can definitely start 
pruning your blackberries

546
00:21:38,733 --> 00:21:40,833
and your trees and 
shrubs as well.

547
00:21:40,833 --> 00:21:42,066
But to thin it,

548
00:21:42,066 --> 00:21:43,933
we have a really 
nice smart guide

549
00:21:43,933 --> 00:21:46,866
that's talking about pruning 
fruit trees and bushes.

550
00:21:46,866 --> 00:21:48,966
So if you go to the 
MSU Extension store

551
00:21:48,966 --> 00:21:50,200
and check out the publications,

552
00:21:50,200 --> 00:21:52,966
it'll show you more 
detail on how to do it.

553
00:21:52,966 --> 00:21:54,633
But you wanna start 
with making sure

554
00:21:54,633 --> 00:21:58,300
that it has enough kind 
of nice circulation.

555
00:21:58,300 --> 00:21:59,600
So thin it out,

556
00:21:59,600 --> 00:22:01,800
don't remove more than a 
third of that material.

557
00:22:01,800 --> 00:22:05,433
If you wanna encourage 
that additional growth,

558
00:22:05,433 --> 00:22:08,100
you can head some 
of those branches.

559
00:22:08,100 --> 00:22:10,200
But generally you 
wanna thin it out,

560
00:22:10,200 --> 00:22:11,766
make sure it has 
enough circulation,

561
00:22:11,766 --> 00:22:13,000
and yeah.

562
00:22:13,000 --> 00:22:14,466
- Okay. Thank you.

563
00:22:14,466 --> 00:22:17,166
And while I have you up, 
I like this question:

564
00:22:17,166 --> 00:22:19,700
"Will flowers grow 
if you scatter seeds

565
00:22:19,700 --> 00:22:21,866
on top of the 
snow," and they say,

566
00:22:21,866 --> 00:22:23,166
'in a flower garden?"

567
00:22:23,166 --> 00:22:26,100
Now, that's, the 
birds will get it.

568
00:22:26,100 --> 00:22:27,233
- Yeah. Yeah.

569
00:22:27,233 --> 00:22:28,766
The birds are 
probably gonna get it.

570
00:22:28,766 --> 00:22:31,033
And sometimes if it's 
on top of the snow,

571
00:22:31,033 --> 00:22:33,800
you'd worry about them 
kind of, you know, rotting.

572
00:22:33,800 --> 00:22:38,500
And so that's why you wouldn't 
wanna seed grass then, too,

573
00:22:38,500 --> 00:22:39,833
because it can just sit there

574
00:22:39,833 --> 00:22:42,066
and just, yeah, rot.

575
00:22:42,066 --> 00:22:42,900
- Okay.

576
00:22:46,500 --> 00:22:48,633
Kevin, this person 
has a home garden

577
00:22:48,633 --> 00:22:51,100
but would like to try 
to grow some pulse crops

578
00:22:51,100 --> 00:22:52,700
in their home garden.

579
00:22:52,700 --> 00:22:54,400
This is from Corvallis.

580
00:22:54,400 --> 00:22:56,366
Any suggestions 
what they could do?

581
00:22:57,533 --> 00:23:00,433
- Well, certainly peas 
is a great option.

582
00:23:00,433 --> 00:23:03,900
Peas have been grown in 
gardens for many, many years.

583
00:23:03,900 --> 00:23:07,300
And there's a lot of 
different varieties

584
00:23:07,300 --> 00:23:11,500
with fresh peas, snow 
peas, the snap peas,

585
00:23:11,500 --> 00:23:14,833
so the immature 
pods are consumed.

586
00:23:14,833 --> 00:23:18,966
I have a friend who 
enjoys growing chickpeas

587
00:23:18,966 --> 00:23:19,900
in their garden.

588
00:23:19,900 --> 00:23:22,066
And we often think of chickpeas

589
00:23:22,066 --> 00:23:25,166
as a dry seed harvested crop

590
00:23:25,166 --> 00:23:28,133
that is then 
reconstituted or soaked

591
00:23:28,133 --> 00:23:29,233
and then cooked, canned,

592
00:23:29,233 --> 00:23:31,433
and prepared in some manner.

593
00:23:31,433 --> 00:23:36,200
But there are also many who 
enjoy the immature chickpeas.

594
00:23:36,200 --> 00:23:38,800
Much like your, like the 
peas I just mentioned,

595
00:23:38,800 --> 00:23:41,633
harvest them immature 
when the pods are full,

596
00:23:41,633 --> 00:23:43,800
the seeds are plump,

597
00:23:43,800 --> 00:23:46,433
and they're really 
quite a tasty snack.

598
00:23:46,433 --> 00:23:49,233
And in the Middle East,

599
00:23:49,233 --> 00:23:53,333
it's a delicacy or it's 
a part of their diet

600
00:23:53,333 --> 00:23:57,033
where they'll take 
a handful of plants

601
00:23:57,033 --> 00:23:58,866
with the pods still attached,

602
00:23:58,866 --> 00:24:01,366
they'll roast them over a fire,

603
00:24:01,366 --> 00:24:03,566
and then shell 'em 
out, add a little oil,

604
00:24:04,566 --> 00:24:05,566
and eat them that way.

605
00:24:05,566 --> 00:24:07,200
So that's a kind 
of a fun option.

606
00:24:07,200 --> 00:24:09,900
I'm not sure that lentils 
have much of an option

607
00:24:09,900 --> 00:24:11,366
for the fresh side of things.

608
00:24:11,366 --> 00:24:12,600
- [Mary] They're just 
too hard to harvest.

609
00:24:12,600 --> 00:24:13,833
- They are.

610
00:24:13,833 --> 00:24:15,033
They're such a small pod 
and a small seed, but-

611
00:24:15,033 --> 00:24:16,266
- I've grown fallow 
bean, though.

612
00:24:16,266 --> 00:24:17,300
And the same thing 
with the chickpeas,

613
00:24:17,300 --> 00:24:19,000
so you can get the green.

614
00:24:19,000 --> 00:24:21,400
Yeah, they're really 
hard to break the pod

615
00:24:21,400 --> 00:24:23,100
once they're dry just by hand,

616
00:24:23,100 --> 00:24:25,100
but the green is great.

617
00:24:25,100 --> 00:24:26,333
- Yep, when they're immature,

618
00:24:26,333 --> 00:24:27,566
I enjoy walking 
through the plots

619
00:24:27,566 --> 00:24:29,800
in an alley or an odd

620
00:24:31,066 --> 00:24:31,900
border plant- 
- That's the best part

621
00:24:31,900 --> 00:24:33,300
of pulse field days.

622
00:24:33,300 --> 00:24:35,766
- pull a plant and 
just shell the peas

623
00:24:35,766 --> 00:24:37,800
or the chickpeas 
and eat them fresh.

624
00:24:37,800 --> 00:24:39,300
- I will comment on that.

625
00:24:39,300 --> 00:24:43,300
If you have any four-legged 
creatures like deer in the area,

626
00:24:43,300 --> 00:24:47,666
you don't wanna try to grow 
pulse crops in your garden.

627
00:24:47,666 --> 00:24:49,100
- Antelope and chickpeas.

628
00:24:49,100 --> 00:24:50,466
Antelope and chickpeas,

629
00:24:50,466 --> 00:24:52,833
they've given me 
trouble a couple times.

630
00:24:52,833 --> 00:24:54,700
- Well, antelope and 
lentils, they love...

631
00:24:54,700 --> 00:24:57,866
I've got great pictures of 
birds within the lentil plots;

632
00:24:57,866 --> 00:24:59,100
they not only eat them,

633
00:24:59,100 --> 00:25:01,433
but they like to 
take a rest there.

634
00:25:01,433 --> 00:25:06,033
Elk and chickpeas are a terrible 
combination for producers.

635
00:25:07,366 --> 00:25:09,166
They'll walk through 
any other field

636
00:25:09,166 --> 00:25:12,033
with a straight line to 
the chickpea field, yeah.

637
00:25:12,033 --> 00:25:12,866
- [Jack] I believe that.

638
00:25:12,866 --> 00:25:14,100
I've seen that myself.

639
00:25:14,100 --> 00:25:15,566
- So Kevin, I was...

640
00:25:15,566 --> 00:25:19,000
I've walked around some rural 
villages in Morocco before

641
00:25:19,000 --> 00:25:22,700
and seen a bag of 
Montana product lentils

642
00:25:22,700 --> 00:25:24,500
sitting kind of on the side.

643
00:25:24,500 --> 00:25:25,800
And I was walking 
around with a friend

644
00:25:25,800 --> 00:25:27,700
who's from Bullhook Bottoms .

645
00:25:27,700 --> 00:25:31,200
And so how much of 
our chickpea or lentil

646
00:25:31,200 --> 00:25:33,866
is exported to other 
parts of the world?

647
00:25:33,866 --> 00:25:35,333
- Okay.

648
00:25:35,333 --> 00:25:36,166
Before

649
00:25:40,033 --> 00:25:42,366
the trade tariffs were 
put in place by India,

650
00:25:42,366 --> 00:25:44,466
it was closer to 90%,

651
00:25:45,566 --> 00:25:48,600
85 to 90% were exported.

652
00:25:48,600 --> 00:25:50,633
With the domestic markets

653
00:25:50,633 --> 00:25:53,733
through the use of 
the fractionation

654
00:25:53,733 --> 00:25:56,100
and the parts of the seed,

655
00:25:56,100 --> 00:26:00,433
that has dropped down to the 
50 to 60% range exported,

656
00:26:00,433 --> 00:26:02,766
the rest is all consumed.

657
00:26:02,766 --> 00:26:05,100
So it's about a 
50/50 mix anymore.

658
00:26:05,100 --> 00:26:06,633
- Okay. Thank you.

659
00:26:06,633 --> 00:26:08,166
We're gonna change 
tunes a little bit

660
00:26:08,166 --> 00:26:11,733
and we're going to turn 
it over to our taste panel

661
00:26:11,733 --> 00:26:14,733
and the various dishes 
that our esteemed panel,

662
00:26:14,733 --> 00:26:17,100
myself not included,

663
00:26:17,100 --> 00:26:18,300
have prepared.

664
00:26:18,300 --> 00:26:20,466
So we're gonna start 
off with myself.

665
00:26:20,466 --> 00:26:24,133
And I made a lentil 
elk burger soup,

666
00:26:24,133 --> 00:26:26,633
and they're going to 
have an opportunity

667
00:26:26,633 --> 00:26:27,733
to taste that right now.

668
00:26:27,733 --> 00:26:29,266
It's pretty simple.

669
00:26:29,266 --> 00:26:31,266
The hard part is 
getting the elk.

670
00:26:31,266 --> 00:26:33,000
The easy part is 
making the soup.

671
00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:36,433
It's a combination of 
lentils, any type of lentil,

672
00:26:36,433 --> 00:26:37,700
elk burger,

673
00:26:37,700 --> 00:26:41,666
a little bit of chicken 
broth or chicken stock,

674
00:26:41,666 --> 00:26:43,500
grated carrot, onion,

675
00:26:43,500 --> 00:26:46,633
and maybe a touch 
of tomato paste.

676
00:26:46,633 --> 00:26:50,700
And it's actually a very, 
very good wintertime soup.

677
00:26:50,700 --> 00:26:53,066
And I hope the 
panel will enjoy it.

678
00:26:53,066 --> 00:26:54,733
They're gonna 
taste it right now.

679
00:26:54,733 --> 00:26:56,733
They're at it as we speak.

680
00:26:56,733 --> 00:26:58,066
None of 'em have dropped over,

681
00:26:58,066 --> 00:27:00,933
so I guess it's not 
that bad right now.

682
00:27:00,933 --> 00:27:03,633
And with that, after 
they finish that...

683
00:27:03,633 --> 00:27:04,566
Oh, no, they're still eating.

684
00:27:04,566 --> 00:27:05,733
It must be pretty good, huh?

685
00:27:07,533 --> 00:27:09,366
So I'm getting a few nods

686
00:27:09,366 --> 00:27:11,833
that it's edible at least.

687
00:27:11,833 --> 00:27:15,000
Okay, our next is Abi,

688
00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:18,300
and she made chana masala,

689
00:27:19,466 --> 00:27:21,966
which is actually 
chickpea masala.

690
00:27:21,966 --> 00:27:25,466
And if you would care to 
explain to the audience

691
00:27:25,466 --> 00:27:27,366
how you did that and 
why it's special,

692
00:27:27,366 --> 00:27:28,200
that would be great.

693
00:27:28,200 --> 00:27:29,133
- Yeah, I'd love to.

694
00:27:29,133 --> 00:27:31,433
So chana masala, and again,

695
00:27:31,433 --> 00:27:35,400
it translates to chickpea 
and the spicy sauce,

696
00:27:35,400 --> 00:27:36,733
it's a chickpea curry.

697
00:27:36,733 --> 00:27:38,166
And when I,

698
00:27:38,166 --> 00:27:40,633
growing up in Pakistan and 
even in Canada, it's something,

699
00:27:40,633 --> 00:27:44,133
it's a big staple of 
what I grew up eating.

700
00:27:44,133 --> 00:27:48,300
My mom would make it once a 
month, if not once a week.

701
00:27:48,300 --> 00:27:51,000
And so very, very 
nice staple dish.

702
00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:52,566
And generally,

703
00:27:52,566 --> 00:27:55,800
pulses are one of the most 
common foods that, you know,

704
00:27:55,800 --> 00:27:58,400
in South Asia that 
we grew up eating.

705
00:27:58,400 --> 00:28:00,166
But this is my favorite recipe.

706
00:28:00,166 --> 00:28:03,366
It's chickpeas and it's a 
tomato and onion based sauce.

707
00:28:03,366 --> 00:28:04,766
It's a little bit spicy.

708
00:28:04,766 --> 00:28:08,633
It's served with 
basmati rice and naan.

709
00:28:08,633 --> 00:28:12,333
And it's not as good as 
my mom's, I'm sure of it,

710
00:28:12,333 --> 00:28:14,333
but I think I did 
a pretty good job

711
00:28:14,333 --> 00:28:17,133
trying to emulate her recipe.

712
00:28:17,133 --> 00:28:19,533
So it's one of my 
favorite dishes ever.

713
00:28:19,533 --> 00:28:20,366
- Okay. Thank you.

714
00:28:20,366 --> 00:28:21,700
It looks good.

715
00:28:21,700 --> 00:28:23,933
And I'm sitting here 
salivating, so...

716
00:28:23,933 --> 00:28:24,900
(panelists laughing)

717
00:28:24,900 --> 00:28:25,733
All right.

718
00:28:25,733 --> 00:28:27,600
Tim, hotdog soup, right?

719
00:28:27,600 --> 00:28:31,800
- Yep, well, so this is 
Frankfurter lentil soup.

720
00:28:31,800 --> 00:28:35,333
My dad was an immigrant 
from Bavaria and came,

721
00:28:35,333 --> 00:28:37,766
worked for International 
Harvester, actually.

722
00:28:37,766 --> 00:28:41,700
And so this is a staple of 
Frankfurt, Germany, actually;

723
00:28:41,700 --> 00:28:43,466
if you can look, you find it.

724
00:28:43,466 --> 00:28:44,766
And so it has,

725
00:28:44,766 --> 00:28:47,866
it's green lentils, it has,

726
00:28:47,866 --> 00:28:50,733
does have Frankfurter 
or sausage in it.

727
00:28:50,733 --> 00:28:52,500
And basically you start out,

728
00:28:52,500 --> 00:28:54,433
you put some soup 
vegetables together,

729
00:28:54,433 --> 00:28:57,933
some celery, some 
onion, some carrots,

730
00:28:57,933 --> 00:29:00,266
saute 'em around, tomato paste,

731
00:29:00,266 --> 00:29:03,200
then add a little bit of 
wine in there, green lentils,

732
00:29:03,200 --> 00:29:05,466
put the sausage in at the end,

733
00:29:05,466 --> 00:29:08,366
and just a little bit of 
vinegar that goes in at the end,

734
00:29:08,366 --> 00:29:11,100
with a little bit of 
potato in there as well.

735
00:29:11,100 --> 00:29:13,866
And that was always one 
of my favorites as a kid.

736
00:29:13,866 --> 00:29:15,300
- You know, Tim,

737
00:29:15,300 --> 00:29:18,066
I'm not trying to influence 
the panel at all, but-

738
00:29:18,066 --> 00:29:18,966
(laughter drowns out Jack)

739
00:29:18,966 --> 00:29:20,133
Should go with-

740
00:29:20,133 --> 00:29:21,400
(laughter drowns out Jack)

741
00:29:21,400 --> 00:29:22,633
- That's a wiener.

742
00:29:22,633 --> 00:29:25,233
(panelists laughing)

743
00:29:25,233 --> 00:29:27,700
- So I'm not criticizing 
your creation,

744
00:29:27,700 --> 00:29:29,366
I'm just, you know,

745
00:29:29,366 --> 00:29:30,933
making a comment.

746
00:29:30,933 --> 00:29:33,000
Kevin, what'd you bring us?

747
00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:34,766
- So tonight I brought 
in a bruschetta.

748
00:29:34,766 --> 00:29:36,300
It's a lentil bruschetta.

749
00:29:36,300 --> 00:29:38,466
We have two different 
kinds of lentils.

750
00:29:38,466 --> 00:29:42,600
I included both a small green 
as well as a red lentil.

751
00:29:42,600 --> 00:29:46,533
And we just cooked those 
on the stove by themselves

752
00:29:46,533 --> 00:29:47,466
and then added them in.

753
00:29:47,466 --> 00:29:49,433
It's a very colorful dish.

754
00:29:49,433 --> 00:29:50,633
It goes on bread.

755
00:29:50,633 --> 00:29:53,366
You can see this picture 
there on the screen.

756
00:29:53,366 --> 00:29:55,966
It has tomatoes, basal, 
feta cheese, avocado,

757
00:29:55,966 --> 00:29:59,166
a little olive oil to 
help spread the flavors

758
00:29:59,166 --> 00:30:00,566
through the dish.

759
00:30:00,566 --> 00:30:02,700
It's a very simple 
dish to put together.

760
00:30:02,700 --> 00:30:05,333
- It looks delicious.

761
00:30:05,333 --> 00:30:06,566
You know,

762
00:30:06,566 --> 00:30:10,200
I know that you have 
specialized in cooking

763
00:30:10,200 --> 00:30:12,200
with a lot of 
different pulse crops.

764
00:30:12,200 --> 00:30:16,633
Because we have a coffee at 
the department every year;

765
00:30:16,633 --> 00:30:19,400
and when Kevin's lab comes,

766
00:30:19,400 --> 00:30:23,233
it's strictly various 
different kinds of chickpeas,

767
00:30:23,233 --> 00:30:25,200
every different 
preparation that you,

768
00:30:25,200 --> 00:30:26,433
and it's all delicious.

769
00:30:26,433 --> 00:30:29,133
So my compliments to 
you and your wife too.

770
00:30:29,133 --> 00:30:30,633
- So I thought I 
was gonna make...

771
00:30:30,633 --> 00:30:33,966
So, like, I have international 
students within the project.

772
00:30:33,966 --> 00:30:38,933
They always bring something 
traditional to their background.

773
00:30:38,933 --> 00:30:40,533
But I certainly have to pass on

774
00:30:40,533 --> 00:30:42,566
an awful lot of congratulations

775
00:30:42,566 --> 00:30:43,800
and thank you to my wife

776
00:30:43,800 --> 00:30:46,100
for putting a lot of 
this together, she's...

777
00:30:46,100 --> 00:30:47,333
In fact, with the lentils,

778
00:30:47,333 --> 00:30:51,333
she put together a 
lentil cookbook for a,

779
00:30:51,333 --> 00:30:53,133
or actually it's 
for my mom's boss

780
00:30:53,133 --> 00:30:55,333
who had some health challenges

781
00:30:55,333 --> 00:30:57,900
and needed to have something 
with pulse crops in 'em.

782
00:30:57,900 --> 00:31:00,633
So they have a, a lot of value.

783
00:31:00,633 --> 00:31:01,566
- [Jack] Good.

784
00:31:01,566 --> 00:31:02,766
And, Mary, it's up to you.

785
00:31:02,766 --> 00:31:06,066
I think what you brought 
was chickpea pasta.

786
00:31:06,066 --> 00:31:09,800
- I brought a lentil 
bolognese sauce

787
00:31:09,800 --> 00:31:11,833
on chickpea pasta.

788
00:31:11,833 --> 00:31:15,500
So I used a small brown 
lentil, paridna lentil,

789
00:31:15,500 --> 00:31:17,333
from Timeless Seeds,

790
00:31:17,333 --> 00:31:19,466
and that's in Chester, Montana,

791
00:31:19,466 --> 00:31:20,900
they're organic.

792
00:31:20,900 --> 00:31:23,700
And then the chickpea 
pasta is produced by Banza,

793
00:31:23,700 --> 00:31:25,966
but the chickpeas are 
grown in Montana, again,

794
00:31:25,966 --> 00:31:27,866
in a similar area of the state.

795
00:31:29,066 --> 00:31:30,633
- [Jack] And is it really good?

796
00:31:30,633 --> 00:31:32,033
- [Mary] I hope so.

797
00:31:32,033 --> 00:31:33,600
It's vegan, I put,

798
00:31:33,600 --> 00:31:35,433
except for the Parmesan cheese.

799
00:31:35,433 --> 00:31:37,966
And there's lots of 
wine in it, so it may...

800
00:31:37,966 --> 00:31:38,966
- [Jack] Well, it 
can't be all bad.

801
00:31:38,966 --> 00:31:40,233
- [Mary] Yeah.

802
00:31:40,233 --> 00:31:43,133
- So, honestly, folks 
out there in TV land,

803
00:31:43,133 --> 00:31:44,800
I'm not trying to buy votes.

804
00:31:44,800 --> 00:31:46,033
(panelists laughing)

805
00:31:46,033 --> 00:31:49,300
However, if the 
elk burger chickpea

806
00:31:49,300 --> 00:31:52,433
or lentil soup won,

807
00:31:52,433 --> 00:31:56,400
I do have my second 
favorite beer, brew here,

808
00:31:56,400 --> 00:31:58,100
it's called lentil beer.

809
00:31:58,100 --> 00:32:01,033
It comes to us from 
Rebellion Brewing Company

810
00:32:01,033 --> 00:32:03,266
up in Regina, Saskatchewan.

811
00:32:03,266 --> 00:32:06,200
A good friend of 
ours, Charlie Cahill,

812
00:32:06,200 --> 00:32:09,433
up in Scobey arranged 
to get this down here.

813
00:32:09,433 --> 00:32:12,100
And Charlie is big in 
the chickpea industry.

814
00:32:12,100 --> 00:32:13,333
He is one of the pioneers

815
00:32:13,333 --> 00:32:14,900
up in the northeast 
part of the state.

816
00:32:14,900 --> 00:32:16,366
I say chickpea, he 
started with chickpeas,

817
00:32:16,366 --> 00:32:18,833
but he does all 
pulses right now,

818
00:32:18,833 --> 00:32:22,333
provides a lot of seed for 
northeast part of Montana.

819
00:32:22,333 --> 00:32:24,533
I thank him for bringing 
down the lentil beer.

820
00:32:24,533 --> 00:32:27,166
And should I happen to win,

821
00:32:27,166 --> 00:32:29,366
I think we could 
split up a few beers

822
00:32:29,366 --> 00:32:30,566
here this evening.

823
00:32:30,566 --> 00:32:32,700
(panelists laughing)

824
00:32:32,700 --> 00:32:34,666
So with that, any comments?

825
00:32:34,666 --> 00:32:36,633
If not, we're gonna judge this

826
00:32:36,633 --> 00:32:38,400
with five minutes 
left in the show.

827
00:32:38,400 --> 00:32:39,866
Stay tuned.

828
00:32:39,866 --> 00:32:40,866
They're gonna converse

829
00:32:40,866 --> 00:32:43,466
on which ones they like best

830
00:32:43,466 --> 00:32:45,700
and we'll announce the 
winner at that time.

831
00:32:45,700 --> 00:32:48,200
And the winner gives some 
kind of special prize,

832
00:32:48,200 --> 00:32:50,400
like a trip to 
Honduras, I believe.

833
00:32:50,400 --> 00:32:51,233
Wasn't that...

834
00:32:51,233 --> 00:32:52,066
(panelists laughing)

835
00:32:52,066 --> 00:32:53,333
I guess that's not true.

836
00:32:53,333 --> 00:32:56,066
Okay, let's move on to 
some questions here.

837
00:32:56,066 --> 00:32:57,333
Dylan, a caller,

838
00:32:57,333 --> 00:32:59,533
asks how to start 
growing water crest

839
00:32:59,533 --> 00:33:02,133
in his warm water slew?

840
00:33:02,133 --> 00:33:03,533
Why would you wanna do that?

841
00:33:05,000 --> 00:33:08,600
- I do not know how to 
grow water crest, yeah.

842
00:33:10,233 --> 00:33:11,066
Do you know?

843
00:33:12,433 --> 00:33:14,666
- I think I just buy it 
at the grocery store.

844
00:33:15,800 --> 00:33:17,700
- I've never tried 
growing it personally.

845
00:33:17,700 --> 00:33:21,666
- First of all, I think 
it's probably too cold

846
00:33:21,666 --> 00:33:23,800
to grow it around this 
part of the country

847
00:33:23,800 --> 00:33:25,666
even in a warm water slew.

848
00:33:25,666 --> 00:33:27,266
- [Mary] Maybe he has 
a hot springs slew.

849
00:33:27,266 --> 00:33:28,500
- Well, that's true.

850
00:33:28,500 --> 00:33:29,800
We do have some 
hot springs here.

851
00:33:31,400 --> 00:33:32,866
From Laurel.

852
00:33:32,866 --> 00:33:35,766
This person has a weed growing 
in his potatoes last year

853
00:33:35,766 --> 00:33:38,700
that was a vine 
with a spike on it.

854
00:33:38,700 --> 00:33:40,133
When it dried out,

855
00:33:40,133 --> 00:33:42,766
it cut him while 
harvesting his potatoes.

856
00:33:42,766 --> 00:33:44,533
Any idea what it is, Tim?

857
00:33:44,533 --> 00:33:47,800
I don't- 
- I think maybe puncturevine.

858
00:33:47,800 --> 00:33:48,833
- [Jack] Good point.

859
00:33:48,833 --> 00:33:51,300
- Also called goat's head.

860
00:33:51,300 --> 00:33:52,500
If you look up puncturevine

861
00:33:52,500 --> 00:33:54,933
or goat's head on 
the internet, it's...

862
00:33:54,933 --> 00:33:56,933
Yeah, you see it around,

863
00:33:56,933 --> 00:33:58,600
you see it around 
in the warmer parts

864
00:33:58,600 --> 00:34:02,433
of the Yellowstone Valley 
all the way out to Sidney.

865
00:34:02,433 --> 00:34:05,666
And it's common and flat, 
has a yellow flower.

866
00:34:05,666 --> 00:34:09,000
It has a compound leaf, a 
pinnately compound leaf,

867
00:34:09,000 --> 00:34:11,466
kind of looks like 
a legume leaf.

868
00:34:11,466 --> 00:34:12,900
And then you'll 
have these really,

869
00:34:12,900 --> 00:34:15,300
really sharp seed 
úheads that are...

870
00:34:15,300 --> 00:34:18,300
And they're called goat's 
heads. And if you look at 'em,

871
00:34:18,300 --> 00:34:20,666
they do look like 
the head of a goat.

872
00:34:20,666 --> 00:34:22,200
So if he wants to go out,

873
00:34:22,200 --> 00:34:24,400
he might find one 
that's still out there.

874
00:34:24,400 --> 00:34:25,600
But, yeah, puncturevine.

875
00:34:25,600 --> 00:34:27,466
Tractor tires, 
lots of equipment,

876
00:34:27,466 --> 00:34:29,000
they could be pretty difficult-

877
00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:30,266
- As I recall,

878
00:34:30,266 --> 00:34:32,100
that's primarily in 
the warmer parts of-

879
00:34:32,100 --> 00:34:35,666
- Yep, it's a really, it's a 
warm season weed down further.

880
00:34:35,666 --> 00:34:38,533
Really we're kind of at the 
northern distribution of it.

881
00:34:39,466 --> 00:34:41,000
As you go into California,

882
00:34:41,000 --> 00:34:42,833
as you get down into some 
of the other agriculture,

883
00:34:42,833 --> 00:34:44,266
it's really common.

884
00:34:44,266 --> 00:34:45,733
- Okay.

885
00:34:45,733 --> 00:34:48,533
From Scobey, and this may 
be Charlie calling in:

886
00:34:50,233 --> 00:34:54,433
"Is there any new seed 
treatments for pulse crops?"

887
00:34:54,433 --> 00:34:56,800
- There are quite a 
few on the market.

888
00:34:56,800 --> 00:35:00,700
Most of them will 
have a combination of 
active ingredients.

889
00:35:00,700 --> 00:35:03,133
And in a cold, wet spring,

890
00:35:03,133 --> 00:35:06,000
you're gonna wanna use 
something containing metalaxyl

891
00:35:06,000 --> 00:35:09,433
or mefenoxam for 
pythium root rot.

892
00:35:09,433 --> 00:35:13,166
In areas that have 
aphanomyces root rot.

893
00:35:13,166 --> 00:35:15,833
You could use 
ethaboxam, but it's not,

894
00:35:15,833 --> 00:35:20,066
the disease is not active 
until the soil's warm,

895
00:35:20,066 --> 00:35:21,900
so it's your personal choice,

896
00:35:21,900 --> 00:35:25,600
but there's no consistent 
yield benefit of that product.

897
00:35:25,600 --> 00:35:26,833
And then you wanna use something

898
00:35:26,833 --> 00:35:30,200
with activity against 
the fusariums for sure.

899
00:35:30,200 --> 00:35:32,033
And those seed treatments 
will last, you know,

900
00:35:32,033 --> 00:35:34,200
three weeks after planting or so

901
00:35:34,200 --> 00:35:37,733
and then it's kind of up 
to the crop establishment.

902
00:35:37,733 --> 00:35:40,133
- And you definitely 
should be using them.

903
00:35:40,133 --> 00:35:41,433
- Absolutely.

904
00:35:41,433 --> 00:35:44,333
It is not recommended 
to go without one,

905
00:35:44,333 --> 00:35:46,133
especially on chickpea.

906
00:35:46,133 --> 00:35:48,800
And if you're trying 
to grow organically,

907
00:35:48,800 --> 00:35:50,400
you need to wait a while,

908
00:35:50,400 --> 00:35:53,466
like puncture weed makes 
you wait a while sometimes,

909
00:35:54,866 --> 00:35:57,600
till those soils are, 
you know, 45, 50 degrees.

910
00:35:57,600 --> 00:35:58,633
- At least. 
- At least.

911
00:35:58,633 --> 00:35:59,866
- Yeah. Yeah.

912
00:35:59,866 --> 00:36:01,166
- And there's some 
really good data

913
00:36:01,166 --> 00:36:02,633
from Michael Wunsch 
out of Carrington

914
00:36:02,633 --> 00:36:05,366
about soil temperature 
and yield of pulse crops.

915
00:36:05,366 --> 00:36:08,100
So if you look at the 
Carrington website,

916
00:36:08,100 --> 00:36:09,533
you can find that information.

917
00:36:09,533 --> 00:36:10,733
- You know, that's interesting

918
00:36:10,733 --> 00:36:12,466
because I've always 
been told you plant peas

919
00:36:12,466 --> 00:36:14,066
as early as you can get in.

920
00:36:14,066 --> 00:36:15,000
- [Mary] You do.

921
00:36:15,000 --> 00:36:17,400
- But lentils and chickpeas,

922
00:36:17,400 --> 00:36:18,333
you need warmer soil.

923
00:36:18,333 --> 00:36:19,400
- I believe lentils, too,

924
00:36:19,400 --> 00:36:22,066
you go as early as you can.

925
00:36:22,066 --> 00:36:23,566
But chickpeas,

926
00:36:23,566 --> 00:36:24,833
especially if you're gonna 
try to grow organically,

927
00:36:24,833 --> 00:36:27,366
you're gonna lose 'em if 
the soils are too cold,

928
00:36:27,366 --> 00:36:29,366
especially the Kabulis.

929
00:36:29,366 --> 00:36:30,200
- All right.

930
00:36:31,700 --> 00:36:35,066
Got a couple questions here 
that have been piling up,

931
00:36:35,066 --> 00:36:36,666
one is from Missoula.

932
00:36:38,433 --> 00:36:43,133
They see that you can purchase 
chickpea flour to bake with,

933
00:36:43,133 --> 00:36:46,900
does it bake well or does it 
need some gluten added to it

934
00:36:46,900 --> 00:36:49,533
to make breads or so forth?

935
00:36:50,700 --> 00:36:55,600
- So with the chickpea 
flour, it can be cooked.

936
00:36:55,600 --> 00:36:57,600
I think the pasta that 
that Mary brought in

937
00:36:57,600 --> 00:36:59,233
is 100% chickpea flour,

938
00:36:59,233 --> 00:37:02,700
so it can be used straight.

939
00:37:02,700 --> 00:37:07,266
Oftentimes it is in a 
blend with a cereal grain

940
00:37:07,266 --> 00:37:11,466
to give it the proteins 
that are necessary

941
00:37:11,466 --> 00:37:13,566
for the bread making.

942
00:37:13,566 --> 00:37:15,166
- Okay.

943
00:37:15,166 --> 00:37:16,333
Tim,

944
00:37:16,333 --> 00:37:17,766
and this is an 
interesting question

945
00:37:17,766 --> 00:37:19,966
because it's one I've 
always been fascinated with.

946
00:37:19,966 --> 00:37:21,966
We do have resistance to kochia,

947
00:37:21,966 --> 00:37:23,566
which is a major weed.

948
00:37:23,566 --> 00:37:26,300
And this person 
from the Sidney area

949
00:37:26,300 --> 00:37:30,966
would like to know what's 
new in resistance to kochia

950
00:37:30,966 --> 00:37:32,466
here in the State of Montana.

951
00:37:32,466 --> 00:37:35,466
- Yeah, so kochia is a tough 
weed actually to manage

952
00:37:35,466 --> 00:37:36,400
in pulse crops.

953
00:37:36,400 --> 00:37:37,566
It's a broadly-leaf weed.

954
00:37:37,566 --> 00:37:39,066
Kevin mentioned earlier,

955
00:37:39,066 --> 00:37:43,433
you can control grassy weeds 
quite well in pulse crops

956
00:37:43,433 --> 00:37:45,266
when you don't have resistance.

957
00:37:45,266 --> 00:37:47,633
Broad-leaf weeds are 
harder in pulse crops.

958
00:37:47,633 --> 00:37:50,266
And we have a smaller 
suite of herbicides

959
00:37:50,266 --> 00:37:52,600
that are used in pulse crops.

960
00:37:52,600 --> 00:37:56,966
And then so in Northeastern 
Montana and parts of Montana,

961
00:37:56,966 --> 00:37:59,900
we have increased 
resistance in kochia,

962
00:37:59,900 --> 00:38:03,700
so the kochia was killed 
with a herbicide before

963
00:38:03,700 --> 00:38:07,133
and now it doesn't because 
it's evolved resistance.

964
00:38:07,133 --> 00:38:10,033
And this year in 
Southern Alberta,

965
00:38:10,033 --> 00:38:13,500
Southern Saskatchewan 
and Western North Dakota,

966
00:38:15,266 --> 00:38:17,100
they documented resistance

967
00:38:17,966 --> 00:38:19,900
to a herbicide called Sharpen.

968
00:38:19,900 --> 00:38:22,100
And Sharpen is a really 
important herbicide

969
00:38:22,100 --> 00:38:23,766
that pulse producers use

970
00:38:26,200 --> 00:38:27,966
before planting their pulses.

971
00:38:27,966 --> 00:38:32,033
And so that's a thing to keep 
our eye out for in Montana.

972
00:38:32,033 --> 00:38:34,800
And I'd like to hear about 
instances if we have it.

973
00:38:34,800 --> 00:38:37,933
And I'd be happy to 
work with producers who,

974
00:38:37,933 --> 00:38:41,533
as we try to do a better 
job of managing that kochia.

975
00:38:41,533 --> 00:38:43,000
I think as we go along,

976
00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:45,900
kochia is gonna get more 
and more difficult to manage

977
00:38:45,900 --> 00:38:48,166
in our pulse crops 
and in fallow,

978
00:38:48,166 --> 00:38:50,500
especially in the lower 
part of the state.

979
00:38:50,500 --> 00:38:54,333
- How widespread is kochia 
resistance in Montana?

980
00:38:54,333 --> 00:38:56,033
- It depends on where you are

981
00:38:56,033 --> 00:38:57,400
and in what system you are.

982
00:38:57,400 --> 00:38:59,100
As you go down the 
Yellowstone Valley,

983
00:38:59,100 --> 00:39:01,933
you have so much 
glyphosate-resistant kochia

984
00:39:01,933 --> 00:39:03,633
because of Roundup 
Ready sugar beets,

985
00:39:03,633 --> 00:39:05,800
Roundup Ready alfalfa.

986
00:39:05,800 --> 00:39:07,500
In different parts of the state,

987
00:39:07,500 --> 00:39:10,933
you have a lot of resistance 
to group two herbicides

988
00:39:10,933 --> 00:39:13,466
and there's 
increasing resistance

989
00:39:13,466 --> 00:39:16,733
to group four 
herbicides like 2,4-D,

990
00:39:16,733 --> 00:39:19,800
fluroxypry, things like that.

991
00:39:19,800 --> 00:39:24,300
Canada did a survey 
just recently,

992
00:39:24,300 --> 00:39:28,000
and I think they showed 
about 45% of populations

993
00:39:28,000 --> 00:39:29,833
are resistant to glyphosate;

994
00:39:29,833 --> 00:39:33,900
and I think 10 to 15% 
were resistant to dicamba,

995
00:39:33,900 --> 00:39:35,266
the group two herbicides,

996
00:39:35,266 --> 00:39:36,500
and glyphosate.

997
00:39:36,500 --> 00:39:40,200
And now we add Sharpen 
resistance on top of it.

998
00:39:40,200 --> 00:39:43,200
So it's a tough situation.

999
00:39:43,200 --> 00:39:45,066
- Yeah, that doesn't 
sound real good.

1000
00:39:46,566 --> 00:39:47,833
Interesting question.

1001
00:39:49,866 --> 00:39:51,300
Abi, this one I'll throw to you.

1002
00:39:51,300 --> 00:39:53,266
Sydney, Australia.

1003
00:39:53,266 --> 00:39:56,100
Rhubarb grower had success

1004
00:39:56,100 --> 00:39:59,033
during a recent hot 
and dry summer season

1005
00:39:59,033 --> 00:40:03,566
and wondered whether their next 
summer crop would be as good

1006
00:40:03,566 --> 00:40:04,800
or whether the hot,

1007
00:40:04,800 --> 00:40:07,600
dry previous season 
would cause issues

1008
00:40:07,600 --> 00:40:09,100
in growing the next crop.

1009
00:40:09,100 --> 00:40:12,300
And the question 
is from Bozeman,

1010
00:40:12,300 --> 00:40:15,433
a father from his 
Sydney-based daughter.

1011
00:40:15,433 --> 00:40:17,066
- Okay.

1012
00:40:17,066 --> 00:40:19,900
So I would say, you 
know, as long...

1013
00:40:19,900 --> 00:40:21,900
So the question was if the hot,

1014
00:40:21,900 --> 00:40:23,500
dry season is gonna 
impact this year?

1015
00:40:23,500 --> 00:40:25,000
- This year, yeah. 
- Yeah.

1016
00:40:25,000 --> 00:40:27,600
And, you know, if you 
keep up with irrigation

1017
00:40:27,600 --> 00:40:30,200
and make sure that 
you have good soil,

1018
00:40:30,200 --> 00:40:31,733
add some compost

1019
00:40:31,733 --> 00:40:34,700
so it helps kind of the water 
holding capacity of this soil,

1020
00:40:34,700 --> 00:40:36,633
it should be just fine.

1021
00:40:36,633 --> 00:40:38,833
I wouldn't worry 
too much about that.

1022
00:40:38,833 --> 00:40:39,866
- Okay. Thank you.

1023
00:40:41,000 --> 00:40:42,266
Question from Florence.

1024
00:40:42,266 --> 00:40:44,966
We don't get a lot of 
questions from Florence.

1025
00:40:44,966 --> 00:40:47,500
Are pulses part of the 
Mediterranean diet?

1026
00:40:49,566 --> 00:40:50,733
- 100%, yes.

1027
00:40:50,733 --> 00:40:53,300
Yeah, the Mediterranean diet

1028
00:40:53,300 --> 00:40:56,833
consumes a lot of lentils

1029
00:40:56,833 --> 00:40:58,766
as well as some chickpeas.

1030
00:40:58,766 --> 00:41:01,833
Peas are not as as popular 
in that diet or that region,

1031
00:41:01,833 --> 00:41:06,600
but the lentils are 
probably consumed daily

1032
00:41:06,600 --> 00:41:08,933
and maybe multiple 
times during the day,

1033
00:41:08,933 --> 00:41:11,133
and chickpeas very close behind.

1034
00:41:11,133 --> 00:41:13,266
So, yes, they are.

1035
00:41:13,266 --> 00:41:14,633
- You know, we're seeing

1036
00:41:14,633 --> 00:41:17,300
more and more chickpeas 
in restaurants.

1037
00:41:17,300 --> 00:41:18,933
And pulse crops in general,

1038
00:41:18,933 --> 00:41:21,366
you're seeing more of their use

1039
00:41:21,366 --> 00:41:23,200
in various different dishes

1040
00:41:23,200 --> 00:41:24,333
in a variety of restaurants,

1041
00:41:24,333 --> 00:41:25,800
which I think is good.

1042
00:41:25,800 --> 00:41:27,033
It's good for the growers

1043
00:41:27,033 --> 00:41:28,033
here in the State of Montana

1044
00:41:28,033 --> 00:41:28,966
especially 'cause-

1045
00:41:28,966 --> 00:41:30,100
- In school lunches, too,

1046
00:41:30,100 --> 00:41:30,933
you see it. 
- In school lunches.

1047
00:41:30,933 --> 00:41:32,433
I didn't know that.

1048
00:41:32,433 --> 00:41:33,533
And the kids are eating them?

1049
00:41:33,533 --> 00:41:34,533
- Oh yeah.

1050
00:41:34,533 --> 00:41:36,400
- Okay, I'm just checking.

1051
00:41:36,400 --> 00:41:37,400
- All right.

1052
00:41:39,500 --> 00:41:42,866
Question about exporting again.

1053
00:41:44,033 --> 00:41:45,533
You mentioned a large portion

1054
00:41:45,533 --> 00:41:47,566
were exported for a 
long period of time

1055
00:41:47,566 --> 00:41:49,600
and now that's dropped off.

1056
00:41:49,600 --> 00:41:51,466
Do you anticipate seeing

1057
00:41:52,533 --> 00:41:54,533
the export market increase again

1058
00:41:54,533 --> 00:41:55,500
for pulse crops?

1059
00:41:57,633 --> 00:41:59,900
- I guess I'm not sure 
how to predict that.

1060
00:41:59,900 --> 00:42:04,500
A lot of it depends on the 
trade barriers, tariffs,

1061
00:42:04,500 --> 00:42:06,533
agreements between countries

1062
00:42:06,533 --> 00:42:10,433
with regard to how those 
export markets move and shift.

1063
00:42:10,433 --> 00:42:13,566
And I don't know the 
ins and outs of that.

1064
00:42:13,566 --> 00:42:16,533
It would be nice if those 
markets did come back.

1065
00:42:16,533 --> 00:42:20,033
It would increase the 
demand for these crops

1066
00:42:20,033 --> 00:42:21,400
in our cropping systems

1067
00:42:21,400 --> 00:42:24,600
and certainly benefit 
the producers,

1068
00:42:24,600 --> 00:42:28,400
expand the acres and 
benefit them in that way.

1069
00:42:28,400 --> 00:42:30,600
But how soon that will happen,

1070
00:42:30,600 --> 00:42:33,266
I wouldn't wouldn't 
even hazard to guess.

1071
00:42:33,266 --> 00:42:34,500
- Okay

1072
00:42:34,500 --> 00:42:36,433
Yeah, it's hard to 
predict markets,

1073
00:42:36,433 --> 00:42:38,366
there's no doubt about it.

1074
00:42:38,366 --> 00:42:39,200
Comments.

1075
00:42:39,200 --> 00:42:40,433
And by the way, folks,

1076
00:42:40,433 --> 00:42:43,466
we do recommend that 
you comment on things.

1077
00:42:43,466 --> 00:42:47,533
We will issue or air those 
comments whenever we get 'em.

1078
00:42:47,533 --> 00:42:49,700
But we did have a 
comment tonight,

1079
00:42:49,700 --> 00:42:52,233
both from Ennis and Missoula,

1080
00:42:52,233 --> 00:42:55,333
callers that rose to the 
defense of local water crest

1081
00:42:55,333 --> 00:42:56,566
and said,

1082
00:42:56,566 --> 00:42:58,600
"Water crest is a 
native Montana plant,"

1083
00:42:58,600 --> 00:43:02,166
and callers find it very 
tasty and recommend it.

1084
00:43:02,166 --> 00:43:05,233
Your job is to find out, 
next time you're on,

1085
00:43:05,233 --> 00:43:07,066
more about water crest. 
- Yeah, I will.

1086
00:43:07,066 --> 00:43:08,466
- And we'll see what we can do

1087
00:43:08,466 --> 00:43:09,666
about answering those questions.

1088
00:43:09,666 --> 00:43:10,766
- Yeah, absolutely.

1089
00:43:10,766 --> 00:43:11,633
- Okay- 
- So when we mean

1090
00:43:11,633 --> 00:43:13,233
local water crest,

1091
00:43:13,233 --> 00:43:15,000
they are referring to cardamine,

1092
00:43:15,000 --> 00:43:16,233
the genus cardamine.

1093
00:43:16,233 --> 00:43:18,733
They can answer back 
in if they'd like to.

1094
00:43:18,733 --> 00:43:21,166
That's an intriguing question.

1095
00:43:21,166 --> 00:43:22,400
- Okay.

1096
00:43:22,400 --> 00:43:24,666
So we have some things 
to do our homework with.

1097
00:43:24,666 --> 00:43:25,866
- Yep. 
- Okay.

1098
00:43:28,200 --> 00:43:31,866
Do people use as many 
pesticides on pulse crops?

1099
00:43:31,866 --> 00:43:34,366
It doesn't say where that 
question came from, but-

1100
00:43:36,233 --> 00:43:38,466
- As many by what comparison?

1101
00:43:38,466 --> 00:43:39,533
I'm curious. 
- Well, that's

1102
00:43:39,533 --> 00:43:40,966
a good question.

1103
00:43:40,966 --> 00:43:43,800
Say compared to traditional 
wheat-barley rotation,

1104
00:43:43,800 --> 00:43:46,333
do we use a lot of 
pesticides on 'em?

1105
00:43:46,333 --> 00:43:49,166
- There's this perception that 
farmers wanna use pesticides.

1106
00:43:49,166 --> 00:43:51,400
And I think they use 
as little as possible

1107
00:43:51,400 --> 00:43:54,166
because they don't wanna 
drive across the field

1108
00:43:54,166 --> 00:43:57,633
and spend the diesel and 
pay for the pesticide,

1109
00:43:57,633 --> 00:44:00,566
so they're going over 
as little as possible

1110
00:44:00,566 --> 00:44:03,300
probably pre-plant and 
conventional systems

1111
00:44:03,300 --> 00:44:04,933
to control the weeds.

1112
00:44:07,066 --> 00:44:09,500
I don't know if there are 
any in-crop herbicides.

1113
00:44:10,500 --> 00:44:12,233
- Yeah, people use the...

1114
00:44:12,233 --> 00:44:13,733
Maybe not like wheat and barley.

1115
00:44:13,733 --> 00:44:16,333
We use in-crop herbicide 
in wheat and barley.

1116
00:44:16,333 --> 00:44:19,200
Usually as the pulse crop 
is growing in the field,

1117
00:44:19,200 --> 00:44:21,800
there is less 
in-crop weed control

1118
00:44:21,800 --> 00:44:26,366
with maybe a pre-harvest 
weed control somewhere

1119
00:44:27,600 --> 00:44:28,533
at a later point. 
- And, like,

1120
00:44:28,533 --> 00:44:29,800
chickpeas might use a fungicide

1121
00:44:29,800 --> 00:44:31,200
for ascochyta in wet year;

1122
00:44:31,200 --> 00:44:33,233
but lentils and peas, 
very, very rarely.

1123
00:44:33,233 --> 00:44:34,766
- I was gonna comment 
on that as well,

1124
00:44:34,766 --> 00:44:37,800
that the fungicides 
for disease control

1125
00:44:39,833 --> 00:44:42,133
would say that it's 
less on the pulse crops

1126
00:44:42,133 --> 00:44:44,633
than in many of the other 
crops that are out there.

1127
00:44:44,633 --> 00:44:46,233
Primarily it's gonna 
be the herbicides

1128
00:44:46,233 --> 00:44:47,800
that we've just discussed.

1129
00:44:47,800 --> 00:44:49,700
- Okay. Thank you.

1130
00:44:49,700 --> 00:44:52,566
Mary from Lewistown.

1131
00:44:52,566 --> 00:44:53,800
This us good question.

1132
00:44:53,800 --> 00:44:56,100
This is a year that 
we might consider.

1133
00:44:56,100 --> 00:44:58,633
Are we gonna have an 
issue with snow mold?

1134
00:44:58,633 --> 00:44:59,900
- [Mary] Oh yeah.

1135
00:44:59,900 --> 00:45:01,466
- [Jack] Oh yeah.

1136
00:45:01,466 --> 00:45:02,400
A lot of different places.

1137
00:45:02,400 --> 00:45:04,233
- On winter wheat, for sure.

1138
00:45:04,233 --> 00:45:08,166
And then so anywhere 
where you get snow

1139
00:45:09,366 --> 00:45:12,066
sitting on a grass 
over three months,

1140
00:45:12,066 --> 00:45:13,200
you're gonna get snow mold.

1141
00:45:13,200 --> 00:45:15,733
So all the lawns this spring,

1142
00:45:15,733 --> 00:45:17,666
you're gonna have dead patches.

1143
00:45:17,666 --> 00:45:21,333
Just rake out the dead 
bits and let it grow back.

1144
00:45:21,333 --> 00:45:22,633
And then winter wheat,

1145
00:45:22,633 --> 00:45:24,666
there's gonna be 
some loss, for sure.

1146
00:45:24,666 --> 00:45:25,566
- [Jack] Lawns too.

1147
00:45:25,566 --> 00:45:27,133
- Yes. 
- Absolutely.

1148
00:45:28,666 --> 00:45:30,466
Kevin, this is an 
interesting question

1149
00:45:30,466 --> 00:45:32,133
I've never thought about.

1150
00:45:32,133 --> 00:45:35,400
Are most post crop 
lines developed

1151
00:45:35,400 --> 00:45:37,200
by university researchers

1152
00:45:38,366 --> 00:45:41,266
or are there also 
industry people

1153
00:45:41,266 --> 00:45:44,533
that are developing peas, 
chickpeas, and lentils?

1154
00:45:44,533 --> 00:45:45,400
- Okay, sure.

1155
00:45:45,400 --> 00:45:46,300
Good question.

1156
00:45:47,400 --> 00:45:49,500
It is different 
depending on the crop.

1157
00:45:49,500 --> 00:45:54,500
With peas, there's a very active 
group of private companies,

1158
00:45:55,366 --> 00:45:57,300
both domestically here in the US

1159
00:45:57,300 --> 00:45:59,133
as well as internationally,

1160
00:45:59,133 --> 00:46:03,266
that are breeding peas 
for production in Montana

1161
00:46:03,266 --> 00:46:06,600
and the US production areas.

1162
00:46:06,600 --> 00:46:09,466
Lentils, for the 
greatest majority,

1163
00:46:09,466 --> 00:46:12,300
it is public institutions,

1164
00:46:12,300 --> 00:46:15,400
universities that 
are developing those.

1165
00:46:15,400 --> 00:46:19,266
Chickpeas kind of follow 
the same path as the lentil.

1166
00:46:19,266 --> 00:46:22,000
But there are a few 
companies I've heard

1167
00:46:22,000 --> 00:46:24,933
that are beginning to think 
about breeding for chickpeas.

1168
00:46:24,933 --> 00:46:28,400
- Is the chickpea 
acres increasing

1169
00:46:28,400 --> 00:46:29,933
in the Pacific Northwest,

1170
00:46:29,933 --> 00:46:31,500
specifically Montana?

1171
00:46:35,033 --> 00:46:36,666
- I don't believe that they're 
necessarily increasing,

1172
00:46:36,666 --> 00:46:38,933
but they're certainly 
very stable.

1173
00:46:38,933 --> 00:46:40,533
The Pacific Northwest,

1174
00:46:40,533 --> 00:46:43,733
if we looked to the western side

1175
00:46:43,733 --> 00:46:46,833
on the continental 
divide, the Montana,

1176
00:46:46,833 --> 00:46:50,400
or, sorry, the Idaho, 
Washington area,

1177
00:46:50,400 --> 00:46:52,366
the area there,

1178
00:46:52,366 --> 00:46:56,800
the chickpeas are part 
of the legume rotation,

1179
00:46:56,800 --> 00:46:59,200
but the primary crop 
is the cereal grain,

1180
00:46:59,200 --> 00:47:02,700
the wheats that they can 
really produce very well there.

1181
00:47:02,700 --> 00:47:05,200
So I think that the area 
there is very stable.

1182
00:47:05,200 --> 00:47:09,000
There is room within Montana, 
the continental area,

1183
00:47:09,000 --> 00:47:11,333
the continental climates 
that we have here

1184
00:47:11,333 --> 00:47:12,966
as well as in North Dakota.

1185
00:47:12,966 --> 00:47:17,966
If we can get a handle 
on ascochyta for 
disease resistance,

1186
00:47:17,966 --> 00:47:21,666
there's quite a large area 
potential for increase there.

1187
00:47:21,666 --> 00:47:26,300
- And then South Dakota and 
Nebraska and Kansas, right?

1188
00:47:26,300 --> 00:47:29,466
- They produce some in 
those three states as well.

1189
00:47:29,466 --> 00:47:31,200
They don't produce as much

1190
00:47:31,200 --> 00:47:35,266
as the potential may be there,

1191
00:47:35,266 --> 00:47:36,733
but they are working with it

1192
00:47:36,733 --> 00:47:38,566
and trying to establish

1193
00:47:38,566 --> 00:47:40,500
a good production 
system for those, yeah.

1194
00:47:40,500 --> 00:47:43,100
- And I kind of wanna revisit 
the pesticide question

1195
00:47:43,100 --> 00:47:45,400
and just say that pulses 
are very sensitive

1196
00:47:45,400 --> 00:47:47,433
to pesticide residual 
in export markets;

1197
00:47:47,433 --> 00:47:49,833
especially the European market

1198
00:47:49,833 --> 00:47:51,866
and glyphosate residual,

1199
00:47:51,866 --> 00:47:55,333
they'll get it rejected 
for herbicide residual.

1200
00:47:55,333 --> 00:47:57,900
So they watch labels 
very, very closely.

1201
00:47:57,900 --> 00:47:59,733
- Okay, thank you.

1202
00:47:59,733 --> 00:48:01,300
From Bozeman.

1203
00:48:01,300 --> 00:48:04,100
This person has a lot of 
dieback on their ash tree.

1204
00:48:04,100 --> 00:48:08,333
When is a good time to 
prune that out, Abi?

1205
00:48:08,333 --> 00:48:11,466
- With dieback, you 
wanna prune that out now.

1206
00:48:11,466 --> 00:48:13,666
Now is the really good time 
for pruning in general.

1207
00:48:13,666 --> 00:48:16,533
And you wanna cut 
back to the live wood.

1208
00:48:16,533 --> 00:48:17,766
And so, yeah,

1209
00:48:17,766 --> 00:48:20,800
I would start pruning 
back your dead parts

1210
00:48:20,800 --> 00:48:22,033
of your trees now

1211
00:48:22,033 --> 00:48:24,933
- [Mary] Do you wanna 
explain why we prune

1212
00:48:24,933 --> 00:48:26,166
while things are dormant?

1213
00:48:26,166 --> 00:48:27,700
- Yeah, that's a 
good point, Mary.

1214
00:48:27,700 --> 00:48:30,000
So, yeah, we wanna prune 
when things are dormant

1215
00:48:30,000 --> 00:48:34,000
because it reduces the 
likelihood of disease issues

1216
00:48:34,000 --> 00:48:36,866
and it also helps 
kind of increase

1217
00:48:36,866 --> 00:48:40,533
that vigorous growth when the 
spring gets here and yeah...

1218
00:48:40,533 --> 00:48:42,600
- You need to see 
everything better.

1219
00:48:42,600 --> 00:48:43,766
- Yeah, exactly.

1220
00:48:43,766 --> 00:48:45,000
You can see the 
structure of your tree

1221
00:48:45,000 --> 00:48:46,500
and you can, and, you know,

1222
00:48:46,500 --> 00:48:48,633
visualize what you want it 
to look like better too.

1223
00:48:48,633 --> 00:48:50,633
- It gives us such a 
feeling of accomplishment

1224
00:48:50,633 --> 00:48:51,900
actually to have pruned a tree.

1225
00:48:51,900 --> 00:48:53,366
- I love pruning. 
It's my favorite.

1226
00:48:53,366 --> 00:48:54,600
Definitely.

1227
00:48:54,600 --> 00:48:55,833
- Okay, I have a question here,

1228
00:48:55,833 --> 00:48:58,500
and then we're going to 
go to our taste panel

1229
00:48:58,500 --> 00:48:59,633
for the judges.

1230
00:48:59,633 --> 00:49:01,533
And remember, folks,

1231
00:49:01,533 --> 00:49:02,600
I do you have...

1232
00:49:02,600 --> 00:49:03,500
You know? Okay.

1233
00:49:04,366 --> 00:49:06,666
No influence there, but...

1234
00:49:08,100 --> 00:49:10,766
Kevin, what is the protein 
content, compared to wheat,

1235
00:49:10,766 --> 00:49:13,600
of most of the pulse crops?

1236
00:49:13,600 --> 00:49:16,500
- So protein content 
in all three,

1237
00:49:16,500 --> 00:49:18,233
the pea, lentil, and chickpea,

1238
00:49:18,233 --> 00:49:22,500
hover in that 20 to 25% range,

1239
00:49:22,500 --> 00:49:24,400
so it's often roughly 
twice what you would see

1240
00:49:24,400 --> 00:49:26,133
in a cereal grain.

1241
00:49:27,900 --> 00:49:32,700
And it really depends on 
the production region,

1242
00:49:32,700 --> 00:49:35,133
how well the crop grows, 
drought conditions.

1243
00:49:37,866 --> 00:49:39,533
The drought conditions 
or the amount of moisture

1244
00:49:39,533 --> 00:49:42,400
really impacts how 
much protein is there.

1245
00:49:42,400 --> 00:49:46,200
Lower moisture tends to give 
a higher protein content

1246
00:49:46,200 --> 00:49:47,733
and vice versa with that.

1247
00:49:47,733 --> 00:49:49,300
- All right.

1248
00:49:49,300 --> 00:49:52,166
We do have a comment 
here, and I'm not sure...

1249
00:49:52,166 --> 00:49:53,666
We'll try to do this.

1250
00:49:53,666 --> 00:49:57,433
A person from Helena asked 
if we will show the recipes

1251
00:49:57,433 --> 00:50:00,366
that we are utilizing 
this evening

1252
00:50:00,366 --> 00:50:03,200
with the viewing audience.

1253
00:50:03,200 --> 00:50:04,400
And we'll try to do that.

1254
00:50:04,400 --> 00:50:06,433
We'll see if we 
can't work that out.

1255
00:50:06,433 --> 00:50:09,766
But meanwhile, here we go.

1256
00:50:10,900 --> 00:50:12,000
Here we go.

1257
00:50:12,900 --> 00:50:14,733
Who is the winner?

1258
00:50:14,733 --> 00:50:16,266
- Well, first of all,

1259
00:50:16,266 --> 00:50:18,666
I have to say that all of 
these dishes were amazing.

1260
00:50:18,666 --> 00:50:19,500
We were all, I think,

1261
00:50:19,500 --> 00:50:20,700
really surprised

1262
00:50:20,700 --> 00:50:22,133
and impressed. 
- Very good.

1263
00:50:22,133 --> 00:50:25,300
- And I would like the recipes 
as well for all of them.

1264
00:50:25,300 --> 00:50:28,666
But the winner was 
unanimously decided upon.

1265
00:50:28,666 --> 00:50:30,833
- Yes. 
- And it was Abi's dish.

1266
00:50:30,833 --> 00:50:32,000
- [Abi] Oh, yay.

1267
00:50:32,000 --> 00:50:34,733
(group laughing)

1268
00:50:36,200 --> 00:50:37,966
- So, Abi. 
- Really nice spice level.

1269
00:50:37,966 --> 00:50:40,200
- Ooh, very cool.

1270
00:50:40,200 --> 00:50:41,500
- [Jack] And that 
is kind of nice.

1271
00:50:41,500 --> 00:50:43,200
- Yeah, that's really awesome.

1272
00:50:43,200 --> 00:50:44,666
My mom's gonna be proud of me,

1273
00:50:44,666 --> 00:50:46,733
so I'm excited.

1274
00:50:46,733 --> 00:50:49,533
- I saw them all carrying on 
eating it repeatedly, so yeah.

1275
00:50:49,533 --> 00:50:51,633
- Now, I hope you guys 
haven't eaten it all

1276
00:50:51,633 --> 00:50:54,933
because the rest of us would 
like to sample some of this

1277
00:50:54,933 --> 00:50:56,333
as- 
- Oh, yeah.

1278
00:50:56,333 --> 00:50:57,566
- We made a pretty 
good dent in it.

1279
00:50:57,566 --> 00:50:58,766
- We did make a good dent.

1280
00:50:58,766 --> 00:51:00,133
- So we have a couple 
other questions.

1281
00:51:00,133 --> 00:51:02,233
We got just a few 
moments left here.

1282
00:51:02,233 --> 00:51:03,766
- Oh, thank you.

1283
00:51:03,766 --> 00:51:07,600
- Tim, this person wants to 
know how to get rid of weeds

1284
00:51:07,600 --> 00:51:08,833
in asparagus.

1285
00:51:08,833 --> 00:51:10,766
- Ooh, weeds in asparagus.

1286
00:51:11,633 --> 00:51:14,933
I would either cut 'em all out

1287
00:51:14,933 --> 00:51:17,866
with like a stirrup 
hoe or something

1288
00:51:17,866 --> 00:51:19,133
really early in the...

1289
00:51:19,133 --> 00:51:21,400
Do it as soon as the 
weeds start to grow

1290
00:51:22,533 --> 00:51:25,700
and before the asparagus 
starts to germinate

1291
00:51:25,700 --> 00:51:27,766
or starts to grow for the year.

1292
00:51:27,766 --> 00:51:29,400
And I'd say go over the top.

1293
00:51:29,400 --> 00:51:30,800
You can also do it 
with glyphosate.

1294
00:51:30,800 --> 00:51:33,000
You can do it with a 
light bit of harrowing.

1295
00:51:33,000 --> 00:51:34,500
If you do it with the harrow,

1296
00:51:34,500 --> 00:51:35,733
you're probably gonna have 
to come back multiple times

1297
00:51:35,733 --> 00:51:36,566
and do it.

1298
00:51:36,566 --> 00:51:37,700
It'll be the chickweeds,

1299
00:51:37,700 --> 00:51:39,033
it'll be some cheatgrass,

1300
00:51:39,033 --> 00:51:41,666
it'll be those 
early-season weeds.

1301
00:51:42,900 --> 00:51:44,566
- Okay. 
- Do it soon.

1302
00:51:44,566 --> 00:51:47,033
- Well, you gotta 
let snow disappear.

1303
00:51:47,033 --> 00:51:48,300
- I know I'm too jumping too

1304
00:51:48,300 --> 00:51:49,766
but I'll wait for the 
snow to melt first.

1305
00:51:49,766 --> 00:51:52,266
- Yeah, we're all 
itching to get...

1306
00:51:52,266 --> 00:51:53,233
Yeah.

1307
00:51:53,233 --> 00:51:54,666
- Well, before the program,

1308
00:51:54,666 --> 00:51:56,866
and this is a question 
we were discussing.

1309
00:51:56,866 --> 00:51:58,600
Normally by this 
time of year, Mary,

1310
00:51:58,600 --> 00:52:02,466
we're planting barley 
in the Park City area,

1311
00:52:02,466 --> 00:52:05,033
Joliet, Fromberg area.

1312
00:52:05,033 --> 00:52:08,066
Is that gonna affect the 
yield by having a late spring

1313
00:52:08,066 --> 00:52:10,966
and planting probably a 
month later than normal?

1314
00:52:10,966 --> 00:52:12,233
- I believe it 
will affect yields,

1315
00:52:12,233 --> 00:52:13,666
but hopefully we get 
some good moisture.

1316
00:52:13,666 --> 00:52:15,766
We'll have good soil 
moisture for sure,

1317
00:52:15,766 --> 00:52:19,200
so we'll be mining that until 
the tap turns off and...

1318
00:52:19,200 --> 00:52:20,133
- Okay.

1319
00:52:20,133 --> 00:52:23,633
Question for Abi from Bozeman.

1320
00:52:23,633 --> 00:52:28,633
When is a good time to start 
your tomato seedlings or sets?

1321
00:52:30,000 --> 00:52:32,933
- Yeah, so if you're growing 
them in a greenhouse,

1322
00:52:32,933 --> 00:52:34,133
you can...

1323
00:52:34,133 --> 00:52:35,666
I'd probably start them 
in a couple of weeks

1324
00:52:35,666 --> 00:52:38,100
and aim for that, you know,

1325
00:52:38,100 --> 00:52:41,400
late May kind of 
planting in Bozeman.

1326
00:52:41,400 --> 00:52:42,800
But you can start...

1327
00:52:44,233 --> 00:52:47,400
I would probably start them 
by the end of this month.

1328
00:52:47,400 --> 00:52:48,233
- Okay. 
- Yeah.

1329
00:52:49,500 --> 00:52:52,600
- Mary, this person from 
Bozeman saw an article

1330
00:52:52,600 --> 00:52:54,966
about wheat disease 
in a local newspaper.

1331
00:52:56,200 --> 00:52:58,400
You wanna comment on 
what that contained?

1332
00:52:58,400 --> 00:52:59,900
- Yeah.

1333
00:52:59,900 --> 00:53:02,100
So Uta McKelvy, who's an 
Extension plant pathologist,

1334
00:53:02,100 --> 00:53:04,466
has been working on 
spore trapping in wheat

1335
00:53:04,466 --> 00:53:08,000
so we can predict disease 
and use less pesticides.

1336
00:53:08,000 --> 00:53:11,700
So that'll be entered 
into a national model

1337
00:53:11,700 --> 00:53:13,166
to help wheat growers

1338
00:53:13,166 --> 00:53:16,866
all across the US predict 
leaf diseases, rusts,

1339
00:53:16,866 --> 00:53:18,033
and other things.

1340
00:53:20,166 --> 00:53:24,200
- I mean, I've been away from 
it for a number of years.

1341
00:53:24,200 --> 00:53:25,433
Stripe rust.

1342
00:53:25,433 --> 00:53:27,233
Do you predict some 
stripe rust this year,

1343
00:53:27,233 --> 00:53:29,366
because we've had some snow 
cover, that may have survived?

1344
00:53:29,366 --> 00:53:32,700
- The prediction came out from 
Washington State last week,

1345
00:53:32,700 --> 00:53:34,433
and it's a moderate year,

1346
00:53:34,433 --> 00:53:37,066
but it hasn't been found 
much in Eastern Washington.

1347
00:53:37,066 --> 00:53:38,266
And usually for us,

1348
00:53:38,266 --> 00:53:40,200
it has to either be 
established in the fall

1349
00:53:40,200 --> 00:53:42,433
or hop the mountains early,

1350
00:53:42,433 --> 00:53:43,933
so probably low for us.

1351
00:53:43,933 --> 00:53:46,133
Plus we've got pretty good 
resistant varieties now.

1352
00:53:46,133 --> 00:53:49,133
- Okay. A quick 
question for Kevin.

1353
00:53:49,133 --> 00:53:50,366
And he says,

1354
00:53:50,366 --> 00:53:52,766
"You talked about 
animal problems

1355
00:53:52,766 --> 00:53:54,966
with growing the pulse crops.

1356
00:53:54,966 --> 00:53:58,066
Any suggestions on 
how to avoid that?"

1357
00:53:59,566 --> 00:54:02,100
Legally. (laughs)

1358
00:54:02,100 --> 00:54:05,700
- It really, it depends on 
your field and where you're at.

1359
00:54:05,700 --> 00:54:07,966
The best way is just 
to fence them out,

1360
00:54:07,966 --> 00:54:11,100
that's the only 
reasonable option.

1361
00:54:11,100 --> 00:54:12,700
And I don't know how 
reasonable that is

1362
00:54:12,700 --> 00:54:14,866
with the expense 
of building a fence

1363
00:54:14,866 --> 00:54:17,700
around a property 
to keep them out.

1364
00:54:17,700 --> 00:54:20,433
But it's a difficult challenge,

1365
00:54:21,866 --> 00:54:23,866
it's a hard one to deal with.

1366
00:54:23,866 --> 00:54:27,000
- I've seen the fences you've 
build at the pulse farm.

1367
00:54:27,000 --> 00:54:30,066
I can't see many producers 
building fences quite like that.

1368
00:54:30,066 --> 00:54:31,400
- No, that's true.

1369
00:54:31,400 --> 00:54:33,566
- Although I will 
say Perry Miller

1370
00:54:33,566 --> 00:54:37,833
has had some problems with 
deer and elk in his garden,

1371
00:54:37,833 --> 00:54:39,800
and he puts a live wire,

1372
00:54:39,800 --> 00:54:41,033
a hot wire around it

1373
00:54:41,033 --> 00:54:42,366
and puts a little 
peanut butter on it

1374
00:54:42,366 --> 00:54:43,866
but doesn't charge us.

1375
00:54:43,866 --> 00:54:46,533
So the deer come for two 
or three days, four days,

1376
00:54:46,533 --> 00:54:48,033
lick the peanut butter off.

1377
00:54:48,033 --> 00:54:50,000
And then about the 
fifth or sixth day,

1378
00:54:50,000 --> 00:54:52,033
he puts the juice to it.

1379
00:54:52,033 --> 00:54:54,400
And they don't come 
back after that.

1380
00:54:54,400 --> 00:54:55,966
They're trainable.

1381
00:54:55,966 --> 00:54:57,466
- I've not seen that,

1382
00:54:57,466 --> 00:55:00,766
but I have certainly heard 
the stories of the outcomes.

1383
00:55:00,766 --> 00:55:01,833
They're humorous.

1384
00:55:01,833 --> 00:55:02,766
- Well, first of all,

1385
00:55:02,766 --> 00:55:03,900
let me thank the taste panel,

1386
00:55:03,900 --> 00:55:05,800
even though I did not win.

1387
00:55:05,800 --> 00:55:07,033
(panelists laugh)

1388
00:55:07,033 --> 00:55:10,500
Other than that, we 
appreciate your time.

1389
00:55:10,500 --> 00:55:11,966
We had a good time tonight.

1390
00:55:11,966 --> 00:55:15,000
And we will try to get 
those recipes out to you.

1391
00:55:15,000 --> 00:55:17,100
Next week we'll 
have Paddy Fleming

1392
00:55:17,100 --> 00:55:20,566
with the Montana Manufacturing 
Extension Center.

1393
00:55:20,566 --> 00:55:21,933
It'll be great to have him here.

1394
00:55:21,933 --> 00:55:24,033
He talks about how 
small industries

1395
00:55:24,033 --> 00:55:26,066
are developing 
here in the state,

1396
00:55:26,066 --> 00:55:27,833
especially in agriculture.

1397
00:55:27,833 --> 00:55:29,233
Stay safe this week.

1398
00:55:29,233 --> 00:55:30,733
Hope to see you next week.

1399
00:55:30,733 --> 00:55:32,266
Good night.

1400
00:55:32,266 --> 00:55:33,900
(gentle folk music)

1401
00:55:33,900 --> 00:55:36,100
- [Announcer] For more 
information and resources,

1402
00:55:36,100 --> 00:55:40,900
visit montanapbs.org/aglive.

1403
00:55:40,900 --> 00:55:43,900
(lively folk music)

1404
00:56:10,433 --> 00:56:12,766
- [Announcer] "Montana 
Ag Live" is made possible

1405
00:56:12,766 --> 00:56:16,333
by the Montana Department 
of Agriculture,

1406
00:56:17,266 --> 00:56:20,233
the MSU Extension Service,

1407
00:56:20,233 --> 00:56:22,333
the MSU Ag Experiment Stations

1408
00:56:22,333 --> 00:56:24,766
of the College of Agriculture,

1409
00:56:24,766 --> 00:56:27,666
the Montana Wheat 
& Barley Committee,

1410
00:56:27,666 --> 00:56:30,000
the Montana Bankers Association,

1411
00:56:30,866 --> 00:56:33,600
Cashman Nursery & Landscaping,

1412
00:56:33,600 --> 00:56:35,700
the Gallatin Gardeners Club,

1413
00:56:35,700 --> 00:56:39,366
and the Rocky Mountain 
Certified Crop Advisor Program.

1414
00:56:40,433 --> 00:56:43,033
(gentle music)