WEBVTT 00:00.300 --> 00:01.133 align:start position:36.88% line:84.67% size:26.25% (guitar music) 00:01.133 --> 00:05.033 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% - [Man] Montana AG Live is made possible by 00:05.033 --> 00:07.566 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% the Montana Department of Agriculture, 00:07.566 --> 00:10.166 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% the MSU Extension Service, 00:10.166 --> 00:12.200 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% the MSU AG Experiment Stations 00:12.200 --> 00:14.633 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% of the College of Agriculture, 00:14.633 --> 00:17.466 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% the Montana Wheat and Barley Committee, 00:17.466 --> 00:20.300 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% the Montana Bankers Association, 00:20.300 --> 00:23.066 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% Cashman Nursery and Landscaping, 00:23.066 --> 00:25.866 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% and the Gallatin Gardeners Club. 00:25.866 --> 00:28.533 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:28.13% (country music) 00:32.533 --> 00:35.900 align:start position:31.25% line:74% size:37.5% ♪ If your herbicides and fungicides and pesticides are old 00:35.900 --> 00:39.600 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% ♪ The veggies you are growing in your garden start to mold 00:39.600 --> 00:43.233 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:58.13% ♪ If the ants are attacking and you're having a hard time 00:43.233 --> 00:46.800 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:41.25% ♪ Call Montana AG Live 00:46.800 --> 00:50.300 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% ♪ Knapweed in the ditch and the old bull's got an itch 00:50.300 --> 00:53.866 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% ♪ Ticks upon my sheep and the wool is really cheap 00:53.866 --> 00:58.200 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% ♪ The gophers in the pasture are even worse than last year 00:58.200 --> 01:01.900 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:52.5% ♪ Montana AG Live, where are you? 01:01.900 --> 01:04.566 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:28.13% (country music) 01:11.433 --> 01:14.300 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Good evening and welcome to Montana AG Live, 01:14.300 --> 01:16.800 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% brought to you from the KUSM Studio 01:16.800 --> 01:20.766 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% at beautiful Montana State University in Bozeman. 01:20.766 --> 01:23.100 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% We've got a great show for you today. 01:23.100 --> 01:25.633 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% I know everybody's really getting excited 01:25.633 --> 01:27.000 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% with the warm weather that we've had 01:27.000 --> 01:28.900 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% after that cold April, 01:28.900 --> 01:30.733 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% farmers are in the field planting 01:30.733 --> 01:33.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% as quickly as they can. 01:33.233 --> 01:35.600 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% Gardeners are out working in their gardens 01:35.600 --> 01:38.100 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% and we're just all really ready 01:38.100 --> 01:40.733 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% to get into all the topics that we're talking about tonight, 01:40.733 --> 01:42.933 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% so we've got a great panel for you tonight. 01:42.933 --> 01:45.733 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% We're gonna be talking a lot about organic agriculture, 01:45.733 --> 01:48.333 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% different alternative crops. 01:48.333 --> 01:52.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% On the anchor position today is Perry Miller. 01:52.466 --> 01:54.533 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% Perry does a lot of work with pulse crops 01:54.533 --> 01:58.666 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and also some research in organic farming. 01:58.666 --> 01:59.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% We have Bob Quinn. 01:59.733 --> 02:02.633 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% Bob is from Big Sandy and he's an organic farmer 02:02.633 --> 02:06.000 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and probably one of the, I would say, 02:06.000 --> 02:09.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% premiere larger organic farmers in the state 02:09.533 --> 02:12.066 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and has definitely been a pioneer in that industry 02:12.066 --> 02:14.000 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% for us in Montana. 02:14.000 --> 02:16.933 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% Gary Brester, AG economics. 02:16.933 --> 02:20.200 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% He's going to talk about cattle, wheat, 02:21.633 --> 02:24.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% anything that has to do with agriculture in Montana, 02:24.400 --> 02:26.366 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and we all know Toby Day. 02:26.366 --> 02:27.700 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% As things are beginning to grow, 02:27.700 --> 02:29.266 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% there's a lot to talk about in our gardens 02:29.266 --> 02:31.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and yards and so we'll go to Toby for that. 02:31.700 --> 02:33.066 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% I'm Nina Zidack. 02:33.066 --> 02:35.100 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% I work with the Seed Potato Certification Program 02:35.100 --> 02:37.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% at MSU here in Bozeman. 02:37.200 --> 02:39.933 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% I'd like to introduce our panel tonight. 02:39.933 --> 02:42.666 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% We have Dylan Mangle, Don Mathry, 02:45.033 --> 02:47.200 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and Sheryl Moregoff. 02:47.200 --> 02:49.100 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% So thanks for answering the phones 02:49.100 --> 02:51.400 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% and first to get started tonight, 02:51.400 --> 02:53.900 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% just like to have Bob explain a little bit 02:53.900 --> 02:55.833 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% about his farm in Big Sandy, 02:55.833 --> 02:58.033 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% a little bit about how you got into organic farming 02:58.033 --> 03:00.233 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% and how it's working for you. 03:00.233 --> 03:01.366 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - Well, thanks Nina. 03:01.366 --> 03:02.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% It's great to be here. 03:02.233 --> 03:05.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% I appreciate very much the invitation. 03:05.500 --> 03:07.766 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% The organic, how it's going is great. 03:07.766 --> 03:09.900 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% How I got into is a little longer story. 03:09.900 --> 03:13.166 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% We started about 30 years ago. 03:13.166 --> 03:14.733 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% We were selling organic grain 03:14.733 --> 03:17.266 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and I began to meet some organic farmers 03:17.266 --> 03:19.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and I was quite jealous that they didn't 03:19.533 --> 03:21.133 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% have to spray anymore, 03:21.133 --> 03:22.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and I thought, "Well, I wonder if this 03:22.233 --> 03:23.200 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% "could work at our house." 03:23.200 --> 03:25.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% And my dad said, "Oh, this is really too risky." 03:25.433 --> 03:27.366 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% So we started with 20 acres, 03:27.366 --> 03:31.533 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and that was 1% of our cropping area at that time, 03:33.300 --> 03:35.033 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% and my dad said, "Oh, that's safe. 03:35.033 --> 03:36.100 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% "We can do that." 03:36.100 --> 03:37.666 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% And lo and behold, the first experiment 03:37.666 --> 03:40.900 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% came back and it was every bit as good as the chemical 03:40.900 --> 03:42.800 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% field right next to it, 03:43.866 --> 03:46.300 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% and so I jumped in head first 03:46.300 --> 03:50.000 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% and within two years our whole farm was without chemicals 03:50.000 --> 03:52.766 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and within two more years certified organic, 03:52.766 --> 03:54.000 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and never looked back. 03:54.000 --> 03:56.433 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% To me, it's just like a great puzzle, 03:56.433 --> 03:59.833 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% figuring out how to address wheat problems, 03:59.833 --> 04:01.133 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% soil fertility problems 04:01.133 --> 04:04.466 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and to me, they're just opportunities 04:04.466 --> 04:06.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and the market's have been great to us. 04:06.433 --> 04:08.800 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% We don't have an operating note anymore, 04:08.800 --> 04:10.633 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% after about three years, 04:10.633 --> 04:12.266 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and put all my kids through college with it 04:12.266 --> 04:13.333 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and it's been great. 04:13.333 --> 04:15.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - Great, well, we'll get into some of those details 04:15.400 --> 04:18.666 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% on wheat control and soil management later. 04:18.666 --> 04:21.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% So we'll start off with Perry, tonight. 04:21.566 --> 04:23.966 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% Question from eastern Montana, 04:23.966 --> 04:27.533 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% if I grow peas and lentils in a cover crop cocktail, 04:27.533 --> 04:30.133 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% it interferes with crop insurance. 04:30.133 --> 04:32.900 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% What can I grow for legumes in the mix? 04:32.900 --> 04:34.766 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Right, this is a problem that's been coming 04:34.766 --> 04:36.333 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% up a little bit, I guess, 04:36.333 --> 04:38.066 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% because in these cover crop cocktails, 04:38.066 --> 04:39.900 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% it's pretty common to throw peas or lentil seed 04:39.900 --> 04:42.466 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% in the mix and that, apparently, 04:42.466 --> 04:45.600 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% is considered as growing that crop, 04:45.600 --> 04:48.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and so if you were planning to come back 04:48.500 --> 04:50.200 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% with peas or lentils within a year or two of 04:50.200 --> 04:52.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% that cover crop cocktail 04:53.066 --> 04:55.566 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% then you'd be in violation of the crop insurance, 04:55.566 --> 04:57.666 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% so you have to wait at least two years 04:57.666 --> 05:00.000 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% after that cover crop or choose a difference legume 05:00.000 --> 05:01.800 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% in the mix and so there are a couple things. 05:01.800 --> 05:04.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% There's something called chickling vetch, 05:04.566 --> 05:06.600 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% that is an annual legume that you can get 05:06.600 --> 05:08.766 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% ahold of the seed and it does a pretty nice job 05:08.766 --> 05:10.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% of fixing nitrogen, 05:10.100 --> 05:11.833 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% and we're working on faba beans also, 05:11.833 --> 05:13.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% small seeded faba beans, 05:13.266 --> 05:14.766 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% which would also do a nice job 05:14.766 --> 05:17.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% of filling that void so that you didn't 05:17.100 --> 05:19.033 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% have to have a pea or a lentil in that mix 05:19.033 --> 05:20.666 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% for the legume component. 05:20.666 --> 05:21.500 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - That's interesting. 05:21.500 --> 05:22.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% I didn't realize that. 05:22.433 --> 05:26.833 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% So is there any possibility that in the future 05:26.833 --> 05:28.866 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% crop insurance regulations might change 05:28.866 --> 05:30.900 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% to actually accommodate incorporating 05:30.900 --> 05:34.300 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% more cover crops into the rotation system? 05:34.300 --> 05:36.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - Anything is possible. 05:37.566 --> 05:38.866 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% I laugh a little bit 'cause Bob and I 05:38.866 --> 05:40.833 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% have been in some cover crop discussions 05:40.833 --> 05:44.066 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% and it's a little more conservative 05:44.066 --> 05:46.266 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% or resistant to change than you might think. 05:46.266 --> 05:47.566 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - This is really the hope. 05:47.566 --> 05:48.600 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% The problem with the government 05:48.600 --> 05:50.100 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% is that they're always following, 05:50.100 --> 05:51.700 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% they're hardly ever leading, 05:51.700 --> 05:54.700 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and it's up to us, I think, to be in the leading edge 05:54.700 --> 05:56.266 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and try to explain to them 05:56.266 --> 05:59.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% how they're lowering risk with these kinds of mixtures 05:59.966 --> 06:04.300 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and it's actually a benefit to the insurance people, 06:04.300 --> 06:08.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% because you're lowering risk and having more possibility 06:08.500 --> 06:11.466 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% for no insurance payments required. 06:11.466 --> 06:14.700 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - Huh, that's a very interesting issue. 06:15.933 --> 06:19.466 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% Toby, from Augusta, this person has hybrid poplars 06:19.466 --> 06:21.633 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% that have reached the end of their life span. 06:21.633 --> 06:24.300 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% They have cankers in the upper branches. 06:24.300 --> 06:26.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% They would like to replant Dakota cottonwoods 06:26.900 --> 06:28.633 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% and they want to know if the spores 06:28.633 --> 06:32.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% from the cankers will transfer to the cottonwoods. 06:32.433 --> 06:35.900 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% - Well, okay, so whenever I talk to 'em, 06:35.900 --> 06:37.333 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% master gunners, I always tell them 06:37.333 --> 06:39.033 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% that you have to be really careful 06:39.033 --> 06:41.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% about any kind of diseases or insects 06:41.500 --> 06:45.000 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% that are going in the same genera. 06:45.000 --> 06:48.733 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% So since the hybrid poplars and the Dakota poplars 06:48.733 --> 06:50.033 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% are all in the same genera, 06:50.033 --> 06:51.266 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% there's a really good chance 06:51.266 --> 06:55.233 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% that you can spread insect and disease issues 06:55.233 --> 06:56.633 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% to the next tree. 06:57.633 --> 07:00.833 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% That being said, when I hear about growths 07:00.833 --> 07:03.400 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% or cankers on the top of cottonwood trees, 07:03.400 --> 07:06.000 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% I'm gonna guess that that actually is probably 07:06.000 --> 07:10.466 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% a gall caused by an insect rather than an actual disease. 07:10.466 --> 07:11.833 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% I would get it identified. 07:11.833 --> 07:13.533 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% Bring it to your county extension agent 07:13.533 --> 07:16.333 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% or reservation agent and make sure 07:16.333 --> 07:18.333 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% that that's exactly what it is. 07:18.333 --> 07:20.933 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% If it's just the insect, it's really cosmetic 07:20.933 --> 07:22.600 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and really doesn't cause too much of an issue. 07:22.600 --> 07:25.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% It's a Eriophyid mite that causes the growth. 07:25.166 --> 07:27.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% If it's a true canker, then they're decline, 07:27.800 --> 07:29.466 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% then yes, you can put in new trees 07:29.466 --> 07:33.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% but first of all, it's ubiquitous, the Cytospora 07:33.166 --> 07:36.366 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% or whatever it might be is pretty much everywhere, 07:36.366 --> 07:38.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% so you can probably still put in those cottonwoods. 07:38.933 --> 07:41.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% I wouldn't necessarily say not to, 07:41.733 --> 07:44.400 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% but there is a chance that those spores 07:44.400 --> 07:45.833 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% can go from one tree to the next. 07:45.833 --> 07:47.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Right and always taking into consideration 07:47.733 --> 07:50.900 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% that any poplar, cottonwood are 07:50.900 --> 07:53.000 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% a reasonably short lived tree. - Mm hmm. 07:53.000 --> 07:55.133 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - And so they naturally could just be 07:55.133 --> 07:56.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% at the end of their lifespan 07:56.500 --> 07:59.433 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and renewing a planting still might be a good option. 07:59.433 --> 08:00.833 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - Absolutely. 08:00.833 --> 08:02.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% There's a lot of other options that are out there 08:02.733 --> 08:03.866 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% other than cottonwoods, 08:03.866 --> 08:07.000 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% but the Dakota cottonwood I know is very popular right now, 08:07.000 --> 08:09.266 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% and it's not a bad tree, really. 08:09.266 --> 08:12.500 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% For a lot of situations. - Okay. 08:12.500 --> 08:15.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Okay, Gary, I know this is a frustrating thing 08:15.533 --> 08:17.600 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% for a lot of people dealing with the different 08:17.600 --> 08:19.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% cycles with crop prices, 08:19.533 --> 08:21.600 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% and wheat prices are low right now. 08:21.600 --> 08:22.666 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Yeah. - Why? 08:24.766 --> 08:27.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - It doesn't take much to be good at economics. 08:27.700 --> 08:30.033 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% You just have to understand supply and demand 08:30.033 --> 08:32.566 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and especially with grains, 08:32.566 --> 08:35.866 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% demand is pretty stable, it doesn't move a lot. 08:35.866 --> 08:37.833 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% So you really look at the supply side. 08:37.833 --> 08:40.400 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% We've had three years in a row now 08:40.400 --> 08:43.166 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% of world record wheat production. 08:45.366 --> 08:48.133 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% We often think only of our state or our region, 08:48.133 --> 08:49.533 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% and say, "How was wheat last year? 08:49.533 --> 08:50.800 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% "Do we have a big crop, small crop?" 08:50.800 --> 08:52.766 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% The reality of it is, Montana produces 08:52.766 --> 08:55.800 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% about 8% of US wheat production. 08:55.800 --> 08:58.700 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% US produces about 9% of world production, 08:58.700 --> 09:01.833 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% so even if the US has a low year 09:01.833 --> 09:05.966 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% what really matters is that along with the other 90% 09:05.966 --> 09:07.633 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% of what's produced around the world, 09:07.633 --> 09:08.700 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and the last three years, 09:08.700 --> 09:09.933 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% it's just been very, very strong. 09:09.933 --> 09:12.333 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% So right now, we have wheat prices 09:12.333 --> 09:14.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% about where their long run average has been, 09:14.966 --> 09:16.933 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% if you look over the long haul. 09:16.933 --> 09:19.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% It's not unusual to see this rollercoaster effect 09:19.233 --> 09:21.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% of high prices and low prices as a result 09:21.500 --> 09:23.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% of changes in weather, 09:23.333 --> 09:25.200 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% and as far as forecasting prices, 09:25.200 --> 09:26.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% it's very, very easy to do. 09:26.500 --> 09:28.666 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% You just tell me what world weather's gonna be this year. 09:28.666 --> 09:30.866 align:start position:40.62% line:10% size:18.75% (laughing) And I'll give you the price. 09:30.866 --> 09:31.933 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - There you go. - Yeah, it's a very 09:31.933 --> 09:33.866 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% simple process, but again, 09:33.866 --> 09:35.233 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% it brings up the really important thing, 09:35.233 --> 09:36.300 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% was already mentioned earlier, 09:36.300 --> 09:37.866 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% on the production side of the importance 09:37.866 --> 09:39.466 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% of managing price risk, 09:39.466 --> 09:42.000 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% especially when one has an opportunity 09:42.000 --> 09:44.466 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% to market some grain ahead of time. 09:44.466 --> 09:47.700 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% The futures or options, forward contracting 09:47.700 --> 09:48.900 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% sorts of things. 09:48.900 --> 09:50.933 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% The importance of trying to manage the price risk side 09:50.933 --> 09:53.533 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% is every bit as important as the production risk side. 09:53.533 --> 09:57.100 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - So I'd like to just lob this one back to Bob now. 09:57.100 --> 10:00.233 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% How are the organic wheat prices compared 10:00.233 --> 10:02.366 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% to conventionally grown wheat right now? 10:02.366 --> 10:05.933 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% - Well, last year conventional prices were bouncing 10:05.933 --> 10:07.433 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% around three to four dollars 10:07.433 --> 10:10.866 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and the organic prices were 15 or better. 10:10.866 --> 10:14.366 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% Organic spring wheat was up to 18 to 20, 10:14.366 --> 10:18.500 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% so that's very unusual to be five times more, 10:18.500 --> 10:20.133 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% but for those that have organic, 10:20.133 --> 10:23.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% they were really making out like bandits last year, 10:23.033 --> 10:26.166 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% but we normally see that the prices 10:26.166 --> 10:28.600 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% for organic is at least twice 10:30.233 --> 10:31.433 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% and so to have it five times, 10:31.433 --> 10:32.633 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% that's quite unusual. 10:32.633 --> 10:35.133 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% But boy, for the people that had 10:35.133 --> 10:37.166 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% also a good price and a good crop, 10:37.166 --> 10:39.800 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% it was very well appreciated last year. 10:39.800 --> 10:42.933 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - So what is the peak organic wheat price? 10:42.933 --> 10:46.166 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% When conventional wheat was 11 or 12 dollars a bushel 10:46.166 --> 10:49.066 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% what did organic peak out at? 10:49.066 --> 10:50.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - Well, normally when the conventional prices 10:50.733 --> 10:53.800 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% start going up so high, the organic doesn't keep going 10:53.800 --> 10:56.700 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% at the same ratio above that. 10:56.700 --> 10:58.833 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% The thing that's driving it right now is, 10:58.833 --> 11:00.666 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% as Gary mentioned, is supply and demand. 11:00.666 --> 11:02.500 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% It's a very, much more demand 11:02.500 --> 11:04.200 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% than we can supply in this country. 11:04.200 --> 11:06.533 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% In fact, almost 40% of our grain 11:06.533 --> 11:08.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% for organic is now being imported, 11:08.500 --> 11:09.533 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% and this insane. 11:09.533 --> 11:12.800 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% I mean, local farmers could be cashing in on these prices, 11:12.800 --> 11:16.400 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and yet, the foreign farmers are the ones cashing in, 11:16.400 --> 11:18.666 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and so it's really a paradox 11:18.666 --> 11:21.833 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% that many of our neighbors can't pay the chemical bills 11:21.833 --> 11:23.133 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% because of these low prices, 11:23.133 --> 11:25.500 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% even with good years and yet, 11:25.500 --> 11:28.833 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% the conversion organic is quite slow 11:28.833 --> 11:32.133 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% and I've had, however, more calls 11:32.133 --> 11:33.266 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% in the last six months than I've had 11:33.266 --> 11:35.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% in the last 20 years. 11:35.333 --> 11:38.866 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% People calling and asking how they can convert 11:38.866 --> 11:40.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and how they can start the conversion process, 11:40.733 --> 11:44.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% because the future of high prices for chemicals 11:44.566 --> 11:46.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and low prices for grains, 11:46.133 --> 11:50.300 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% when that happens, it's a death toll for some farms. 11:51.800 --> 11:54.733 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - So Bob, I'm sure organic isn't for everybody. 11:54.733 --> 11:58.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% When you get calls about, "Is this for me?" 11:58.733 --> 12:00.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% What do you worry about for a risk factor 12:00.900 --> 12:02.500 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% for somebody who might be thinking 12:02.500 --> 12:03.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% that this is gonna save their farm 12:03.733 --> 12:06.900 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% or going to be a real answer for them. 12:08.500 --> 12:11.766 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% Can anybody succeed at this or what does it take? 12:11.766 --> 12:14.600 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Anybody who wants to can succeed. 12:14.600 --> 12:15.600 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% I believe that. - Okay. 12:15.600 --> 12:19.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - But the one's that call normally are those that want to. 12:19.133 --> 12:21.566 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% If you don't believe in it, just like most things, 12:21.566 --> 12:23.600 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% if you don't believe in something, 12:23.600 --> 12:26.133 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% if you think something will work or will not work, 12:26.133 --> 12:27.533 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% usually you're right. 12:27.533 --> 12:30.166 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% If you think it will not work, you're probably right. 12:30.166 --> 12:32.333 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% But if you think that it will, 12:32.333 --> 12:34.166 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% you're also probably right. 12:34.166 --> 12:36.200 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% And because the people that believe in something 12:36.200 --> 12:39.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% go out and try to figure out how to make it work, 12:39.266 --> 12:41.866 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and they solve the problems. 12:41.866 --> 12:45.366 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% The biggest caution I give people, to answer your 12:45.366 --> 12:47.633 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% question about the risks is to start small. 12:47.633 --> 12:49.100 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% Don't start with the whole farm, 12:49.100 --> 12:51.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and the best time to start is before your foreclosure 12:51.933 --> 12:53.700 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% is imminent, the best time to start 12:53.700 --> 12:56.966 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% is when things are a little bit stable, 12:57.900 --> 13:00.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% so that you're not really up against a wall 13:00.266 --> 13:02.533 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% because you can't, it's very high risk 13:02.533 --> 13:04.200 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% to do the whole farm at once. 13:04.200 --> 13:06.433 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% If you start with 20% and do 20% a year 13:06.433 --> 13:09.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% over five years, there's very little risk of that. 13:09.666 --> 13:10.500 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. 13:11.866 --> 13:15.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - These are bringing up lots of very good topics, 13:15.033 --> 13:18.266 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and I get to actually answer a question on organics. 13:18.266 --> 13:21.433 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% From Springdale, can small, organic home gardeners 13:21.433 --> 13:23.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% use certified organic seed potatoes. 13:23.733 --> 13:25.133 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% If not, why not? 13:25.133 --> 13:27.533 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% Well, they absolutely can. 13:27.533 --> 13:29.833 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% The problem with organic seed potatoes 13:29.833 --> 13:33.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% is that there are very, very few produced in Montana 13:33.533 --> 13:36.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and really, nationwide there are very few organic 13:36.966 --> 13:39.300 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% seed potatoes raised, 13:39.300 --> 13:42.000 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and what I'll just say at this point. 13:42.000 --> 13:44.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% This is a chance for me to get on my soapbox 13:44.500 --> 13:47.333 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% is the most important thing about growing potatoes 13:47.333 --> 13:50.200 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% is your home garden is to grow Montana seed potatoes 13:50.200 --> 13:53.433 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% because we have very important seed potato industry 13:53.433 --> 13:56.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% in our state with very stringent disease tolerances. 13:56.800 --> 13:58.166 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% And we've actually done surveys 13:58.166 --> 14:00.600 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% where we've brought seed in from out of state 14:00.600 --> 14:03.366 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and found horrific levels of disease 14:03.366 --> 14:07.566 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% that could potentially threaten our seed potato producers. 14:07.566 --> 14:09.266 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% One of the interesting things, though, 14:09.266 --> 14:10.600 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% about the organic program 14:10.600 --> 14:12.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% is that because there is such a low supply 14:12.966 --> 14:14.766 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% of organic seed potatoes, 14:14.766 --> 14:17.700 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% even an organic certified farm can plant 14:17.700 --> 14:19.366 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% conventionally raised seed potatoes 14:19.366 --> 14:23.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% if they can show that no certified seed is available, 14:23.333 --> 14:24.833 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% and so one thing that we actually do 14:24.833 --> 14:27.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% on a routine basis, especially there are 14:27.133 --> 14:29.866 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% a lot of organic farms in the Missoula Hamilton area, 14:29.866 --> 14:32.433 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% we will write a letter to the farm 14:32.433 --> 14:34.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% that they can give to the state of Montana 14:34.466 --> 14:37.233 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% saying that through our program 14:37.233 --> 14:40.433 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% no certified seed was available 14:40.433 --> 14:42.700 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% of the specific variety that they were using, 14:42.700 --> 14:45.166 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% so really the most important thing 14:45.166 --> 14:47.866 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% is to grow Montana certified seed potatoes 14:47.866 --> 14:52.100 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and if you can find organic seed potatoes, absolutely. 14:52.100 --> 14:53.300 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% They're good to grow, 14:53.300 --> 14:56.666 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% but definitely a limit in the supply. 14:56.666 --> 14:59.233 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% - I'd like to second that, now. 14:59.233 --> 15:01.300 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% Because I have some experience with trying 15:01.300 --> 15:04.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% a dry land potato experiments that we're doing. 15:04.266 --> 15:06.366 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% We started with 42 different varieties 15:06.366 --> 15:07.866 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and I couldn't find all those in Montana, 15:07.866 --> 15:09.966 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% so I ordered from Idaho, on conventional means, 15:09.966 --> 15:12.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% 'cause I'm not part of the staff, right, 15:12.100 --> 15:13.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% so I ordered from Idaho and from Colorado 15:13.900 --> 15:18.833 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and Montana and Washington and Maine and Montana, 15:18.833 --> 15:21.500 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and the Maine ones were almost as good as Montana, 15:21.500 --> 15:23.033 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% but by the time I got the Colorado, 15:23.033 --> 15:25.133 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% there was a significant amount of disease in those, 15:25.133 --> 15:26.300 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% even though they're all supposed to be 15:26.300 --> 15:28.066 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% certified disease free, 15:28.066 --> 15:30.466 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% so you are doing a very excellent job here in Montana 15:30.466 --> 15:31.766 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and I support you 100%. 15:31.766 --> 15:34.233 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Okay, thanks Bob. - And I bought mine today, 15:34.233 --> 15:35.633 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% seed potatoes from Montana. 15:35.633 --> 15:37.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - All right, all right. - Just so you know. 15:37.266 --> 15:38.666 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% I've got them ready to go later this next week. 15:38.666 --> 15:40.200 align:start position:40.62% line:10% size:18.75% - So yeah. - Just wanna let you know. 15:40.200 --> 15:41.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Okay, great, and that's one of the things 15:41.566 --> 15:43.200 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% that we've really been working on addressing 15:43.200 --> 15:46.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% is getting seed potatoes that are produced in Montana 15:46.333 --> 15:48.200 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% out throughout the state. 15:48.200 --> 15:49.366 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% A few years ago we started 15:49.366 --> 15:51.900 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% a garden seed distribution network 15:51.900 --> 15:54.400 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% through our certified seed program, 15:54.400 --> 15:55.666 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% and this year we actually turned it over 15:55.666 --> 15:57.166 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% to one of our potato farmers, 15:57.166 --> 15:59.000 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and so we're delivering Montana seed potatoes 15:59.000 --> 16:02.266 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% in two great big circuits, a western Montana circuit 16:02.266 --> 16:04.466 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and eastern Montana circuit that goes all the way up 16:04.466 --> 16:07.666 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% to Havre, Glasgow, back down to Glendive 16:07.666 --> 16:09.966 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% and back again so we're really working 16:09.966 --> 16:11.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% at getting those seed potatoes out there. 16:11.733 --> 16:13.433 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Good, all right. 16:13.433 --> 16:16.400 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - Back to Toby, this is a comment. 16:16.400 --> 16:18.633 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% So this is a kudos to Toby. 16:19.566 --> 16:21.800 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% This is from Monarch, last year they had apple trees 16:21.800 --> 16:23.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% girdled by rabbits. 16:23.133 --> 16:25.700 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% Toby recommended to bridge graft 16:25.700 --> 16:29.733 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and they did that, now the trees are leafing out, success. 16:29.733 --> 16:31.166 align:start position:40.62% line:10% size:18.75% (laughing) Thanks, Toby. 16:31.166 --> 16:32.000 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% - That's actually quite amazing, 16:32.000 --> 16:33.866 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% because a bridge graft is really not 16:33.866 --> 16:35.266 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% an easy thing to do. - Is really difficult. 16:35.266 --> 16:36.266 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Yeah. - It's very difficult 16:36.266 --> 16:37.600 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% so that's great. 16:38.666 --> 16:39.933 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% That does go to 16:42.800 --> 16:45.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% if you have, whether or not it's rabbits, 16:45.133 --> 16:47.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% but most of the time it's a weed eater, 16:47.100 --> 16:48.766 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% it's a lawn mower. 16:48.766 --> 16:53.066 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% It's something that rakes off the bark of the tree. 16:53.066 --> 16:56.133 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% I see that a lot and you might want 16:56.133 --> 16:58.033 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% to do something to protect those trees 16:58.033 --> 16:59.533 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% because once you take off more 16:59.533 --> 17:01.200 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% than about about a half to two thirds 17:01.200 --> 17:03.133 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% of that bark around that tree. 17:03.133 --> 17:05.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% Then you're gonna see that tree go south. 17:05.166 --> 17:06.700 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% The living tissue is on the outside, 17:06.700 --> 17:08.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% so do some way to protect your tree, 17:08.733 --> 17:10.900 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% whether it's rabbits or just a 13 year old 17:10.900 --> 17:12.866 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% that goes crazy with a lawnmower. 17:12.866 --> 17:14.200 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - [Nina] Exactly, and the weed eater. 17:14.200 --> 17:15.333 align:start position:44.38% line:10% size:11.25% - Yes. - Did they get rid 17:15.333 --> 17:16.733 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% of the rabbits? 17:16.733 --> 17:17.566 align:start position:40.62% line:10% size:18.75% I'm sorry. 17:18.433 --> 17:19.700 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - Hasenpfeffer. 17:19.700 --> 17:23.166 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - So question for Gary from Great Falls. 17:23.166 --> 17:25.700 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% Will China pay a premium for Montana organic 17:25.700 --> 17:27.300 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and grass fed beef? 17:29.666 --> 17:30.933 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - I don't know. 17:33.633 --> 17:35.233 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% If you try to think about the economics 17:35.233 --> 17:36.933 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% of food production in China 17:36.933 --> 17:38.100 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% then a lot of the things they do 17:38.100 --> 17:39.900 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% just don't make any sense. 17:39.900 --> 17:42.266 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% On the other hand, if there's a market there 17:42.266 --> 17:44.200 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and one of the great things about markets 17:44.200 --> 17:47.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% is that if they have a demand for a product 17:47.500 --> 17:50.466 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% that can be met by entrepreneurs like Bob here 17:50.466 --> 17:52.066 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% or others of course 17:52.066 --> 17:54.033 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% then we'll be able to produce it 17:54.033 --> 17:56.700 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% but I'm not certain, with China, 17:58.033 --> 18:01.566 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% it's just so hard to forecast what they're going to do 18:01.566 --> 18:04.633 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% and if they're doing something in terms of a food area 18:04.633 --> 18:06.133 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% or whether they're doing something in terms 18:06.133 --> 18:07.966 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% of protecting their industry 18:07.966 --> 18:09.633 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% or whether they're trying to do something else 18:09.633 --> 18:13.666 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% with another trade issue is very, very difficult forecast 18:13.666 --> 18:17.166 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% but if the only things China wants 18:17.166 --> 18:21.400 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% is more identity preserved, identified beef 18:21.400 --> 18:23.200 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% we can produce that. 18:23.200 --> 18:25.666 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% You provide a premium and Bob will step 18:25.666 --> 18:27.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% right up to the plate, I guarantee that. 18:27.466 --> 18:28.833 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% Known Bob a long time. 18:28.833 --> 18:31.366 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - I've been China for some food shows 18:31.366 --> 18:33.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and I can tell you that the demand for organic 18:33.233 --> 18:34.900 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% in China is growing. 18:36.066 --> 18:37.400 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% The one thing, and Gary mentioned it, 18:37.400 --> 18:39.833 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% that they told us that they weren't interested 18:39.833 --> 18:43.233 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% in a truckload of wheat or a container load of wheat. 18:43.233 --> 18:46.533 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% It has to be processed with US label on it, 18:46.533 --> 18:47.900 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% and then it will come to China 18:47.900 --> 18:50.566 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% and will sell in their stores. 18:50.566 --> 18:52.900 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% People that we talk to said that they did not trust 18:52.900 --> 18:56.466 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% the organic certification that's going on, 18:56.466 --> 18:58.200 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% at least at that time in China, 18:58.200 --> 19:01.633 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% in the level of competency of the manufacturer, 19:01.633 --> 19:04.133 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% so they want it manufactured in the United States 19:04.133 --> 19:05.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% or other areas or Europe 19:05.833 --> 19:09.633 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% where they can really depend on the organic seal being legit 19:09.633 --> 19:13.766 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and the seals being closed on the packages. 19:13.766 --> 19:15.500 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% - Interesting. - So that was one thing 19:15.500 --> 19:17.300 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% that probably would be the same with the beef, too. 19:17.300 --> 19:18.433 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Yeah. - You might have to take 19:18.433 --> 19:20.600 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% it to a different level of processing, 19:20.600 --> 19:22.500 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% but there's certainly demand. 19:22.500 --> 19:23.633 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. - Bob, did I hear a rumor 19:23.633 --> 19:25.966 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% that you have beef back on the farm? 19:25.966 --> 19:27.400 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - Yes, that's true, yeah. 19:27.400 --> 19:28.233 align:start position:44.38% line:10% size:11.25% - Wow. 19:28.233 --> 19:30.200 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Well, that was, I hated to lose them, 19:30.200 --> 19:32.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% but when I started traveling to food shows 19:32.733 --> 19:34.033 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% in the wintertime, my wife said, 19:34.033 --> 19:35.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% "Well, I'm not gonna feed all these cows." 19:35.466 --> 19:36.566 align:start position:40.62% line:10% size:18.75% (laughing) 19:36.566 --> 19:38.233 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% And I said, "Okay, that's fair." 19:38.233 --> 19:39.233 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% So the cows went down the road, 19:39.233 --> 19:41.833 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% but now we have a new hired man 19:41.833 --> 19:43.533 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% who's very interested in the beef 19:43.533 --> 19:45.400 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and so we're gonna be doing grazing 19:45.400 --> 19:48.766 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% of our cover crops and intensive grazing, 19:48.766 --> 19:50.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% so we're very excited about adding that 19:50.333 --> 19:53.700 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% to the organic niche because it really goes together. 19:53.700 --> 19:56.000 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - So, and this is extremely good timing, 19:56.000 --> 19:58.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% because a question just came in from Kalispell 19:58.333 --> 20:01.200 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% asking if you have had success with cover crops 20:01.200 --> 20:02.966 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% and intensive grazing on your farm. 20:02.966 --> 20:05.000 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% So how is that working out? 20:05.000 --> 20:07.400 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - Well, the intensive grazing is in it's first year. 20:07.400 --> 20:09.566 align:start position:40.62% line:10% size:18.75% (laughing) - Okay. 20:09.566 --> 20:12.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - But the cows will be coming the first of June, 20:12.100 --> 20:13.766 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% so I can't comment on that, 20:13.766 --> 20:16.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% but Perry and I have worked very close together 20:16.400 --> 20:18.566 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% over many years with different cover crops 20:18.566 --> 20:22.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and green manures and soil building crops 20:22.466 --> 20:25.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% and we've come up now with a rotation 20:25.900 --> 20:28.633 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% that we rotate those as well as our cash crops, 20:28.633 --> 20:32.633 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and we found that that's being quite successful. 20:32.633 --> 20:35.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% I've learned one thing in organic agriculture 20:35.233 --> 20:39.366 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% that diversity is the mother of stability, 20:39.366 --> 20:41.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% so the diversity you have, the more stable 20:41.633 --> 20:44.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% is your operation and we found that true 20:44.800 --> 20:45.933 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% not only with the cash crops 20:45.933 --> 20:48.033 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% but also with the cover crops. 20:48.033 --> 20:48.966 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. - Nina, I should chime in 20:48.966 --> 20:51.066 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% 'cause we do have a fair bit of research going on 20:51.066 --> 20:53.300 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% at MSU that does look at grazing cover crops. 20:53.300 --> 20:57.433 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% One piece of it is an organic project near campus here 20:57.433 --> 20:59.700 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% where we're actually using sheep as a model. 20:59.700 --> 21:01.566 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. - Or grazer to 21:01.566 --> 21:04.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% take down sweet clover and there's some 21:04.333 --> 21:07.233 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% real positive things happening in that. 21:07.233 --> 21:08.866 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% Then Darren Boss is doing some work 21:08.866 --> 21:11.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% up at Haver using beef to take down cover crops 21:11.800 --> 21:15.100 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and has got some pretty good economic stories 21:15.100 --> 21:18.100 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% or a good economic story coming out of that, 21:18.100 --> 21:19.433 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% and we've got some other work 21:19.433 --> 21:21.366 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% that we're just finishing up, too, 21:21.366 --> 21:22.666 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% and I think one of the messages 21:22.666 --> 21:27.533 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% is we can't, there's really an economic incentive 21:27.533 --> 21:29.966 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% to get the grazing part involved 21:29.966 --> 21:31.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% because that brings in an opportunity 21:31.633 --> 21:33.166 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% to recover some of those costs 21:33.166 --> 21:36.700 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% associated with seeding the cover crop. 21:36.700 --> 21:39.633 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% But some of the early data that we're getting 21:39.633 --> 21:42.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% says you can't have your cake and eat it too. 21:42.033 --> 21:43.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% It looks like we're actually losing 21:43.633 --> 21:45.300 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% a little bit of the nitrogen release 21:45.300 --> 21:46.866 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and some of the soil quality 21:46.866 --> 21:49.133 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% as we're removing some of that plant tissue 21:49.133 --> 21:52.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% with animals, so that kind of makes sense. 21:52.800 --> 21:55.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - Yeah, and it's always the long run game. 21:55.266 --> 21:57.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% - It is the long run, that's what's important, yeah. 21:57.233 --> 21:58.100 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Sure. 21:59.200 --> 22:02.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% For Gary, we discussed the fluctuations in 22:02.333 --> 22:05.033 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% I know another thing that's been a little bit disappointing 22:05.033 --> 22:08.100 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% the last few years is the cattle market. 22:08.100 --> 22:10.166 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% Can you explain what that decline is 22:10.166 --> 22:12.100 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and what the trends are? 22:12.100 --> 22:14.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Yeah, sure, Nina, I mean we've seen 22:14.466 --> 22:17.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% two or three years ago remarkable change 22:17.566 --> 22:21.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% in the cattle markets, record prices that were hit, 22:21.233 --> 22:23.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and there's reasons why there's record prices, 22:23.266 --> 22:26.900 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% whether it's an organic or non-organic product, 22:26.900 --> 22:29.000 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% there just wasn't much supply of beef around. 22:29.000 --> 22:30.266 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% There was a large demand. 22:30.266 --> 22:32.800 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% Pork and poultry production was stymied 22:32.800 --> 22:34.600 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% by some disease problems that they had 22:34.600 --> 22:36.700 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% within their production systems 22:36.700 --> 22:39.066 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% and so calf prices went crazy 22:39.066 --> 22:41.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% and cattle prices and beef prices did, 22:41.266 --> 22:43.000 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and people respond. 22:43.000 --> 22:46.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% Markets respond when a high price is out there. 22:46.733 --> 22:49.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% People respond by producing more of that product, 22:49.233 --> 22:51.533 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% exactly what we want to happen from markets, 22:51.533 --> 22:55.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and as a result we've seen two things happen. 22:55.233 --> 22:58.400 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% Pork and poultry have been able to very quickly, 22:58.400 --> 23:00.900 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% because of the way they're integrated in their structure, 23:00.900 --> 23:03.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% to fix and control their disease problems, 23:03.733 --> 23:06.700 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% so their production started coming up very quickly, 23:06.700 --> 23:09.800 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% and last year, somehow, we've added 23:09.800 --> 23:11.733 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% a billion and a half pounds of beef 23:11.733 --> 23:14.266 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% to our beef system and it wasn't from numbers, 23:14.266 --> 23:17.700 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% it really was from feeding cattle heavier. 23:17.700 --> 23:21.066 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% And as a result, we had some prices that dropped down 23:21.066 --> 23:22.800 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% where we hadn't seen for four or five years. 23:22.800 --> 23:26.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Now, markets adjust and we're starting to see 23:26.833 --> 23:31.000 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% some rationality come back into the feeder cattle market 23:31.933 --> 23:33.600 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% and we've had a pretty good run up 23:33.600 --> 23:34.966 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% the last two to three months 23:34.966 --> 23:38.900 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and it looks like this fall should be $1.75 ish 23:38.900 --> 23:41.233 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% sort of price for steer calves 23:41.233 --> 23:43.033 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and that's a very, very solid price, 23:43.033 --> 23:47.200 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and it's not $2.90 but it's also far above right now 23:48.300 --> 23:51.400 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% what the long run average price would be for those calves. 23:51.400 --> 23:53.333 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% If you look at 100 years of data 23:53.333 --> 23:56.366 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% and adjust it to today's dollars, 23:56.366 --> 23:58.266 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% if we're on the trend, 23:58.266 --> 24:01.566 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% we'd get about $1.50 one or two for those calves 24:01.566 --> 24:04.733 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% and we're gonna be substantially above that this fall, 24:04.733 --> 24:07.000 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% so it's still a very strong 24:08.600 --> 24:09.933 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% even though we had a dip in there 24:09.933 --> 24:11.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% very bullish on the cattle industry. 24:11.633 --> 24:12.900 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% There's a whole number of reasons. 24:12.900 --> 24:14.600 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% I've talked with people in the state 24:14.600 --> 24:18.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% in the past about what some of those cost drivers 24:18.466 --> 24:20.066 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% are for the cattle industry, 24:20.066 --> 24:22.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% and you mentioned one, Bob, labor. 24:22.900 --> 24:25.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% The things that you were doing didn't allow you 24:25.833 --> 24:27.000 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% to keep those animals around, 24:27.000 --> 24:30.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and you're wonderful but you're not that unique, right? 24:30.266 --> 24:31.900 align:start position:40.62% line:10% size:18.75% It takes-- - If you're gone, you're gone. 24:31.900 --> 24:33.800 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - That's right. - They don't take care 24:33.800 --> 24:34.900 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% of themselves. - They don't take care 24:34.900 --> 24:36.600 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% of themselves and so the labor issue 24:36.600 --> 24:38.533 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% is one of the major ones why people 24:38.533 --> 24:41.600 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% have gotten away, eastern Montana, classic, 24:41.600 --> 24:45.033 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% from cattle production and that's not just Montana. 24:45.033 --> 24:48.266 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% That's all over the country so I think the future 24:48.266 --> 24:52.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% is really good for those in the cattle business, 24:52.400 --> 24:54.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% those that are set up for it on the labor side, 24:54.733 --> 24:58.133 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% on the grazing side and have those things in place. 24:58.133 --> 24:59.766 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% I think things look really well. 24:59.766 --> 25:01.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% I still do, even though we're coming out of, 25:01.400 --> 25:03.066 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% as we come out of this low spot 25:03.066 --> 25:04.500 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% which was pretty low last year. 25:04.500 --> 25:06.633 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - That's great, good. 25:06.633 --> 25:08.900 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% Here's a question for Toby from Lewistown 25:08.900 --> 25:11.133 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% and I'm very glad to get this question 25:11.133 --> 25:13.066 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% because it piggy backs on to our discussion 25:13.066 --> 25:14.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% before we went on the air tonight 25:14.733 --> 25:17.500 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% and Gary was asking a question. 25:17.500 --> 25:19.866 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% Well, first of all the person is commenting 25:19.866 --> 25:21.400 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% that many trees in central Montana 25:21.400 --> 25:23.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% were killed by diseases and need to be replaced, 25:23.833 --> 25:25.533 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% but what they're really asking is 25:25.533 --> 25:28.266 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% what species of shade trees do you recommend 25:28.266 --> 25:32.633 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% for central Montana, Lewistown area would be similar 25:32.633 --> 25:35.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% to Bozeman if you get out on the prairie, 25:35.166 --> 25:37.133 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% it's definitely a harsher environment. 25:37.133 --> 25:38.633 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:15% - Right. 25:38.633 --> 25:40.433 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% - And they can't have disease, 25:40.433 --> 25:41.533 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% they can't have roots, 25:41.533 --> 25:43.433 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% they can't raise sidewalks, 25:43.433 --> 25:46.233 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% they can't die, they handle the wind. 25:46.233 --> 25:47.100 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:15% - Right. - They can be a windbreak. 25:47.100 --> 25:49.233 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% The grow fast, okay, go ahead, now. 25:49.233 --> 25:50.366 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - You want a miracle is what you want. 25:50.366 --> 25:52.500 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - That's why you're here. 25:56.700 --> 25:59.066 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - First of all, I kind of question 25:59.066 --> 26:02.266 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% that there was a lot of trees that died due to disease. 26:02.266 --> 26:04.600 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% I don't know exactly what that statement is 26:04.600 --> 26:06.733 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% 'cause there's a few diseases that are out there. 26:06.733 --> 26:08.366 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% We do have some warmer weather. 26:08.366 --> 26:09.700 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% We do have some insect problems, 26:09.700 --> 26:12.100 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% 'cause we haven't really gotten that cold. 26:12.100 --> 26:14.866 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% But I do understand when we do lose trees 26:14.866 --> 26:17.700 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% due to winter kill and things like that. 26:17.700 --> 26:19.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% One of the things, 26:19.566 --> 26:21.066 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% walk around your neighborhood. 26:21.066 --> 26:22.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% See what's there. 26:23.866 --> 26:24.966 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Talk to your neighbors. 26:24.966 --> 26:26.400 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% We don't do that anymore. 26:26.400 --> 26:28.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% If you see a tree in somebody's backyard 26:28.166 --> 26:29.366 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% and you want to know what it is, 26:29.366 --> 26:31.166 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% go ask them, take a sample. 26:31.166 --> 26:32.800 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% Bring it to your extension office. 26:32.800 --> 26:34.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% Now, Lewistown, Montana, there's a lot of great trees 26:34.833 --> 26:36.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% that you can grow there. 26:36.233 --> 26:38.433 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% It's not as harsh as, let's say where I was an agent 26:38.433 --> 26:40.200 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% in Butte, where it's difficult to grow 26:40.200 --> 26:42.300 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% a lot of different trees, 26:42.300 --> 26:46.466 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% but there's several different trees that will do well. 26:48.100 --> 26:49.466 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% One of them that always comes to mind 26:49.466 --> 26:52.133 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% is the thornless honeylocust. 26:52.133 --> 26:55.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% I see those in the Lewistown area. 26:55.266 --> 26:56.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% I think it's a great tree. 26:56.966 --> 26:59.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% I think if you're in the city of Lewistown 26:59.400 --> 27:01.700 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% where it's a little bit more, 27:01.700 --> 27:03.700 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% you have kind of a microclimate. 27:03.700 --> 27:05.033 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% You could probably actually get away 27:05.033 --> 27:08.533 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% with at least silver maple, maybe Norway maple. 27:08.533 --> 27:11.933 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% Once you start getting out of that urban forest 27:11.933 --> 27:15.266 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% then it gets to where you're like zone three for sure 27:15.266 --> 27:17.733 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% but there are a lot of trees out there. 27:17.733 --> 27:20.300 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% We could talk about all of them, 27:20.300 --> 27:21.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% but I would just walk around the neighborhood, 27:21.566 --> 27:24.466 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% see what's working, see what's, 27:24.466 --> 27:27.066 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% 'cause there's always a plant nerd like myself 27:27.066 --> 27:30.433 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% or master gardeners that will try anything. 27:30.433 --> 27:32.366 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% There's people like Bob who, 27:32.366 --> 27:34.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% every time I hear that there's a new vegetable 27:34.333 --> 27:35.200 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% that he's growing. 27:35.200 --> 27:36.866 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% There's always somebody in a community 27:36.866 --> 27:39.233 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% that's doing something different 27:39.233 --> 27:41.800 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and they figure out what works and what doesn't, 27:41.800 --> 27:42.933 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% and that's what I would recommend 27:42.933 --> 27:45.266 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% is talk to your local nurseries, 27:45.266 --> 27:47.333 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% talk to local people around and see what's out there, 27:47.333 --> 27:50.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% but yeah, raising sidewalks, 27:50.500 --> 27:53.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% getting in the sewer, all that kind of stuff. 27:53.700 --> 27:54.933 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - Not that that happens at my house. 27:54.933 --> 27:56.066 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Yeah. - I'm just saying. 27:56.066 --> 27:57.066 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Yeah. - Hypothetically. 27:57.066 --> 27:58.133 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - Well there are. 27:58.133 --> 28:01.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Trees are a benefit but they can also be a liability 28:01.333 --> 28:02.833 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and makings sure that you have the right tree 28:02.833 --> 28:05.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% in the right place, the plant in the right place 28:05.033 --> 28:06.966 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% is always a very important thing. 28:06.966 --> 28:08.666 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - [Gary] And patience isn't virtue of mine 28:08.666 --> 28:09.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% so I want it to grow fast. 28:09.966 --> 28:11.600 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:15% - Right. - And that causes problems. 28:11.600 --> 28:14.466 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - Everybody, I want a tree that grows really fast. 28:14.466 --> 28:16.900 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% It's a great shade tree that won't do any of those things 28:16.900 --> 28:18.600 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and that's a myth. 28:18.600 --> 28:21.700 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - So can you comment on some of the maples, 28:21.700 --> 28:24.966 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% like what's the one, it's maple, 28:24.966 --> 28:27.700 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% but the name isn't maple? 28:27.700 --> 28:28.766 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - [Together] Box elder? 28:28.766 --> 28:31.433 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - So box elder is actually a great tree. 28:31.433 --> 28:34.166 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% It looks a lot like green ash. 28:34.166 --> 28:35.666 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% It does well in a lot of areas, 28:35.666 --> 28:36.900 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% but if you do get a box elder, 28:36.900 --> 28:40.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% make sure that you get a male box elder. 28:40.500 --> 28:42.066 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% Because if you have a female, 28:42.066 --> 28:44.766 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% you will get box elder bugs in Montana, 28:44.766 --> 28:47.300 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% and they can be a real nuisance, 28:47.300 --> 28:48.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% but yeah, box elders. 28:48.466 --> 28:51.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% One of the things that some of the maples 28:51.433 --> 28:53.133 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% that I see coming out. 28:53.133 --> 28:55.800 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% Some of these red maples, they don't do well 28:55.800 --> 28:57.633 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% in alkaline soils in Montana 28:57.633 --> 28:59.900 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and so the red that you're looking for 28:59.900 --> 29:03.366 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% is usually a pale, flesh colored brown 29:03.366 --> 29:04.700 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and it just doesn't do well. 29:04.700 --> 29:06.166 align:start position:40.62% line:10% size:18.75% (laughing) 29:06.166 --> 29:09.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - [Bob] Can we tap our box elder trees for syrup? 29:09.566 --> 29:10.400 align:start position:40.62% line:10% size:18.75% - Can you? 29:10.400 --> 29:11.433 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% You surely can. 29:11.433 --> 29:13.066 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% - [Bob] Have you seen it done? 29:13.066 --> 29:14.266 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - I have not seen it done, 29:14.266 --> 29:17.066 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% but I'm pretty sure that you probably could 29:17.066 --> 29:19.833 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% tap the trees if you wanted to, 29:19.833 --> 29:23.166 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% but I don't think you're gonna get a lot of production. 29:23.166 --> 29:26.266 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% But I'm gonna guess, I know that they do, 29:26.266 --> 29:28.966 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% birch was one that I saw that was tapped 29:28.966 --> 29:30.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and I thought that was kind of interesting, 29:30.966 --> 29:34.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and I've had birch syrup which I thought was fantastic, 29:34.400 --> 29:37.633 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% but all my friends and even some of my family I believe 29:37.633 --> 29:39.400 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% didn't really like it. 29:39.400 --> 29:40.666 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - [Nina] Probably a little bitter or something. 29:40.666 --> 29:42.033 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% - It's got a weird taste to it. 29:42.033 --> 29:43.266 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Yeah. - I'll try anything. 29:43.266 --> 29:44.566 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% - I can imagine. - If you bring Bob 29:44.566 --> 29:46.100 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% back next year, he'll have tapped it. 29:46.100 --> 29:47.200 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - He'll have tapped his-- 29:47.200 --> 29:49.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - I have a box elder tree sitting out. 29:49.100 --> 29:49.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - He's gonna go home and-- 29:49.966 --> 29:52.566 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% - And they're one that actually 29:52.566 --> 29:55.066 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% will do reasonably well out on the prairie. 29:55.066 --> 29:56.900 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - [Bob] Yes, it's a native. 29:56.900 --> 29:58.400 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Yeah. - Right. 29:58.400 --> 30:00.666 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - With a little protection. 30:01.900 --> 30:06.200 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% This is the burning question I think about organic gardening 30:06.200 --> 30:07.500 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% for Bob from Kalispell. 30:07.500 --> 30:10.433 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% How do you control weeds without sprays? 30:10.433 --> 30:11.666 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - How do you control weeds without sprays? 30:11.666 --> 30:14.566 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Well, you have to start early and show up often. 30:14.566 --> 30:16.800 align:start position:40.62% line:10% size:18.75% (laughing) 30:17.766 --> 30:22.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% With gardens, well, this is not my strong suit 30:22.233 --> 30:23.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% but I do love gardens 30:23.700 --> 30:28.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and my best control of weeds with gardens is a heavy mulch. 30:28.500 --> 30:32.600 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% So I put lawn clippings or even straw or leaves 30:32.600 --> 30:35.266 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% or whatever's available to mulch the garden very heavily 30:35.266 --> 30:37.266 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and then that takes care of the weeds 30:37.266 --> 30:40.033 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% once you get the first flush out. 30:40.033 --> 30:41.700 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% So that's one trick. 30:44.700 --> 30:48.300 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% In the fields, we control weeds with rotations, 30:48.300 --> 30:51.133 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% so we're breaking up weed cycles 30:51.133 --> 30:52.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% along with disease cycles and pest cycles 30:52.900 --> 30:55.400 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and all the cycles are broken up with rotation. 30:55.400 --> 30:57.133 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% Doesn't mean the weeds are gone, 30:57.133 --> 30:59.200 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% but it means they're manageable. 30:59.200 --> 31:01.300 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% So we don't try for eradication. 31:01.300 --> 31:02.433 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% That's not our goal. 31:02.433 --> 31:06.600 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% Our goal is to have it not causing economic damage 31:07.433 --> 31:11.900 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% or lowering the value of the crop in harvestable bushels 31:11.900 --> 31:13.066 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and that sort of thing, 31:13.066 --> 31:14.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and what we're finding after several years 31:14.966 --> 31:17.033 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% that the weeds in our fields are very diverse 31:17.033 --> 31:20.566 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and there's not just patches of one kind of weed, 31:20.566 --> 31:23.333 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% and once you've reached that level 31:23.333 --> 31:25.966 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% then you know that your rotations are 31:25.966 --> 31:29.300 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - What one weed is just your nemesis? 31:29.300 --> 31:32.366 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - Well, right now the problem we're having 31:32.366 --> 31:34.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% that we haven't solved yet. 31:34.233 --> 31:35.433 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% There's a lot of research going on, 31:35.433 --> 31:39.833 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% there needs to be more is with the perennial vine weed. 31:39.833 --> 31:42.133 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% A creeping jenny. - Yeah. 31:42.133 --> 31:44.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - Our perennial weeds are pretty tough 31:44.700 --> 31:46.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% with Canada thistle, we're able to control 31:46.466 --> 31:48.966 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% that with alfalfa if we get a good stand of alfalfa, 31:48.966 --> 31:51.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% that takes out the Canada thistle. 31:51.733 --> 31:55.366 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% Our most problematic weeds for our chemical neighbors 31:55.366 --> 31:59.266 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% almost disappeared for us, like fireweed kosha 31:59.266 --> 32:00.833 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% is a non-issue. 32:00.833 --> 32:03.033 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% I think kosha really needs a lot of soluble nitrogren 32:03.033 --> 32:06.066 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% to be successful and go above the wheat. 32:06.066 --> 32:08.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% Without that, the wheat seems to cover it 32:08.500 --> 32:10.733 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and it doesn't take over like it does 32:10.733 --> 32:13.566 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% in our neighbors' fields, 32:13.566 --> 32:17.866 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% but simple weeds that are very easily killed by chemicals 32:17.866 --> 32:20.100 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% like penny crest, fan weed, 32:23.333 --> 32:27.000 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% some of the easier mustards can be a real problem 32:27.000 --> 32:28.866 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% for us if they let them get out of control. 32:28.866 --> 32:32.100 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% One thing that we can never do is let weeds go to seed. 32:32.100 --> 32:33.900 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% So we make sure that weeds don't go to seed 32:33.900 --> 32:35.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% to build up seed bank. 32:35.700 --> 32:37.800 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% So we're doing more cultivation. 32:37.800 --> 32:40.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% We try to do shallow undercutting type of cultivation 32:40.166 --> 32:42.666 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% so it's minimum till rather than plowing 32:42.666 --> 32:44.600 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% or anything like that but we do try 32:44.600 --> 32:45.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% to keep the weeds from going to seed 32:45.933 --> 32:48.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and then rotate so we are breaking up cycles 32:48.333 --> 32:50.166 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% of winter annuals and summer annuals 32:50.166 --> 32:53.800 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and we don't allow those to build up 32:53.800 --> 32:57.900 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% by having the same kind of crops year after year. 32:59.366 --> 33:02.100 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - That raises a question to me that I never really thought 33:02.100 --> 33:04.566 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% of it before, so in organic, 33:04.566 --> 33:09.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% you really can't utilize the no-till type agriculture 33:09.033 --> 33:11.066 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% where you're planting back into the stubble? 33:11.066 --> 33:12.133 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - We're working on that. 33:12.133 --> 33:14.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% If we can figure out a no-till organic, 33:14.100 --> 33:17.266 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% that'd be the cat's meow, really. 33:17.266 --> 33:19.033 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% Rodale has been working on such a thing 33:19.033 --> 33:20.833 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% in Pennsylvania and they seem 33:20.833 --> 33:22.533 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% like they've made some progress, 33:22.533 --> 33:24.166 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% but when we try to duplicate it here, 33:24.166 --> 33:25.433 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% it hasn't really worked, 33:25.433 --> 33:28.700 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% so we haven't solved that one yet 33:28.700 --> 33:31.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% but that's the elusive pie in the sky, 33:31.800 --> 33:34.000 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% but that would be great if we could do that. 33:34.000 --> 33:37.133 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% We're stilling relying on rotations 33:37.133 --> 33:39.100 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and the minimum tillage. 33:39.100 --> 33:39.933 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. 33:39.933 --> 33:41.733 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Nina, I mentioned this organic project 33:41.733 --> 33:42.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% that we had near town. 33:42.966 --> 33:44.600 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% The point of that, actually, is to try 33:44.600 --> 33:46.133 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and do something that's closer to no till, 33:46.133 --> 33:49.466 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and that's why we're using grazing in that study. 33:49.466 --> 33:52.133 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% In a five year rotation, we can actually go 36 months 33:52.133 --> 33:54.833 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% without tillage, so we haven't figured 33:54.833 --> 33:56.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% out a way to do the whole five years, 33:56.466 --> 34:00.066 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% but 36 months in a row is a pretty good start, 34:00.066 --> 34:01.333 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and we've done some of these things 34:01.333 --> 34:02.900 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% like the crimp rolling and what not 34:02.900 --> 34:04.866 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% that the Rodale Institute's done, 34:04.866 --> 34:06.733 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% but in most situations here, 34:06.733 --> 34:08.433 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% by the time the plants are big enough 34:08.433 --> 34:11.100 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% to be susceptible to rolling, 34:11.100 --> 34:13.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% they've used all the water in the system 34:13.500 --> 34:16.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and so they're too close to maturity 34:16.500 --> 34:19.300 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% and we're not growing enough mulch 34:19.300 --> 34:20.633 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% to really make a difference, 34:20.633 --> 34:22.766 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% so we're still struggling with that end, 34:22.766 --> 34:27.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% but you know Pat Carr, a new research scientist 34:27.333 --> 34:28.700 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% near the Lewistown area of Moccasin 34:28.700 --> 34:30.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% is really interested in this topic 34:30.166 --> 34:31.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and I know he's gonna get some work underway 34:31.800 --> 34:34.800 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and he's gonna get one of these fancy Chevron rollers 34:34.800 --> 34:37.500 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and try some more things out at that location. 34:37.500 --> 34:38.666 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. - One of our crops 34:38.666 --> 34:41.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% in our rotation is alfalfa for soil building 34:41.933 --> 34:43.700 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% and we also use it as a cash crop, 34:43.700 --> 34:45.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% the second year for hay. 34:45.200 --> 34:46.466 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% So when we do our alfalfa, 34:46.466 --> 34:50.633 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% we actually go about 18 to 20 months without any tillage. 34:51.833 --> 34:55.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% We also use yellow blossomed sweet clover, 34:55.266 --> 34:57.400 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% and when that's in our rotation, 34:57.400 --> 35:01.600 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% we go a year, 12 months without any cultivation, 35:01.600 --> 35:04.133 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% so we have aspects of the rotation 35:04.133 --> 35:06.600 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% that really allow for some no tillage 35:06.600 --> 35:08.533 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% but it's not 100%. 35:10.300 --> 35:14.700 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - Okay, okay, Gary a question from Missoula, 35:14.700 --> 35:15.866 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% if you could just kind of comment, 35:15.866 --> 35:18.433 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% we've been talking a lot about this organic agriculture 35:18.433 --> 35:20.000 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and different methods and the nuts and bolts 35:20.000 --> 35:22.100 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% of how to get the work done. 35:22.100 --> 35:24.900 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% From an economic standpoint, 35:24.900 --> 35:28.200 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% how sustainable is organic production of food? 35:28.200 --> 35:31.566 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - Well, there's just so many issues. 35:31.566 --> 35:33.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% First of all, the scale is something 35:33.566 --> 35:34.566 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% people need to understand. 35:34.566 --> 35:37.900 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Last year, we had about 360 billion dollars 35:37.900 --> 35:41.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% of farm gate sales, so that's not further process 35:41.566 --> 35:44.100 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% but off the farm, farm and ranches, 35:44.100 --> 35:47.700 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% and organic was about 6% of that, 35:47.700 --> 35:49.300 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% so about six billion, something like that, 35:49.300 --> 35:53.500 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% so from an overall perspective, it's relatively small. 35:54.466 --> 35:57.200 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:22.5% Now, from an economic standpoint, 35:58.466 --> 36:00.600 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% we happen to be very fortunate. 36:00.600 --> 36:04.366 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% There's probably 50 or 60 countries in the world 36:04.366 --> 36:07.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% where if you want a certain type of agriculture, 36:07.500 --> 36:09.766 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% you want your food produced naturally. 36:09.766 --> 36:11.233 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% You want your food produced organically. 36:11.233 --> 36:14.800 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% You don't care, whatever the case might be. 36:14.800 --> 36:16.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% The vast majority of countries in the world 36:16.500 --> 36:18.433 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% just try to eat anything, 36:18.433 --> 36:20.633 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% and they don't have these choices. 36:20.633 --> 36:23.366 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% Markets allow us to have a demand 36:23.366 --> 36:27.166 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% if there's a demand, someone, the Bob's of the world here. 36:27.166 --> 36:30.000 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% Bob, we've known each other 20 years, I guess now, 36:30.000 --> 36:31.566 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% those folks will try to figure out a way 36:31.566 --> 36:33.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% to meet that demand. 36:33.166 --> 36:36.200 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% Now, it does mean that you're probably pay more for food, 36:36.200 --> 36:37.666 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% and that's okay. 36:37.666 --> 36:38.766 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% People have choice, 36:38.766 --> 36:40.366 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% and however you want to do it, 36:40.366 --> 36:43.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% organic production is gonna have lower yields 36:43.166 --> 36:45.033 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and because of labor and other things, 36:45.033 --> 36:46.766 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% there's gonna be some higher costs. 36:46.766 --> 36:48.100 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% But that's fine. 36:49.200 --> 36:51.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% It's meeting a demand that's out there, 36:51.466 --> 36:54.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and so, right now, I'd call it about 6%. 36:54.733 --> 36:57.533 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% In Europe, Bob, more like 15%, 18%, 20%. 36:57.533 --> 36:59.033 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - Not quite that high yet. 36:59.033 --> 36:59.900 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - Not quite that high yet. 36:59.900 --> 37:00.833 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% In all of Europe. 37:00.833 --> 37:03.966 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% Certain parts it is. - Yeah, yes. 37:03.966 --> 37:05.933 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - But isn't it wonderful that you have a choice? 37:05.933 --> 37:07.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% And if you wanna be at the farmer's market 37:07.500 --> 37:09.466 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% to get your tomatoes produced 37:09.466 --> 37:12.966 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% by Don Mathry over here, you can. 37:12.966 --> 37:16.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% It's fantastic that we have these opportunities 37:16.166 --> 37:18.966 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% and we need to continue to do research 37:18.966 --> 37:23.066 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and we need to continue to make sure we have entrepreneurs 37:23.066 --> 37:24.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% that can meet that demand 37:24.966 --> 37:26.833 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and some can do it very successfully 37:26.833 --> 37:28.466 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and others not so much. 37:28.466 --> 37:31.066 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% The question about how we handle weeds. 37:31.066 --> 37:33.300 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% I grew up on a sugar beet, malt barley farm, 37:33.300 --> 37:36.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% or got older there, I don't know if I grew up, 37:36.700 --> 37:38.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and we did it with a long handled hoe, 37:38.566 --> 37:39.666 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and I don't like that much. 37:39.666 --> 37:43.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% That just isn't what I want to do with my life, 37:43.100 --> 37:45.700 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% but not everything has to be done that way, either, 37:45.700 --> 37:49.900 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and so I'll call it 6% of our food business. 37:49.900 --> 37:52.133 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% That doesn't mean it's inconsequential. 37:52.133 --> 37:53.366 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% It's very important to a lot of people 37:53.366 --> 37:55.833 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and I think it's fantastic that we have options. 37:55.833 --> 37:57.066 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% - I think it's also interesting 37:57.066 --> 37:59.300 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:20.63% how we have conventional farming, 37:59.300 --> 38:02.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% which is, there's always breakthroughs 38:02.500 --> 38:05.833 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% on conventional farming and it's sometimes political. 38:05.833 --> 38:07.800 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Whether or not it's GMO 38:08.900 --> 38:11.133 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% every universities working on something. 38:11.133 --> 38:14.633 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% Some kind of breeding or some type of product. 38:14.633 --> 38:16.000 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:22.5% There's also independent companies, 38:16.000 --> 38:17.866 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% but there's also people like Bob 38:17.866 --> 38:19.633 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% who's out there and I'm gonna guess 38:19.633 --> 38:22.200 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% that if I was to go on your farm 38:22.200 --> 38:23.433 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% and I haven't been on your farm, 38:23.433 --> 38:24.933 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% but if I was. - You need to go. 38:24.933 --> 38:26.866 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - I bet there would be an opportunity 38:26.866 --> 38:28.633 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% to say, "Hey, this is really working out, 38:28.633 --> 38:30.433 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% "and there's some new science." 38:30.433 --> 38:35.000 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% Because you're totally turning the whole industry 38:35.000 --> 38:38.100 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% on its head on the how you do this. 38:38.100 --> 38:39.800 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% Like I said, throughout Montana, 38:39.800 --> 38:42.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% I always hear about Bob Quinn, Bob Quinn, 38:42.400 --> 38:44.600 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% and I think it's mostly because you have 38:44.600 --> 38:46.666 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% that entrepreneurial kind of look to it 38:46.666 --> 38:49.666 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% about how to move past something 38:49.666 --> 38:51.933 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% whether or not it's organic or even conventional, 38:51.933 --> 38:54.533 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% and I think that that's really great 38:54.533 --> 38:56.333 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% that we have people out there, 38:56.333 --> 38:58.866 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% but I think we need both. 38:58.866 --> 39:01.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% Because of the food supply that we're looking at. 39:01.966 --> 39:04.566 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - One thing that I think is important to say 39:04.566 --> 39:05.933 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% that the organic section is really 39:05.933 --> 39:07.966 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% the only area of agriculture I know 39:07.966 --> 39:09.733 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% that has significant growth, 39:09.733 --> 39:11.266 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% even though it's quite small, 39:11.266 --> 39:13.366 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% it's the only one that's really growing, 39:13.366 --> 39:16.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and holds I think great promise in the future. 39:16.200 --> 39:18.500 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% We hear all the time, I've heard the last 30 years 39:18.500 --> 39:20.300 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% about organic will never feed the world 39:20.300 --> 39:22.100 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% and we hear that all the time, 39:22.100 --> 39:23.933 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% mostly from chemical companies. 39:23.933 --> 39:25.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% They don't want to lose their business, of course, 39:25.333 --> 39:30.066 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% but I was asked to speak at a conference in Bangkok 39:30.066 --> 39:33.400 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% a couple years ago and there was a paper presented there 39:33.400 --> 39:35.066 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% from research done in India 39:35.066 --> 39:36.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% and was backed up with another paper 39:36.933 --> 39:39.100 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% of research done in Africa 39:40.600 --> 39:43.733 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% and as you well know that Asia has 39:43.733 --> 39:45.966 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% just about two thirds of the population of the earth 39:45.966 --> 39:48.200 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% lives in Asia, if you add Africa, now we're 39:48.200 --> 39:49.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% up to three quarters. 39:49.433 --> 39:52.100 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% Most of those people are fed by peasant farmers 39:52.100 --> 39:54.166 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% and very small plots of land, 39:54.166 --> 39:57.166 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% and the research shows if those farmers 39:57.166 --> 39:59.433 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% changed organic procedures, 40:00.300 --> 40:03.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% that their production would double to triple. 40:03.166 --> 40:04.600 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% Increase two to three times, 40:04.600 --> 40:06.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% that is the key to feeding the world, 40:06.733 --> 40:08.766 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% and I found that very, very exciting. 40:08.766 --> 40:10.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% Those people can't afford chemicals, anyway, 40:10.566 --> 40:13.333 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% but if they would just go to things like soil building 40:13.333 --> 40:16.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and rotations because absence of chemicals 40:16.433 --> 40:18.833 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% doesn't mean it's organic, sustainable organic, 40:18.833 --> 40:21.166 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% but if you add the principals of soil building 40:21.166 --> 40:24.533 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and rotations, you can actually see 40:24.533 --> 40:27.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% those yields doubling and that's three quarters 40:27.700 --> 40:29.966 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% of the world and that's where the food 40:29.966 --> 40:31.566 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% would make a huge difference 40:31.566 --> 40:35.600 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% to those areas that are always in deficit. 40:35.600 --> 40:37.366 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - One of the things that Bob just commented on 40:37.366 --> 40:39.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% was organic ag being the only growth industry 40:39.500 --> 40:41.266 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% in the state, in terms of crops, 40:41.266 --> 40:42.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% I think Perry could you comment a little bit 40:42.666 --> 40:46.400 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% on pulse crops and the acreage increases 40:46.400 --> 40:48.733 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and where we're sitting now in comparison 40:48.733 --> 40:50.833 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% to where we were 10 years ago. 40:50.833 --> 40:54.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - Yeah, pulse crops have created a whole new industry 40:54.266 --> 40:56.666 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% in Montana and at one time the only people 40:56.666 --> 40:58.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% who knew about it were organic farmers 40:58.733 --> 41:00.533 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% but it's gotten much, much bigger than that 41:00.533 --> 41:02.000 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% as it's gone mainstream, 41:02.000 --> 41:05.100 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and so last year, I think we were, 20 years ago 41:05.100 --> 41:06.766 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% that the acreage would have been so small 41:06.766 --> 41:09.600 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% it wouldn't even be worth saying how much it was. 41:09.600 --> 41:12.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Now I think there's 1.2 million acres this past year, 41:12.333 --> 41:15.000 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% pretty evenly split between peas and lentils 41:15.000 --> 41:17.033 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% and not as much with chickpeas. 41:17.033 --> 41:18.366 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% The numbers I'm hearing this year 41:18.366 --> 41:20.300 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% are probably gonna be in the same ballpark, 41:20.300 --> 41:23.133 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% maybe a lot more chickpeas, fewer peas. 41:23.133 --> 41:24.300 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% Lentil production looks like it's gonna 41:24.300 --> 41:25.833 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% be pretty strong again and so 41:25.833 --> 41:28.733 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% that's been a wonderful opportunity for Montana, 41:28.733 --> 41:31.200 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% especially because it complements wheat production 41:31.200 --> 41:32.133 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:15% so well. - Right. 41:32.133 --> 41:35.133 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - Which, again, the organic guys have known for a long time, 41:35.133 --> 41:37.700 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% but in this mainstream world it's really helped manage 41:37.700 --> 41:41.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% weeds better, nutrient cycles, water use efficiency. 41:41.733 --> 41:44.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% It's just been a really win-win situation 41:44.233 --> 41:47.200 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% bringing these crops to the mainstream now. 41:47.200 --> 41:48.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - And another beauty of that, it really helps 41:48.533 --> 41:49.700 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% with the transition to organic, 41:49.700 --> 41:51.433 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% because you're halfway there 41:51.433 --> 41:52.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% because of the rotation. 41:52.266 --> 41:53.466 align:start position:40.62% line:10% size:18.75% (laughing) Really. 41:53.466 --> 41:55.233 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% That's the hardest thing for people 41:55.233 --> 41:57.633 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% to introduce new crops into their farm, 41:57.633 --> 41:59.266 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% but when they've done it already, 41:59.266 --> 42:01.266 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% then it becomes much more simple. 42:01.266 --> 42:04.166 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - So now that we've discussed this dramatic increase 42:04.166 --> 42:06.933 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% in pulse crops, Gary can you comment? 42:06.933 --> 42:09.300 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Are we going to produce ourself into a situation 42:09.300 --> 42:12.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% where we're going to have an oversupply of lentils 42:12.966 --> 42:15.766 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% or is the export market gonna take care of that or what? 42:15.766 --> 42:18.500 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - The export market takes care of most of it now. 42:18.500 --> 42:20.400 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% We don't need that many lentils 42:20.400 --> 42:23.166 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% and other legumes here in the US, 42:25.400 --> 42:27.300 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% so most of it is an export market, 42:27.300 --> 42:30.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% but what's happening is as things get produced, 42:30.666 --> 42:32.766 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% where you can do it the best, 42:32.766 --> 42:36.566 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and where what economists call your options are low, 42:36.566 --> 42:38.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% so in wheat country. 42:38.500 --> 42:40.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% Wheat and barley and fallow 42:40.500 --> 42:42.866 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and if the option of fallow in some years is low 42:42.866 --> 42:43.800 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and some years it's high, 42:43.800 --> 42:45.966 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% because you need the extra water that's going 42:45.966 --> 42:48.933 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% to be retained, but as you develop a, 42:48.933 --> 42:51.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% we call it comparative advantage in doing this. 42:51.233 --> 42:55.000 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% Whether the market, demand declines, goes up, 42:56.166 --> 42:58.633 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% if you can out compete whoever else is producing 42:58.633 --> 43:00.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% these crops, that's what really matters, 43:00.100 --> 43:03.633 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and so I think we have an area, northeastern Montana, 43:03.633 --> 43:05.933 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% that they're able to compete with the world 43:05.933 --> 43:09.133 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% on the production side and that's what matters. 43:09.133 --> 43:10.600 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% Looking for the things you're really good at. 43:10.600 --> 43:12.666 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% We're really good at Montana feeder cattle 43:12.666 --> 43:14.766 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and we're really good at malting barley 43:14.766 --> 43:17.366 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and we're pretty darn good at sugar beets, right? 43:17.366 --> 43:18.433 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% And we're good at wheat. 43:18.433 --> 43:20.200 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - And seed potatoes. - And so we're good at this. 43:20.200 --> 43:21.266 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:22.5% Really good. - Don't forget 43:21.266 --> 43:22.233 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% the seed potatoes. - Don't forget 43:22.233 --> 43:23.533 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% the seed potatoes. 43:23.533 --> 43:24.600 align:start position:44.38% line:10% size:9.38% Yeah. 43:24.600 --> 43:25.766 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% - Toby, you're supposed to elbow. 43:25.766 --> 43:27.733 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - You just about got ejected out of that chair. 43:27.733 --> 43:29.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - We worked on this before. 43:29.500 --> 43:30.566 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% We really are good-- 43:30.566 --> 43:31.533 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% - [Together] At seed potatoes. 43:31.533 --> 43:32.833 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - That's right. - And they go all 43:32.833 --> 43:34.466 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% over the country. 43:34.466 --> 43:36.900 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% When you're good at something, that's what matters. 43:36.900 --> 43:39.233 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% And getting better. - And so Gary mentions 43:39.233 --> 43:41.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% a comparative advantage and one of the key things 43:41.233 --> 43:44.166 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% with pulse crops is their pretty disease susceptible 43:44.166 --> 43:45.466 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:20.63% as a group. - Yeah. 43:45.466 --> 43:47.266 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - Well, we have this nice, dry climate. 43:47.266 --> 43:49.633 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:15% - Right. - That sometimes limits yields 43:49.633 --> 43:52.400 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and whatnot, but at least it keeps disease at bay, 43:52.400 --> 43:54.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% so that's become really important in those pulse crops. 43:54.233 --> 43:55.866 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - And it's the same climate that gives us high 43:55.866 --> 43:57.166 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% protein spring wheat, I mean. 43:57.166 --> 44:00.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% If you can get a yield, you mentioned that earlier, right? 44:00.233 --> 44:02.366 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% So there's advantages to being, 44:02.366 --> 44:04.100 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% I hate to say this folks, dry. 44:04.100 --> 44:07.300 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% But there are some things that it can help 44:07.300 --> 44:09.000 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% as opposed to a very, very wet year. 44:09.000 --> 44:10.766 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - And as far as selling your lentils, 44:10.766 --> 44:12.433 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% I think we should go on a campaign 44:12.433 --> 44:14.166 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% to get us to eat more lentils. 44:14.166 --> 44:15.300 align:start position:44.38% line:10% size:11.25% - Yes. - They're very high 44:15.300 --> 44:17.866 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% in nutrition, and we're talking about the cost of food 44:17.866 --> 44:20.266 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and organic lentils, per serving, 44:20.266 --> 44:23.033 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% is still a very small price on your plate 44:23.033 --> 44:27.100 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% if you buy the package in the store without processing 44:27.100 --> 44:29.133 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% and for me that is really the key 44:29.133 --> 44:30.833 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% for people who are looking to cut costs 44:30.833 --> 44:33.166 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% is just buy less processed food. 44:33.166 --> 44:35.766 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% - [Nina] Right, buy whole foods. 44:35.766 --> 44:37.300 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Toby, you have to go see his place. 44:37.300 --> 44:38.666 align:start position:40.62% line:10% size:16.88% I'm done. (laughing) 44:38.666 --> 44:40.666 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% I guarantee you, you will eat lentils up there, 44:40.666 --> 44:41.966 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% 'cause he'll fix you lunch. - Yeah. 44:41.966 --> 44:43.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - He does every time. 44:43.333 --> 44:45.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - We eat what we grow and we grow what we eat. 44:45.100 --> 44:46.400 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - He does, he really does. 44:46.400 --> 44:48.600 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% You will have lunch there, trust me. 44:48.600 --> 44:50.933 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - Knowing that I will take every opportunity 44:50.933 --> 44:52.766 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% to take it back to potatoes, 44:52.766 --> 44:55.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% we have a question from Missoula. 44:55.500 --> 44:57.300 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% How close together do you plant potatoes 44:57.300 --> 44:59.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and how do you know when to harvest? 44:59.166 --> 45:01.433 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% Well, that's a very variable answer. 45:01.433 --> 45:03.933 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% I would say anywhere from six to 12 inches 45:03.933 --> 45:06.133 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and part of it is what is your objective. 45:06.133 --> 45:09.433 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% Would you like to grow some nice creamers for the summer? 45:09.433 --> 45:11.700 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% You can definitely plant them closer together. 45:11.700 --> 45:14.366 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% If you want to raise some really nice, big baking potatoes 45:14.366 --> 45:16.633 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% or some really big potatoes for boiling 45:16.633 --> 45:18.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% and cooking later on, then go ahead 45:18.933 --> 45:20.733 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% and plant them a little farther apart, 45:20.733 --> 45:24.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and I actually met a woman this last week 45:25.433 --> 45:28.133 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% who was asking me about her potato harvest 45:28.133 --> 45:30.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and she said, "I got all of these small potatoes, 45:30.833 --> 45:33.166 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% "and I just need to learn how to grow bigger potatoes." 45:33.166 --> 45:35.900 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% We started talking about how she planted her potatoes 45:35.900 --> 45:37.833 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and she said, "Well, I put four seeds in each hole." 45:37.833 --> 45:39.100 align:start position:44.38% line:10% size:9.38% - Oh. - Oh, boy. 45:40.066 --> 45:42.700 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% - That'll do it. - Yeah. 45:42.700 --> 45:44.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - I've also found that anybody that grows, 45:44.800 --> 45:47.366 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and I know somebody's gonna call me, that's fine. 45:47.366 --> 45:49.400 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% But anybody that grows them in boxes 45:49.400 --> 45:53.933 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% or tires or everything that you see on Pinterest 45:53.933 --> 45:56.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and the internet, everybody I've ever talked to 45:56.500 --> 45:58.866 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% says that the potatoes are really small. 45:58.866 --> 46:00.333 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% You might get one big potato 46:00.333 --> 46:01.933 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and then the rest of them are really small, 46:01.933 --> 46:04.933 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% so if you want larger baking potatoes, 46:04.933 --> 46:09.100 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% don't grow 'em in these bins and barrels and tires. 46:09.933 --> 46:10.966 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% They're gonna be too small. 46:10.966 --> 46:12.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - And if you're gonna go out in the dry land, 46:12.966 --> 46:15.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and put your potatoes in the field without irrigation, 46:15.233 --> 46:18.066 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% our experiments have shown that we need nine 46:18.066 --> 46:21.500 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% square feet per plant so that's three feet 46:21.500 --> 46:24.233 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% between each row and three feet between each plant 46:24.233 --> 46:26.833 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and if we do that, our potato plants produce 46:26.833 --> 46:30.533 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% nearly as much as irrigated ones, plant per plant. 46:30.533 --> 46:33.733 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% We only have a third as many and that's okay, 46:33.733 --> 46:38.066 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% but the size and the production is just fine. 46:38.066 --> 46:40.433 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% The plants do not cover the ground 46:40.433 --> 46:42.766 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% like you do with irrigated field. 46:42.766 --> 46:44.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - [Nina] So that creates a bit of a more weeding. 46:44.266 --> 46:45.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - You have to do some more weeding, yeah, 46:45.966 --> 46:48.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% but in the dry areas, if you can get those weeds 46:48.533 --> 46:52.033 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% out in June, usually it quits raining at the end of June 46:52.033 --> 46:54.966 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and new weeds don't come if there's no rain. 46:54.966 --> 46:56.333 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% So it's okay. 46:56.333 --> 46:58.000 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - And the other thing about potatoes, 46:58.000 --> 47:01.233 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% if you don't have a lot of garden space. 47:01.233 --> 47:03.300 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% Do like me, don't plant potatoes. 47:03.300 --> 47:05.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% Buy 'em in the grocery store, 'cause they're cheap. 47:05.466 --> 47:06.766 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Exactly, exactly. 47:06.766 --> 47:09.933 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% We have some great local options in our grocery stores here. 47:09.933 --> 47:12.466 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - The also issue, sometimes you get small potatoes 47:12.466 --> 47:14.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% 'cause you've been planting in the same spot 47:14.266 --> 47:15.400 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% over and over. - Right. 47:15.400 --> 47:17.466 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - And Don Mathry told me, Gary, you've got to get them 47:17.466 --> 47:19.033 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% over there somewhere else, so there's that. 47:19.033 --> 47:20.266 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% Do you like 'em potted on hills? 47:20.266 --> 47:22.033 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% That's what the seed potato guys do, 47:22.033 --> 47:24.633 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% so do you like 'em on hills to get more size? 47:24.633 --> 47:27.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - I plant mine four to six inches deep 47:27.166 --> 47:30.600 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and then when they're about eight inches tall, 47:30.600 --> 47:31.666 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% then I start hilling 'em, 47:31.666 --> 47:33.033 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% and I'll hill 'em a couple times 47:33.033 --> 47:37.133 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and as I'm hilling, I'll sprinkle a little fertilizer in 47:37.133 --> 47:40.633 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% as I'm hilling, but yeah, the hilling is important 47:40.633 --> 47:41.966 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% because as the potatoes grow, 47:41.966 --> 47:43.333 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% if they grow too close to the surface 47:43.333 --> 47:46.700 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% they'll turn green because the potatoes 47:46.700 --> 47:48.266 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% themselves will actually photosynthesize 47:48.266 --> 47:50.700 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% and you'll get bitter potatoes. 47:50.700 --> 47:52.166 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - And then they can push out a little bit more. 47:52.166 --> 47:53.500 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - Right, right. - Little looser soil. 47:53.500 --> 47:57.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - A little bit looser soil and then, definitely, 47:57.566 --> 47:59.600 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% you can add compost at that stage, 47:59.600 --> 48:01.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% although, just with a bit of caution, 48:01.166 --> 48:05.566 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% any addition of organic material can promote scab 48:05.566 --> 48:09.500 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and scab can definitely be a big problem with potatoes. 48:09.500 --> 48:11.000 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% - But it never really goes away 48:11.000 --> 48:12.266 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% once it's in the soil, right? 48:12.266 --> 48:15.900 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - Well, the most important control measure for scab 48:15.900 --> 48:19.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% really is to keep your soil evenly moist. 48:19.733 --> 48:23.466 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% Is to never let it completely dry out 100%. 48:23.466 --> 48:24.833 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% If you can keep it evenly moist, 48:24.833 --> 48:26.866 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% you'll reduce your scab significantly, 48:26.866 --> 48:30.533 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% but some varieties are just very prone to scab issues. 48:30.533 --> 48:31.966 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - Simple question, Nina. 48:31.966 --> 48:33.100 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% Too early to plant potatoes? 48:33.100 --> 48:34.700 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Oh, now's a good time to plant potatoes. 48:34.700 --> 48:35.566 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - Right now's a good time? 48:35.566 --> 48:38.166 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% - Yep, now's a great time to plant potatoes even in Bozeman, 48:38.166 --> 48:41.200 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:22.5% so yeah, the Manhattan guys are-- 48:41.200 --> 48:43.466 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - It's the middle of May. - Yeah, yeah. 48:43.466 --> 48:46.066 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% They're ready to go, so. 48:46.066 --> 48:47.700 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% A question for Toby from Helena, 48:47.700 --> 48:49.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and evidently this question has been asked 48:49.900 --> 48:51.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and not answered yet. 48:51.700 --> 48:53.866 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:22.5% Can you grow hydrangeas in Helena 48:53.866 --> 48:58.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and how long during the growing season do they bloom? 48:58.233 --> 49:01.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - So, yes, you can grow hydrangeas in Helena. 49:01.233 --> 49:02.966 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% Unfortunately, they're not the ones 49:02.966 --> 49:07.133 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% that you see, again on Pinterest, and all the internet. 49:08.100 --> 49:11.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% It's very hard to get those pink and blue colors 49:11.466 --> 49:14.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% without acidic soil and you don't have it in Helena. 49:14.500 --> 49:18.100 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% There is a white one called Annabelle that is grown 49:18.100 --> 49:20.666 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% just about everywhere and it'll flower 49:20.666 --> 49:23.266 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% probably for several weeks. 49:23.266 --> 49:26.633 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% Probably three weeks in the spring, 49:26.633 --> 49:28.500 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% but it is, it's white, 49:28.500 --> 49:31.866 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% and that might turn somebody off. 49:31.866 --> 49:33.933 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% - We have it and it's great. 49:33.933 --> 49:35.533 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% We gave up on colors. - Right. 49:35.533 --> 49:37.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - Because colors, we have alkaline soil 49:37.400 --> 49:39.200 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% and so you're not gonna get the colors. 49:39.200 --> 49:41.066 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% - So you can have the white one, 49:41.066 --> 49:44.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% take an organic spray paint and paint 'em blue 49:44.166 --> 49:45.700 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and then you'll be happy. 49:45.700 --> 49:46.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - Just take a picture. 49:46.966 --> 49:48.366 align:start position:40.62% line:10% size:18.75% (laughing) - That's right. 49:48.366 --> 49:49.866 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - [Perry] What's a hydrangea? 49:49.866 --> 49:52.633 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - A hydrangea is a plant that's really grown in 49:52.633 --> 49:55.200 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% areas that have more acidic soil. 49:55.200 --> 49:56.400 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:20.63% - A flower. - Usually kind of... 49:56.400 --> 49:58.400 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% Yeah, sorry, shaded areas. 49:58.400 --> 50:00.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - If I can't eat it, I'm not interested. 50:00.166 --> 50:02.600 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - If you go to Seattle, you'll see tons of 'em. 50:02.600 --> 50:04.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - You ask your wife. - Okay. 50:04.166 --> 50:06.133 align:start position:40.62% line:10% size:18.75% (laughing) 50:06.133 --> 50:08.000 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% It's an informative show. 50:08.000 --> 50:10.233 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% - A question for Bob from Eureka. 50:10.233 --> 50:12.133 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% Do large scale organic producers in Montana 50:12.133 --> 50:14.466 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% use organic approved pesticides, 50:14.466 --> 50:16.900 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% so like biorational products? 50:17.900 --> 50:22.033 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - Well, they're forbidden from using chemically 50:22.033 --> 50:24.633 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% compounded pesticides. - Right. 50:24.633 --> 50:26.866 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - Somebody mentioned, it's already been mentioned before, 50:26.866 --> 50:29.566 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% maybe Perry did, because of our climate here, 50:29.566 --> 50:31.633 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% we have very few pests. 50:31.633 --> 50:33.833 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% They used to not go through the winter. 50:33.833 --> 50:36.800 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% That has changed the last couple years, 50:36.800 --> 50:40.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% but still, for us, the biggest pest we have, 50:40.700 --> 50:43.333 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% the most serious one were grasshopper infestation, 50:43.333 --> 50:46.600 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% and we haven't had a grasshopper infestation now since '88, 50:46.600 --> 50:48.433 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% that destroyed all the crops. 50:48.433 --> 50:50.933 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Normally they're coming every drought cycle 50:50.933 --> 50:52.633 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% but they've missed the last one or two, 50:52.633 --> 50:53.633 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% I don't know why. 50:53.633 --> 50:57.833 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% But for that infestation, we used a nosema locusta 50:59.166 --> 51:01.933 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% which is a biological control. 51:01.933 --> 51:04.100 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% It's a very small parasite 51:07.433 --> 51:09.533 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% that, when the grasshoppers eat it, 51:09.533 --> 51:11.066 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% they get sick and then the other grasshoppers 51:11.066 --> 51:12.433 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% eat their buddies who are sick 51:12.433 --> 51:15.000 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% and they pass it through the whole group, 51:15.000 --> 51:17.466 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% and it's very, very efficient 51:17.466 --> 51:19.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% when the grasshoppers are very, very thick, 51:19.800 --> 51:22.466 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% so that was a very good control, 51:24.633 --> 51:27.366 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% and that was when I was in transition 51:27.366 --> 51:30.633 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% with our organic and we'd sprayed the non-organic 51:30.633 --> 51:34.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% fields with malathion, killed everything. 51:34.100 --> 51:35.433 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% All the grasshoppers and everything else, 51:35.433 --> 51:36.966 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% all the good bugs also died, 51:36.966 --> 51:39.800 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% but within 10 days, the grasshoppers were back. 51:39.800 --> 51:41.500 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - Right, 'cause with all that rain to land around, 51:41.500 --> 51:42.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% they just migrate in. 51:42.700 --> 51:43.800 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - They just kept on coming. - Moving way. 51:43.800 --> 51:45.600 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - And so they came in and finished off 51:45.600 --> 51:49.666 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% what the ones who had been poisoned didn't eat, 51:49.666 --> 51:53.000 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% so harvest time, that field had very little to harvest 51:53.000 --> 51:54.966 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and the hopper was full of grasshoppers, 51:54.966 --> 51:58.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and my organic field, the grasshoppers 51:58.466 --> 52:00.200 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and then the middle of the field, 52:00.200 --> 52:02.266 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% or the rest of the field, I should say, was clean. 52:02.266 --> 52:04.066 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% There's no grasshoppers in the combine tank 52:04.066 --> 52:06.466 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% and the crop was completely spared, 52:06.466 --> 52:08.733 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% so it made a believer out of me. 52:08.733 --> 52:11.066 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - I should say for those that are looking for, 52:11.066 --> 52:12.966 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% 'cause there are organic pesticides 52:12.966 --> 52:16.333 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and there are biologicals like Bob was talking about, 52:16.333 --> 52:20.733 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% if you do not want to use a conventional pesticide, 52:20.733 --> 52:23.533 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% there are pesticides that are organic. 52:23.533 --> 52:25.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% They are OMRI approved. - Yeah. 52:25.666 --> 52:27.733 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - If you look at the label, it's OMRI, 52:27.733 --> 52:30.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% which is the Organic Materials Research Institute. 52:30.633 --> 52:32.366 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Institute, yeah. - Yeah. 52:32.366 --> 52:37.066 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% And that way you will know that you can use that. 52:37.066 --> 52:38.566 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% - Yeah, it's really important. 52:38.566 --> 52:40.166 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% - So even if you have a garden, 52:40.166 --> 52:43.166 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% look for the OMRI approved if you wanna be organic. 52:43.166 --> 52:45.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Okay, very good. 52:45.500 --> 52:50.000 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% So, Gary, a question getting back to both organic 52:50.000 --> 52:53.666 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and beef, how are they going about developing 52:53.666 --> 52:55.766 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% markets for organic beef? 52:57.033 --> 53:01.200 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - Well, I think the biggest part is less development 53:01.200 --> 53:04.266 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% and finding where that demand is and trying to meet it, 53:04.266 --> 53:07.133 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and there's certainly great producers who are able 53:07.133 --> 53:08.033 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:20.63% to do that. 53:08.866 --> 53:11.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% Again, they become very, for their operation, 53:11.666 --> 53:13.400 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% very efficient at doing it. 53:13.400 --> 53:15.933 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% I think the markets are out there. 53:15.933 --> 53:17.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% I think the bigger problem on the beef side 53:17.266 --> 53:18.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% is probably having supply. 53:18.966 --> 53:20.233 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - Consistent. - Being able to produce 53:20.233 --> 53:22.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% the product, yeah, consistent supply. 53:22.266 --> 53:24.100 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% Because now you're talking about all the feed ingredients 53:24.100 --> 53:27.233 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% as well as opposed to your cropping side of things. 53:27.233 --> 53:28.733 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% Now you're talking about all the feed ingredients 53:28.733 --> 53:29.866 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% that have to go into that animal 53:29.866 --> 53:32.000 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and of course, now, with the animal gets sick, 53:32.000 --> 53:34.100 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% antibiotics, so there is, 53:34.933 --> 53:36.966 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% the market is probably there. 53:36.966 --> 53:41.400 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% It's just a really hard one to produce enough product for. 53:41.400 --> 53:45.566 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - I think a future market for beef is the grass fed organic. 53:45.566 --> 53:48.500 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% That's even a niche of a niche, 53:48.500 --> 53:49.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% but there's a huge demand for that, 53:49.733 --> 53:51.033 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and it's a growing demand. 53:51.033 --> 53:52.666 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. - Significantly. 53:52.666 --> 53:55.800 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - So we're coming to the end here really fast 53:55.800 --> 53:58.833 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and Bob, just a little bit more than a minute, 53:58.833 --> 54:00.833 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% one of the things that we really haven't discussed 54:00.833 --> 54:03.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% is what does it take, working through the state 54:03.233 --> 54:05.133 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% to become an organic farmer? 54:05.133 --> 54:07.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% If you could just talk a little bit about that process. 54:07.833 --> 54:10.300 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Well, the Montana Department of Agriculture 54:10.300 --> 54:13.866 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% has an organic section that certifies farms 54:13.866 --> 54:16.033 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% in Montana and they're a very good resource. 54:16.033 --> 54:18.433 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% I would call them as soon as you decided 54:18.433 --> 54:20.066 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% that that's the way you want to go 54:20.066 --> 54:22.000 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and they will help you, step by step, 54:22.000 --> 54:23.800 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% with the certification process 54:23.800 --> 54:26.300 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% and even suggest maybe some rotations 54:26.300 --> 54:28.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% and some crops to get you started. 54:28.733 --> 54:31.400 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% I would find organic neighbors 54:31.400 --> 54:32.933 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% or the closest ones in your area. 54:32.933 --> 54:34.700 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% They're gonna be your best resource 54:34.700 --> 54:37.633 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% because they know what works in your region. 54:37.633 --> 54:41.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% Even Montana is more or less one region, 54:41.500 --> 54:44.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% but there's still many, many micro climates, 54:44.033 --> 54:46.133 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% and if you ask your neighbors 54:46.133 --> 54:47.233 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% and see what's work for them, 54:47.233 --> 54:49.666 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% you'll be far down the road without having 54:49.666 --> 54:52.766 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% to trial and error so many things yourself. 54:52.766 --> 54:55.000 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% If I had two suggestions, those were the two 54:55.000 --> 54:55.900 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% I'd start with. - Okay. 54:55.900 --> 54:56.833 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - And start small. 54:56.833 --> 55:00.300 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - Right, and then how many years is the process? 55:00.300 --> 55:03.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - Well, it's three years from your last application 55:03.233 --> 55:05.600 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% of a prohibited substance. 55:05.600 --> 55:07.700 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% So Montana, normally we're not spraying 55:07.700 --> 55:10.033 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% after the harvest, so the third crop 55:10.033 --> 55:11.600 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% actually can be sold for organic. 55:11.600 --> 55:13.066 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% So you're only missing two crops. 55:13.066 --> 55:15.033 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% Once normally is summer fall. 55:15.033 --> 55:17.000 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% One crop is all you're looking at really 55:17.000 --> 55:18.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% that's in transition. 55:18.433 --> 55:20.766 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% One for summer, fall and then the third one 55:20.766 --> 55:21.600 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% can be sold as organic. 55:21.600 --> 55:23.233 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% Not so bad, not so tough. 55:23.233 --> 55:25.233 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% - Okay, great, well, thank you 55:25.233 --> 55:29.133 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and I think Bob's case study on organic farming 55:30.266 --> 55:33.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% here stimulating some great conversation 55:33.166 --> 55:35.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and we'll look forward to some similar conversation 55:35.966 --> 55:39.000 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% next week with Jeff Littlefield, who does work 55:39.000 --> 55:41.066 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% in biological weed control. 55:41.066 --> 55:43.000 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% So we'll be back in some of the same topics 55:43.133 --> 55:45.633 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and we'll see you next week. 55:47.600 --> 56:12.900 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:43.13% ♪ ( country music) 56:15.100 --> 56:18.466 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:56.25% (Narrator) "Montana Ag Live is made possible by.. 56:18.466 --> 56:21.766 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% the Montana Department of Agriculture 56:21.766 --> 56:24.500 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:46.88% the MSU Extension Service 56:24.500 --> 56:29.000 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:56.25% the MSU Ag Experiment Stations of the College of Agriculture 56:29.000 --> 56:31.633 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% the Montana Wheat & Barley Committee 56:31.633 --> 56:34.566 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:58.13% the Montana Bankers Association 56:34.566 --> 56:37.366 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% Cashman Nursery and Landscaping, 56:37.366 --> 56:39.366 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% and the Gallatin Gardeners Club" 56:39.366 --> 56:41.366 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:45% ♪ ( bluesy guitar music)