WEBVTT

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- [Narrator] Montana AG
Live is made possible

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by the MontanaDepartment
of Agriculture,

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  the MSU Extension Service,

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 the MSU AG Experiment Stations

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 of the College of Agriculture,

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 The Montana Wheat
 and Barley Committee,

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The Montana Bankers Association,

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Cashman Nursery and Landscaping,

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 The Gallatin Gardeners Club

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and The Rocky Mountain
Certified Crop Advisor Program.

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(country music)

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 - Good evening folks.

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  Welcome to another new
  edition of Montana AG Live

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originating tonight from
the studios at KUSM,

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on the campus of
Montana State University

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  and also from our
  homes and offices

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at various locations around
the beautiful state of Montana.

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 I'm Jack Riesselman.

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 I'll be your host and
 moderator tonight.

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I'm a retired professor
of plant pathology.

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Happy to be here, happy
to have you watching.

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Above all else,

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 what we need is some
 of your questions.

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  This program's success
  is based on the questions

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 that you asked because other
 people also are interested

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 in those questions.

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 Answering the phones tonight

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 to take these questions are
 Bruce Lobel and Nancy Blake.

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 They will send those questions
 to me via slack technology

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on this little
computer in front of me

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  and I'll be able to relay
  them to the various people

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 that we have on the
 panel this evening.

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Before we start, let
me introduce the panel.

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  Here in the studio with me
  tonight is Mary Burrows.

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 Everybody knows Mary.

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She's both an extension
plant pathologist

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  and associate director of
  the AG Experiment Station.

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 That's a relatively
 new position for her.

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 So welcome.

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  Our guest tonight

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  and we're really happy to
  have her, Jamie Lockman.

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  Jamie is over in Missoula.

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  She is the head or
  executive director

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 of the Montana
 Organic Association.

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I think it's called MOA.

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 - (mumbles) I think.

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  - Okay, well if
  you have questions

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  about organic agriculture,
  send them in tonight

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  because we have the expert
  here and we also have

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 some other people
 with the university

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 who can help answer
 these questions.

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 Also joining us tonight on
 the panel are Jane Mangold,

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  wave at the crowd,
  and Clain Jones.

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 We've always had a
 soil scientist on
 couple times a year.

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Clain has a lot of good
information for us.

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  Before we go any farther,

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 Jamie, tell us a little bit

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 about the Montana
 Organic Association.

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 - Sure, well we got
 our start in 2003

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which was just after the
organic program came into being.

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 You know Montana has some
 real pioneers in organic ag.

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 We are the number one
 organic wheat producing state

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in the country and we're number
two or three for lentils.

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  We're a trade association.

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 We earned that status in 2006
 and our mission is to advocate

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and promote organic agriculture

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 for the highest
 good of the people,

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 the environment and
 the state's economy.

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 Among the things that we do
 are to have education events.

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 We have an annual conference,
 this year we won't do that,

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 but we will have
 some virtual events,

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but our conference has
been very well received.

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  We do a farm tour usually,
  at least one a year.

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 This year we did it virtually.

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 We have those videos available
 on MOA's YouTube channel

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 and Montana Public Television
 was actually helpful

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 in getting those videos done.

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We're really good at networking.

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There have been some
really amazing products

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  that have come out
  of our conference

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 and members getting
 to know each other

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  and communicating
  with one another.

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We do some policy work.

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 This year you know, we
 haven't had the fly ends to DC

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 like we would in the
 past, but typically

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  at least a couple times a
  year somebody goes to DC

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 and advocates for organic ag

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 and then we also work
 with some researchers

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at Montana State University
and try to give them a platform

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  for sharing their
  latest research

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and we have a newsletter

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 and lately we've been hosting
 discussions virtually via Zoom

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 on meat processing in Montana.

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- Okay, quick question.

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 You say agriculture.

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  That also includes truck
  farming, small gardeners,

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 people like that that
 are organically based?

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- We have a diverse membership.

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  We do have direct
  market farmers.

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  We have some orchardists,
  we have cattle ranchers,

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  we have some folks
  who raise poultry.

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There's a couple organic
vineyards in the state

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  and then certainly
  grain and pulses.

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I think one of the
important things to know

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  about organic agriculture,

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 especially when you're talking

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  about the eastern
  side of the state

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  and my companions here
  can speak to this better,

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but you're talking about
farming in a rotation.

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So you're not just monocropping

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 and growing wheat every year.

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You're incorporating a
lot of different crops.

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 You know, some of
 our folks have nine,

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 10, 11 year rotations.

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- Okay thank you, we'll be back

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  with some questions for
  Jamie, they are coming in,

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meanwhile we have Jane,

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  our invasive wheat
  specialist tonight

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 and I have a stack
 of leftover questions

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from last week and a
few new ones coming in.

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 First of all from Townsend,

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 this person has a lot of
 cheatgrass in their alfalfa.

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They would like to know
if they can spray it out

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when the alfalfa
becomes dormant?

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 Your comment and if you can,

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 what would you suggest using?

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 - Yeah, that is a
 strategy for dealing

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 with cheatgrass in alfalfa.

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 Now would be a good time to do
 that in the fall of the year.

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 Cheatgrass comes up
 in the fall and then,

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  so now would be an option
  if the cheatgrass is up

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 and the alfalfa is dormant.

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  The other option would be
  to do that in the spring

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  and typically people are
  using glyphosate products

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 at a fairly low rate, like
 four to six ounces per acre.

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 So that is an option.

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 You can target the cheatgrass
 when it is actively growing,

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 but your alfalfa is dormant.

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 Typically, if you're
 trying to choose

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between fall or spring,

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spring has worked a
little better for people

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 and I think one of the reasons
 it does work a little better

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is cheatgrass, most of
it emerges in the fall,

09:14.033 --> 09:15.866 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  but you do have some seeds

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that don't germinate and
emerge until the spring,

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  late winter, early spring.

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 So if you wait until spring,

09:23.233 --> 09:27.933 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 you're able to control both
 the fall emerging seedlings

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 and the spring
 emerging seedlings.

09:31.066 --> 09:33.600 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  So that's probably
  the best option is

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  just a small, not small,
  but a low rate application

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 of glyphosate when the
 alfalfa is dormant.

09:43.333 --> 09:44.600 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 - I mean what about,

09:44.600 --> 09:46.200 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 you know given Jamie's
 presence here today,

09:46.200 --> 09:48.800 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:28.13%
 what about for
 somebody who's organic

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  and doesn't want
  to use glyphosate?

09:51.333 --> 09:52.933 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 - Yeah, well you have

09:52.933 --> 09:55.300 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
a couple different
options with cheatgrass.

09:55.300 --> 09:58.233 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 They're a little more, they're
 a little more challenging,

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 I would say.

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 You know, one of the reasons

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I think people a lot of
people use herbicides

10:02.566 --> 10:04.466 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 is they're pretty,
 they're easy to use.

10:04.466 --> 10:06.100 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 They're quick and easy to use,

10:06.100 --> 10:10.700 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
but another option would
be some fall grazing

10:10.700 --> 10:15.566 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:46.88%
if you have the option of
grazing in your alfalfa fields.

10:15.566 --> 10:17.866 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 Cheatgrass is very good forage

10:17.866 --> 10:19.600 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  when it's in that
  seedling stage.

10:19.600 --> 10:21.733 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  So fall or spring grazing.

10:23.566 --> 10:26.266 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 I think that would
 probably be you know,

10:27.600 --> 10:30.200 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 an option that would
 control the cheatgrass

10:30.200 --> 10:34.666 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 without stimulating
 other weeds to grow

10:34.666 --> 10:37.166 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 and of course it's
 always very important

10:37.166 --> 10:40.600 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 to manage that alfalfa well.

10:40.600 --> 10:44.366 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
So fertilizing it at
the right time you know,

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taking good care of your alfalfa

10:46.066 --> 10:49.066 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:30%
 so it can be as
 strong and competitive

10:49.066 --> 10:50.766 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  and vigorous as possible.

10:52.066 --> 10:53.333 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
- All right, thank you.

10:53.333 --> 10:56.100 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
Yeah you mentioned that,
throw this out to Jamie

10:56.100 --> 11:00.733 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 and you anybody else
 who wants to jump in.

11:00.733 --> 11:03.233 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 If you're establishing
 an organic system,

11:03.233 --> 11:05.933 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  are weeds the most
  difficult things

11:05.933 --> 11:07.566 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 that you have to contend with

11:07.566 --> 11:10.266 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  in order to have a viable
  crop, your opinion?

11:11.400 --> 11:12.900 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:26.25%
 - My opinion?

11:12.900 --> 11:14.466 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 I mean it's certainly
 something to consider.

11:14.466 --> 11:17.566 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:24.38%
  I think for
  transitioning to organic,

11:17.566 --> 11:22.566 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  you know, what most folks
  have the problem with is

11:23.433 --> 11:24.866 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 that your yield might go down,

11:24.866 --> 11:27.900 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:39.38%
  but your prices are
  still those lower prices,

11:27.900 --> 11:30.866 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
you're not getting
those organic premiums.

11:30.866 --> 11:35.866 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 So I think that is probably
 one of the first barriers.

11:39.466 --> 11:41.533 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:31.88%
 I'm not, I don't
 know of any research

11:41.533 --> 11:42.666 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  that's been done on that,

11:42.666 --> 11:44.600 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:26.25%
 but that's an
 interesting question.

11:45.733 --> 11:48.300 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 - I do know several
 organic farmers

11:48.300 --> 11:50.133 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  who have left the
  organic program

11:50.133 --> 11:53.100 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
because they couldn't
control perennial weeds.

11:53.100 --> 11:56.333 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 Primarily bindweed
 and Canada thistle,

11:56.333 --> 11:58.533 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 even with tillage are

11:58.533 --> 12:00.633 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:30%
sometimes really
challenging to control.

12:00.633 --> 12:03.433 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:28.13%
so they've left
organic, sprayed it out

12:03.433 --> 12:05.766 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
and then come back into organic.

12:05.766 --> 12:08.266 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
so those are challenging weeds.

12:08.266 --> 12:09.466 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
- [Jack] Okay thank you.

12:10.833 --> 12:12.966 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 - Yes, and I could add
 Jack that a few years back,

12:12.966 --> 12:16.366 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 MSU worked with your
 Organic Research

12:16.366 --> 12:18.833 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 and Education Advisory Council

12:18.833 --> 12:21.733 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
and we surveyed organic
growers across the state

12:21.733 --> 12:23.233 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  asking them about some of,

12:23.233 --> 12:26.700 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
what some of their most
challenging issues were

12:26.700 --> 12:29.433 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 and like Clain said,
 perennial weeds,

12:29.433 --> 12:31.633 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 particularly Canada thistle

12:31.633 --> 12:34.866 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  and field bindweed
  rose to the top.

12:34.866 --> 12:36.833 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 - I agree with that entirely.

12:36.833 --> 12:38.933 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 We're on organic pesticides.

12:38.933 --> 12:41.166 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 Mary, there's a question here.

12:41.166 --> 12:45.333 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 Are there any organic
 approved fungicides

12:45.333 --> 12:48.166 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 for gardens and also
 they want to know

12:48.166 --> 12:49.666 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 if you could use any on wheat.

12:49.666 --> 12:53.133 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  - Yeah, there are a number
  of approved fungicides.

12:53.133 --> 12:55.800 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  The best database
  that I've found,

12:56.866 --> 12:59.966 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:28.13%
 especially for
 commercial growers is

12:59.966 --> 13:02.266 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 the IR-4 Biopesticide database

13:02.266 --> 13:05.633 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 and the great thing about that
 is that the data associated

13:05.633 --> 13:10.400 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 with the use is right
 there linked to the product

13:10.400 --> 13:13.733 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 and you can choose by crop or
 by function and your state.

13:13.733 --> 13:16.633 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:30%
Always make sure
that the product is
registered in the state

13:16.633 --> 13:19.333 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:48.75%
 before you would apply it
 and the big problem we have

13:19.333 --> 13:20.666 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 with organic problem,

13:22.100 --> 13:25.000 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 organic products is
 that efficacy data,

13:25.000 --> 13:26.666 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  we just don't have a lot.

13:26.666 --> 13:28.633 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  So you can be sold
  something saying

13:28.633 --> 13:30.933 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:31.88%
  that it will do
  something for you,

13:30.933 --> 13:32.833 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:46.88%
  but even if you look at
  the literature associated

13:32.833 --> 13:35.633 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  with the product, you may
  not find any information

13:35.633 --> 13:36.933 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:24.38%
 on that use.

13:36.933 --> 13:38.600 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 So you kind of have
 to do your homework.

13:38.600 --> 13:40.366 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
  - It's kind of a
  new industry too.

13:40.366 --> 13:43.733 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 - It is, but you know,
 I've got staff working

13:43.733 --> 13:48.100 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  on organic options and not
  only for organic growers,

13:48.100 --> 13:49.600 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  but conventional growers.

13:49.600 --> 13:52.033 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 I think 80% of the organically
 approved pesticides are used

13:52.033 --> 13:53.533 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 in conventional operations.

13:53.533 --> 13:55.233 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:22.5%
 - That's an
 interesting statistic.

13:55.233 --> 13:56.366 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:30%
Okay, thank you.

13:57.700 --> 14:01.500 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 Jamie, an interesting question
 came in from Missoula.

14:01.500 --> 14:03.966 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  This person thinks
  for the most part

14:03.966 --> 14:07.933 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 that the organic agriculture
 or organic products is more

14:07.933 --> 14:10.266 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:30%
 about marketing
 than anything else.

14:10.266 --> 14:12.766 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
Would you agree to that or not?

14:12.766 --> 14:14.566 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 - No, absolutely not.

14:16.133 --> 14:21.133 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
Our organic producers adhere
to strict guidelines and rules.

14:23.333 --> 14:26.666 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:48.75%
 You know, to stay organic
 they're inspected every year.

14:29.966 --> 14:31.133 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  The rules are established

14:31.133 --> 14:33.300 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:28.13%
by the National
Organic Standards Board

14:33.300 --> 14:35.333 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  and Montana is very proud

14:35.333 --> 14:38.700 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
to have one of our MOA members,

14:38.700 --> 14:41.633 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:31.88%
 Nate Powell-Palm
 sits on that board.

14:41.633 --> 14:44.333 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 We've only had two
 Montanans sit on that,

14:44.333 --> 14:47.633 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 so it's a big deal.

14:47.633 --> 14:52.633 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:45%
 We're very proud of him
 and if your operation sells

14:54.300 --> 14:57.200 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 under five thousand
 dollars' worth of products,

14:57.200 --> 15:00.366 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 you don't have to worry about
 the certification as much,

15:00.366 --> 15:04.833 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:46.88%
but if you put an organic
label on a non-organic product,

15:04.833 --> 15:07.300 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 you can actually be
 subjected to a fine

15:07.300 --> 15:10.833 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  of up to $17,000.

15:10.833 --> 15:13.866 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  Organic fraud is an issue.

15:13.866 --> 15:18.566 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:45%
 There is legislation to
 strengthen organic inspections

15:20.000 --> 15:23.866 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:46.88%
  and rules, but no, it's
  not just a marketing tool.

15:23.866 --> 15:26.633 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
- Okay thank you, back to Clain.

15:28.000 --> 15:30.200 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 This question always
 comes in in the fall.

15:30.200 --> 15:34.066 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
When is it a good time
to fertilize your lawn?

15:34.066 --> 15:35.533 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  Right now or wait?

15:37.133 --> 15:39.100 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:30%
 - I would say I
 would say right now

15:39.100 --> 15:44.100 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 till maybe early October is
 a good time to fertilize.

15:45.200 --> 15:47.033 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:31.88%
If you've already
fertilized quite a bit,

15:47.033 --> 15:49.533 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
 you might not have to, but
 those people who spread it out

15:49.533 --> 15:52.466 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:30%
  among three or
  four applications.

15:52.466 --> 15:55.500 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
Right now is a really good time.

15:55.500 --> 15:59.300 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:45%
 It will help your grass
 green up in the springtime.

15:59.300 --> 16:02.866 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 - Okay, as long as we're on
 the organic subject tonight,

16:02.866 --> 16:05.100 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:28.13%
 are there some
 organic fertilizers

16:05.100 --> 16:08.800 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
that you could use on
lawns, not just gardens,

16:08.800 --> 16:11.733 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 but lawns or for that
 matter, fields too.

16:13.066 --> 16:15.933 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 - Yeah, there's a huge
 number of products out there,

16:15.933 --> 16:18.200 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 probably more for the
 home gardener actually

16:18.200 --> 16:20.466 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 than for a large-scale
 agriculture.

16:20.466 --> 16:25.366 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:48.75%
 From rock phosphate, bone
 meal for phosphorus sources,

16:25.366 --> 16:29.133 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 there's blood meal, feather
 meal for nitrogen sources,

16:29.133 --> 16:32.466 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
 there's potassium
 and chloride sources.

16:32.466 --> 16:35.366 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 So a whole bunch of organic
 products are out there

16:35.366 --> 16:36.800 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 for the home gardener.

16:36.800 --> 16:41.500 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
The large scale ag, some
of those same exist,

16:41.500 --> 16:44.700 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 but sometimes they become a
 little more cost prohibitive

16:44.700 --> 16:48.200 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
  than they do for
  organic gardener.

16:48.200 --> 16:50.666 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  I think the biggest thing
  that organic farmers

16:50.666 --> 16:54.633 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:46.88%
 on a large acreage fight
 with is nitrogen sufficiency

16:55.833 --> 16:58.933 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 and so how they often
 get their nitrogen is

16:58.933 --> 17:01.466 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  either with green manures,
  meaning growing plants,

17:01.466 --> 17:06.166 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:41.25%
  legumes that provide
  nitrogen or animal manure.

17:06.166 --> 17:07.666 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 So those are the main two ways

17:07.666 --> 17:12.033 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
 that a lot of farmers will
 get their organic nutrients.

17:12.033 --> 17:16.000 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 - Okay thank you, Mary
 a call from Heron.

17:17.333 --> 17:20.333 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 This person has grown
 sunflowers on the north side,

17:20.333 --> 17:22.766 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
 I assume of their
 house for 40 years.

17:22.766 --> 17:25.566 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
The last couple of years
they've been damping off

17:25.566 --> 17:29.766 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 when they near maturity before
 they bloom, what's wrong?

17:29.766 --> 17:32.466 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
- It could be a disease
called white mold

17:32.466 --> 17:35.400 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 that is very common in
 sunflowers and other dicots

17:35.400 --> 17:38.766 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
and a characteristic
symptom of that is that

17:38.766 --> 17:41.233 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
where it usually infects
through the flower,

17:41.233 --> 17:43.966 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
but if it affects at the
stem, it's very gray,

17:43.966 --> 17:46.500 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 has a gray cast and they could
 certainly give us a sample

17:46.500 --> 17:48.266 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
and we can easily diagnose that.

17:48.266 --> 17:50.366 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
- If you're growing
sunflowers for 40 years

17:50.366 --> 17:52.300 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  in the same place,
  the likelihood

17:52.300 --> 17:53.266 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:30%
 of having white
 mold is pretty high.

17:53.266 --> 17:54.500 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  - Is pretty high.

17:54.500 --> 17:56.533 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 I'm surprised they
 can keep doing that

17:56.533 --> 17:59.000 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
'cause the soil quality
gets really poor.

17:59.000 --> 18:01.233 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  - It does, okay thank you.

18:02.900 --> 18:07.733 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 From Bozeman, Jamie is
 organic production increasing

18:07.733 --> 18:08.600 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:26.25%
 in the state?

18:09.566 --> 18:11.333 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 - Absolutely, yeah.

18:11.333 --> 18:15.366 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
It's gone up the double
digits for years.

18:15.366 --> 18:20.366 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 We have over 320 operations
 now and that includes handlers

18:21.233 --> 18:22.400 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
and coffee roasters and things,

18:22.400 --> 18:27.166 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 but we are, Montana
 is the second,

18:28.500 --> 18:31.133 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 has the second highest
 organic acreage in the country

18:31.133 --> 18:32.533 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
right behind California.

18:34.166 --> 18:35.433 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:31.88%
  - [Jack] That's
  pretty impressive.

18:35.433 --> 18:36.433 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 - That's impressive.

18:37.833 --> 18:40.900 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  - Financially, is it more
  profitable in general

18:40.900 --> 18:44.733 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
to sell organic produce
or organic wheat

18:44.733 --> 18:48.233 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 than it is just normal
 production crops?

18:49.600 --> 18:51.700 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:41.25%
  - In general, you're
  gonna get a premium, yeah.

18:53.333 --> 18:56.366 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 You know, certainly
 with a higher supply

18:56.366 --> 18:59.800 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
of organic products,
the price will go down.

18:59.800 --> 19:01.200 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 I know in my grocery store,

19:01.200 --> 19:06.100 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 a lot a lot of times
 the organic apples say

19:06.100 --> 19:07.966 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 or the organic bananas are,

19:07.966 --> 19:10.500 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
the price is pretty
same as the non-organic.

19:11.766 --> 19:14.233 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
So in general, yeah
there will be a premium.

19:14.233 --> 19:16.366 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  - Okay, thank you.

19:17.800 --> 19:21.400 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:48.75%
  Interesting question for
  Jane from Eastern Montana.

19:21.400 --> 19:24.233 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
This person has problems
with puncturevine

19:24.233 --> 19:27.666 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 and I grew up around
 puncturevine and
 old bicycle tires

19:27.666 --> 19:30.033 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 and they didn't get
 along very well.

19:30.033 --> 19:33.333 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 They would like to know if it
 is a noxious weed in Montana

19:33.333 --> 19:36.633 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
and if not, how does it
become a noxious weed?

19:36.633 --> 19:37.466 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:22.5%
 Have at it.

19:38.700 --> 19:41.000 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:30%
 - Okay yeah, so
 puncturevine is not

19:41.000 --> 19:44.233 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
on the state noxious weed list.

19:44.233 --> 19:46.866 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
It may be on some county lists,

19:48.066 --> 19:51.333 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
but I haven't seen that
list for a couple years

19:51.333 --> 19:55.566 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  for the different counties
  so I don't know exactly.

19:55.566 --> 19:57.533 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
If the person wanted to find out

19:57.533 --> 20:01.666 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:45%
 if it was on the county
 list where the person lives,

20:01.666 --> 20:04.266 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 they could call their
 county weed district

20:04.266 --> 20:08.333 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
 and ask about any
 county listed species.

20:09.500 --> 20:13.633 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 As far as a species
 becoming a state list,

20:13.633 --> 20:15.700 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 becoming a state noxious weed,

20:15.700 --> 20:20.033 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
that is done through the Montana
Department of Agriculture

20:20.033 --> 20:24.700 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:45%
  and there is a process
  where someone can petition

20:24.700 --> 20:28.433 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:46.88%
  to have a species added
  to the noxious weed list.

20:28.433 --> 20:31.766 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  Actually the Department of
  AG is accepting petitions

20:31.766 --> 20:33.766 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 through the end of this month.

20:33.766 --> 20:35.866 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
Once they have those petitions,

20:35.866 --> 20:39.066 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 it is reviewed by a
 group of volunteers

20:39.066 --> 20:41.300 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  that look at the species,

20:41.300 --> 20:43.033 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 they review the information.

20:43.033 --> 20:44.733 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:31.88%
  They might do a
  literature review

20:44.733 --> 20:47.533 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:30%
as far as what's
available research-wise,

20:47.533 --> 20:49.433 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:30%
 what do we know
 about this species.

20:50.733 --> 20:53.600 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  They make a recommendation
  to the director

20:53.600 --> 20:57.233 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:45%
 of the Department of AG
 and ultimately the director

20:57.233 --> 20:59.833 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 of the Department of AG rules

20:59.833 --> 21:03.366 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 whether or not a species gets
 added to the noxious weed list

21:03.366 --> 21:06.033 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:28.13%
 and there is a
 public comment period

21:06.033 --> 21:08.733 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 that is incorporated
 into the process,

21:08.733 --> 21:13.733 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
but if this viewer is, wants
to know if it's locally listed,

21:15.200 --> 21:17.800 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 I would suggest they contact
 their county weed district.

21:17.800 --> 21:21.033 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:31.88%
 - How widespread
 Jane, is puncturevine

21:21.033 --> 21:22.533 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
in the state of Montana?

21:22.533 --> 21:25.066 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 I have not seen much of it,
 but I hope not (mumbles).

21:26.266 --> 21:27.533 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:28.13%
 - Yeah, yeah I
 haven't either Jack

21:27.533 --> 21:29.800 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 and it's interesting
 that this call came in

21:29.800 --> 21:31.200 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 from Eastern Montana.

21:31.200 --> 21:34.233 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 Usually when I get questions
 about puncturevine,

21:34.233 --> 21:37.100 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:31.88%
 it's coming from
 Yellowstone county.

21:37.100 --> 21:40.400 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
So the Billings area and
then maybe to the south

21:40.400 --> 21:43.166 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 and the east from Billings.

21:43.166 --> 21:46.033 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  I don't get many questions

21:46.033 --> 21:50.133 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 and I haven't seen
 it myself in counties

21:50.133 --> 21:52.033 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  in the rest of the state.

21:52.033 --> 21:57.033 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 - Okay thank you, I'll turn
 this one to Jamie and Mary.

21:59.100 --> 22:03.533 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
 A caller from Helena would
 like details on what research

22:03.533 --> 22:07.300 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 by the Montana AG Experiment
 Station is ongoing

22:07.300 --> 22:09.133 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
relative to organic agriculture.

22:09.133 --> 22:12.300 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 So between the two
 of you, let us know.

22:12.300 --> 22:14.433 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 - Well I've been in the job
 for a week, so I'm an expert.

22:14.433 --> 22:16.000 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
- Oh, so you should know by now.

22:17.266 --> 22:18.933 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 - (laughs) We've been
 doing a little bit

22:18.933 --> 22:21.033 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 for fungicide seed treatments.

22:21.033 --> 22:24.433 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 I know Zach Miller at western
 has been doing a bunch

22:24.433 --> 22:28.800 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 on weed management,
 perennial weeds especially.

22:30.033 --> 22:31.866 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 There's been a number
 of other projects,

22:31.866 --> 22:34.233 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:26.25%
 but there's a
 whole organic acre.

22:34.233 --> 22:38.433 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 Perry Miller's been doing a
 lot of with sheep grazing.

22:38.433 --> 22:41.033 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 What other ones are
 you aware of Jamie?

22:41.033 --> 22:44.966 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
 - Pat Carr at Moccasin and
 then Dave Sands too is doing

22:44.966 --> 22:48.533 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 some really innovative
 work with bio control

22:48.533 --> 22:50.800 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 of Canadian thistle.

22:52.200 --> 22:53.966 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
- Yeah, so quite a bit.

22:53.966 --> 22:56.466 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 - Yeah, and I think
 you're gonna see more.

22:56.466 --> 22:59.266 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:48.75%
  - Yeah, there's probably
  a lot we don't know about.

22:59.266 --> 23:00.733 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
- Well, no that's true,

23:00.733 --> 23:01.766 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:43.13%
  but at least there is
  quite a little bit ongoing

23:01.766 --> 23:03.200 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 at the current time.
 - Yes.

23:04.300 --> 23:05.833 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:24.38%
 - Yeah okay.

23:05.833 --> 23:07.933 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 - Jack, I believe Tim Seifel
 who I think was on last week,

23:07.933 --> 23:10.000 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 he's the crop weed specialist.

23:10.000 --> 23:13.100 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
He's working with Canada
thistle and bindweed

23:13.100 --> 23:14.533 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  with some of the,

23:14.533 --> 23:15.900 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  I think some of the people

23:15.900 --> 23:18.033 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 that Mary and Jamie
 have mentioned

23:18.033 --> 23:20.866 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 like Pat Carr and Zach Miller.

23:20.866 --> 23:22.900 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 - Okay and why have you, Jane,

23:22.900 --> 23:24.433 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
here's an interesting question.

23:24.433 --> 23:27.400 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
I look forward to seeing
what you have to say.

23:27.400 --> 23:30.566 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 The Whitefish community garden
 growers would like to know

23:30.566 --> 23:32.766 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
how to control bindweed

23:32.766 --> 23:35.366 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:31.88%
which has started
growing in their plots.

23:35.366 --> 23:38.766 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  They would like an
  organic remedy, go for it.

23:38.766 --> 23:41.200 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
  - Yeah well, too
  bad Tim isn't here

23:41.200 --> 23:43.566 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  to talk about some of the
  research they're doing,

23:43.566 --> 23:48.566 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:48.75%
 but so field bindweed, if
 people have watched this show

23:50.000 --> 23:51.700 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 for any period of time, they
 know that we always get calls

23:51.700 --> 23:53.100 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 about field bindweed.

23:53.100 --> 23:56.366 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 It's one of these perennial
 species that creeps

23:56.366 --> 23:58.500 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
as a very extensive root system.

24:00.366 --> 24:04.700 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 It sounds like the
 caller says it's just

24:04.700 --> 24:07.366 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  maybe starting to show up
  and that's a good thing

24:07.366 --> 24:10.366 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 because if it's just
 starting to show up,

24:10.366 --> 24:15.000 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  I would encourage them to
  just continue to pull it.

24:15.000 --> 24:18.033 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  Every time you see
  the sprouts coming

24:18.033 --> 24:20.700 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 through the surface
 of the soil, pull it

24:20.700 --> 24:22.666 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:28.13%
 because if you
 continue to pull it,

24:22.666 --> 24:27.666 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 the plant has to rely on its
 root reserves to grow back

24:28.866 --> 24:31.700 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 and if you can keep
 pulling the leaves off

24:31.700 --> 24:35.366 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
and disturbing that root system,

24:35.366 --> 24:37.933 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 you can deplete the
 roots over time,

24:37.933 --> 24:39.533 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 but you need to be doing that

24:39.533 --> 24:42.733 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
like every time you see
the sprouts coming up

24:42.733 --> 24:44.000 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  and you probably you know,

24:44.000 --> 24:46.266 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  do that throughout
  the growing season

24:46.266 --> 24:48.400 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 and you'll probably need to
 do it for a couple years.

24:48.400 --> 24:50.833 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 You can't let up or back off.

24:50.833 --> 24:52.433 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 You have to stay on top of it.

24:53.833 --> 24:55.800 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:43.13%
  - If you tilt it, you
  just spread it, don't you?

24:56.966 --> 24:59.466 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
- Yeah that, if you're
breaking it up and yeah,

24:59.466 --> 25:04.166 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  it can, the root fragments
  can continue to grow.

25:04.166 --> 25:06.366 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 I'm trying to think if
 there'd be any other.

25:06.366 --> 25:09.366 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  - Can you landscape fabric
  that section of the garden

25:09.366 --> 25:10.333 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:30%
for a while and?

25:10.333 --> 25:11.600 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  - Yeah, I was going to say

25:11.600 --> 25:13.733 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  like some sort of
  physical barrier.

25:13.733 --> 25:18.433 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 Some sort of landscape
 fabric, black plastic.

25:18.433 --> 25:21.133 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 Even mulch you know, if you
 could get some mulch down

25:21.133 --> 25:22.800 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
to try to shade it out.

25:23.666 --> 25:25.933 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  - Okay good answer folks.

25:25.933 --> 25:29.900 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:48.75%
 While I have you up, this
 person called in from Billings

25:29.900 --> 25:31.166 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 and would like to know

25:31.166 --> 25:34.666 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 is puncturevine the
 same as goat heads?

25:34.666 --> 25:35.666 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:24.38%
 - Yes it is.

25:37.300 --> 25:40.133 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:46.88%
  - Farther south you go,
  they call them goat heads.

25:40.133 --> 25:42.766 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  Farther north you go, they
  call them puncturevines.

25:43.933 --> 25:45.566 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
  That's what I've
  been told anyway.

25:46.966 --> 25:50.266 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
 Clain, this is an
 interesting question.

25:50.266 --> 25:55.300 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
This person has a whole
bunch of spruce trees

25:56.166 --> 25:57.300 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  about 65 of them in fact.

25:57.300 --> 25:59.066 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 They're 10 to 20 feet tall,

25:59.066 --> 26:02.266 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
 eight to 15 years
 old from Livingston.

26:02.266 --> 26:06.600 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
He has been fertilizing
with 17, 17, 17.

26:06.600 --> 26:07.833 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 Should he continue?

26:10.533 --> 26:15.266 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:45%
- Good question, I would
strongly recommend a soil test.

26:15.266 --> 26:17.966 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 Not knowing how many pounds,
 he or she's putting down,

26:20.166 --> 26:21.433 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
it's really hard to know

26:21.433 --> 26:25.200 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
if there's possibly too
much nutrients on there.

26:25.200 --> 26:27.766 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 When I think of trees,

26:27.766 --> 26:29.300 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
we don't have a tree expert on,

26:29.300 --> 26:33.233 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 but I think some of you know
 a little more than I do,

26:33.233 --> 26:37.366 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
  I think of their
  needs for nitrogen

26:37.366 --> 26:41.433 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
 possibly not being as much
 as P and K, but I don't know.

26:41.433 --> 26:43.600 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:30%
I know that over
winter survival,

26:43.600 --> 26:46.166 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
phosphorus is more
important than nitrogen.

26:46.166 --> 26:48.966 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
I would really strongly
recommend a soil test

26:48.966 --> 26:51.000 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
before deciding what to put on.

26:51.000 --> 26:54.533 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
 You might find for example
 one of those nutrients is low

26:54.533 --> 26:56.333 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
and the other two are excessive.

26:56.333 --> 27:00.400 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 In which case that fertilizer
 regime should change.

27:00.400 --> 27:04.900 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 - You know, I think 17, 17, 17
 is an acceptable fertilizer,

27:04.900 --> 27:07.366 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
 but I don't think
 at this time of year

27:07.366 --> 27:10.433 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 I would be fertilizing because
 you don't wanna promote

27:10.433 --> 27:12.966 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:30%
new growth as we
approach winter.

27:12.966 --> 27:14.966 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 We could get a 15 degree night

27:14.966 --> 27:18.033 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:45%
 and you could really do
 some damage to those trees.

27:18.033 --> 27:22.533 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
So I've often said that you
should probably stop fertilizing

27:22.533 --> 27:26.466 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 if you are fertilizing around
 the first week of July.

27:27.633 --> 27:30.033 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 If you over fertilize,
 you stimulate trees

27:30.033 --> 27:32.100 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 and stimulated trees
 that grow faster

27:32.100 --> 27:36.266 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 than their genetically
 supposed to are often damaged

27:36.266 --> 27:38.100 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  by winter here in Montana.

27:38.100 --> 27:39.033 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  - Yeah, and Cheryl
  last week talked

27:39.033 --> 27:40.266 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
about watering and tapering off,

27:40.266 --> 27:42.733 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 watering now until
 things are dormant.

27:42.733 --> 27:45.433 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:13.13%
- Okay.
- If that person

27:45.433 --> 27:47.766 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 or anyone wants to
 know how to soil test

27:47.766 --> 27:49.833 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 or where to send a soil to,

27:49.833 --> 27:54.100 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 they can go to my website by
 googling Clain and then soil

27:54.100 --> 27:58.433 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 and I usually come up and then
 jump over to home gardening

27:58.433 --> 28:00.666 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:46.88%
  on the left and they'll
  find a whole list of labs

28:00.666 --> 28:03.066 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
and some tips for soil sampling.

28:04.100 --> 28:05.300 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 - Okay thanks Clain.

28:07.433 --> 28:09.400 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 Interesting question
 from Three Forks,

28:09.400 --> 28:12.000 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 actually two of them
 came from Three Forks.

28:12.966 --> 28:14.300 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 Jamie, they would like to know

28:14.300 --> 28:17.866 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
where to get information
about the transitioning

28:17.866 --> 28:22.733 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 from regular farming
 into organic farming.

28:22.733 --> 28:26.066 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 How would they get information
 on being successful

28:26.066 --> 28:27.533 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 if they wanted to try that?

28:28.700 --> 28:31.133 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
- Well they can start
with us and our website

28:31.133 --> 28:34.900 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 and we can direct them
 to different resources

28:34.900 --> 28:38.866 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:45%
 and connect, oftentimes
 with farmers in their areas

28:38.866 --> 28:43.366 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:30%
and the crops or
livestock whatever
activities they're doing

28:43.366 --> 28:47.133 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 and those experienced farmers

28:47.133 --> 28:49.033 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:31.88%
  or ranchers can
  serve as a mentor.

28:50.266 --> 28:55.266 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
The Montana Department
of AG organic program is

28:56.666 --> 28:58.766 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:45%
  a really good resource
  and they can help connect

28:58.766 --> 29:03.766 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
with cost share dollars to help
with organic certification.

29:05.200 --> 29:07.700 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:48.75%
  So to offset some of the
  costs of being certified.

29:08.900 --> 29:12.466 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
NCAT ATTRA headquartered
in Butte has

29:12.466 --> 29:14.166 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 some really good resources.

29:15.566 --> 29:19.900 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
The USDA organic program
also has some good,

29:19.900 --> 29:23.633 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
 basic information
 about transitioning

29:23.633 --> 29:25.866 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 and what you should
 be thinking about.

29:25.866 --> 29:29.800 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
- Okay, second question
also from Three Forks,

29:29.800 --> 29:32.266 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 they're led to believe
 that organic crops are

29:32.266 --> 29:36.166 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:30%
 more nutritious
 than conventional
 crops, is that true?

29:37.433 --> 29:41.800 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
 - You know, there
 is research on that.

29:44.500 --> 29:46.500 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  It's still in the
  beginning stages.

29:46.500 --> 29:47.700 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  You don't really see that

29:47.700 --> 29:50.600 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
sort of nutritional
research done in the US.

29:50.600 --> 29:53.266 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:26.25%
 There is some
 going on in Europe.

29:54.466 --> 29:57.800 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
You know I, and looking
at the phytonutrients.

29:57.800 --> 29:59.600 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 So really tiny parts.

30:00.733 --> 30:02.900 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:30%
You know, as far
as I'm concerned

30:04.066 --> 30:05.866 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
part of it comes down to taste.

30:05.866 --> 30:09.366 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 Like an organic apple
 just tastes better

30:09.366 --> 30:13.200 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 than a non-organic apple and
 that's a lot healthier choice

30:13.200 --> 30:14.600 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  in a lot of ways.

30:15.800 --> 30:20.666 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
So I'm really excited to
know about the research

30:22.033 --> 30:25.533 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  that will be going looking
  at different items.

30:25.533 --> 30:27.800 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 Our keynote speaker this year

30:27.800 --> 30:31.233 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  for our virtual conference
  is Fred Provenza

30:31.233 --> 30:36.233 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 and he is doing research that
 is looking at soil health,

30:37.400 --> 30:39.566 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  connecting that to
  livestock health

30:39.566 --> 30:41.466 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 and connecting that
 to human health.

30:42.700 --> 30:43.866 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  - Okay thank you.

30:45.033 --> 30:47.900 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 Mary, this question
 is from Manhattan.

30:49.333 --> 30:51.833 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 They have a lot of what they
 believe are fungal leaf spots

30:51.833 --> 30:53.033 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:28.13%
on their aspen.

30:54.233 --> 30:56.466 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 Is there any control.

30:56.466 --> 30:57.800 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
I know it's too late this year,

30:57.800 --> 31:01.033 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 but looking forward to
 next year and onward,

31:01.033 --> 31:02.300 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
what would you suggest?

31:02.300 --> 31:04.066 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
- Yeah, good thing about
the fungal leaf spots is

31:04.066 --> 31:07.066 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 unless your trees defoliated
 several years in a row

31:07.066 --> 31:09.866 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:45%
 very early, they're not
 gonna really harm the tree,

31:09.866 --> 31:12.166 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 but you can get rid of
 all that leaf litter,

31:12.166 --> 31:15.266 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
 remove it from the area so
 it can't re-infect the tree

31:15.266 --> 31:17.200 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  and that would go
  quite a long ways

31:17.200 --> 31:20.866 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:48.75%
  and obviously don't like
  spray or treat with water.

31:20.866 --> 31:22.666 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 - You know, it normally shows
 up late enough in the year

31:22.666 --> 31:24.833 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:46.88%
  that it doesn't do much
  damage, but you're right,

31:24.833 --> 31:27.066 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
cleaning up and I hate that work

31:27.066 --> 31:28.300 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 because that's a lot of work.

31:28.300 --> 31:30.600 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
- It is a lot of work,
but those leaf blowers,

31:30.600 --> 31:32.166 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 you know, they do a good job.

31:32.166 --> 31:33.633 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  - That helps, but
  the real key is

31:33.633 --> 31:37.266 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 you cut your lawn real
 short and let the wind blow

31:37.266 --> 31:38.600 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 and all those leaves--

31:38.600 --> 31:39.533 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  - Goes to your neighbors.

31:39.533 --> 31:40.766 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 - It goes to your neighbors

31:40.766 --> 31:41.966 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  and that works, I
  can verify that.

31:43.166 --> 31:44.333 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 I have you up Mary,

31:44.333 --> 31:47.400 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
Powdery mildew on squash
was bad this year,

31:47.400 --> 31:48.900 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
what would you suggest?

31:48.900 --> 31:51.600 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
- You know, I always have it bad

31:51.600 --> 31:53.433 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 late in the year particularly

31:53.433 --> 31:56.666 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
 and I think it's because I
 overhead irrigate quite a bit

31:56.666 --> 31:59.900 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
and the varieties I use
are very susceptible

31:59.900 --> 32:01.566 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:28.13%
to the disease.

32:01.566 --> 32:04.333 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
 It's one of those diseases
 that you can do sanitation,

32:04.333 --> 32:05.866 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 you'll throw that trash away,

32:05.866 --> 32:08.533 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:37.5%
don't compost it and
reintroduce it into your garden,

32:09.766 --> 32:12.100 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 but it's around all the time.

32:12.100 --> 32:17.100 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:31.88%
So if you can use
probably P is the signal

32:18.300 --> 32:20.466 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
in the seed catalog for
powdery mildew or PM,

32:20.466 --> 32:21.733 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 you can check the key.

32:21.733 --> 32:24.066 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 Use varieties that
 have some resistance

32:24.066 --> 32:26.333 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
and then don't overhead
irrigate like I do.

32:26.333 --> 32:27.400 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 - (laughs) That works.

32:28.666 --> 32:30.500 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 Jane, a couple of things here.

32:30.500 --> 32:33.566 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
First of all, your
sister says hi from Iowa

32:33.566 --> 32:37.400 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
and you have a fan club all
over the country, it's amazing.

32:37.400 --> 32:38.900 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:28.13%
New York, Iowa.

32:38.900 --> 32:40.966 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 - I have a big family.

32:40.966 --> 32:45.333 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 - Okay, anyway they
 said to say hi,

32:45.333 --> 32:46.766 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
but while I have you up,

32:48.066 --> 32:50.866 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:33.75%
  this person from
  Hamilton has prickly pear

32:50.866 --> 32:52.466 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 and they would like
 to get rid of them,

32:52.466 --> 32:54.766 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 preferably an organic method.

32:56.766 --> 33:00.666 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:41.25%
  - Oh prickly pear is
  really hard to deal with,

33:00.666 --> 33:04.600 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 whether it's organic
 or conventional.

33:04.600 --> 33:08.566 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  It's a challenging
  species to try to control.

33:08.566 --> 33:10.866 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
You can mechanically control it,

33:10.866 --> 33:13.000 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 but that's a little,

33:14.000 --> 33:17.166 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
that's a little tenuous because

33:17.166 --> 33:21.500 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
when you break it apart,
it can re-root as well.

33:21.500 --> 33:24.900 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
So if you're looking at
mechanical disturbance,

33:24.900 --> 33:27.333 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
  it would need to
  be pretty intense

33:27.333 --> 33:30.666 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 and of course when you
 disturb the soil like that,

33:30.666 --> 33:34.466 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:48.75%
 you also open yourself up
 for other weeds to increase

33:34.466 --> 33:36.500 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 because weeds love disturbance

33:36.500 --> 33:38.500 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 and they do really
 well with disturbance.

33:39.733 --> 33:43.166 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
I'd have to think about
that a little bit more,

33:43.166 --> 33:47.933 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:46.88%
but I would encourage the
viewer to think about you know,

33:47.933 --> 33:50.600 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 why they wanna get
 rid of prickly pear.

33:50.600 --> 33:53.266 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
It is a native species.

33:53.266 --> 33:57.333 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:48.75%
  It usually tends to grow
  in certain types of soils.

33:57.333 --> 34:00.500 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 You know, coarse soils
 that are pretty dry.

34:00.500 --> 34:02.700 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
 So if you get rid
 of the prickly pear,

34:02.700 --> 34:05.500 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:45%
 you need to think about
 well, it's not growing there

34:05.500 --> 34:07.466 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
and occupying that soil,

34:07.466 --> 34:09.366 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 what else might grow there?

34:09.366 --> 34:12.266 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
And the what else could
potentially be worse

34:12.266 --> 34:13.900 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 than the prickly pear.

34:13.900 --> 34:16.700 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 So I think you know,

34:16.700 --> 34:20.900 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 thinking about why you
 wanna get rid of it,

34:20.900 --> 34:23.333 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 what you would rather
 have growing there is

34:23.333 --> 34:26.500 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:24.38%
 an important
 consideration to make.

34:26.500 --> 34:28.133 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:30%
 That person can
 always give me a call

34:28.133 --> 34:29.566 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
if they wanna talk more about it

34:29.566 --> 34:32.266 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
and maybe if we put
our two heads together,

34:32.266 --> 34:34.900 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 we can come up with
 some solutions.

34:34.900 --> 34:37.366 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:41.25%
  - Okay if you're not
  going to do it organically

34:37.366 --> 34:40.333 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:31.88%
 with things like
 roundup or glyphosate,

34:40.333 --> 34:41.833 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:30%
 would that take
 care of prickly pear

34:41.833 --> 34:43.100 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  if you dabbed it on them?

34:44.466 --> 34:49.066 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
- Well I don't think glyphosate
will work on prickly pear,

34:49.066 --> 34:50.600 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  but I'm not sure.

34:50.600 --> 34:54.966 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 When I've looked at some of
 the weed management guidebooks

34:54.966 --> 34:57.566 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 over the years when
 people have called me

34:57.566 --> 34:59.600 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  asking about prickly pear,

34:59.600 --> 35:00.833 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
if I remember correctly,

35:00.833 --> 35:03.333 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 one of the options is picloram

35:03.333 --> 35:08.333 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
which picloram is a
pretty strong herbicide

35:09.500 --> 35:10.866 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
 that has a lot of
 residual in the soil

35:10.866 --> 35:14.333 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 and it also has some
 non-target impacts

35:14.333 --> 35:16.366 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 to desired vegetation.

35:16.366 --> 35:17.966 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 So again, you're looking at

35:17.966 --> 35:23.000 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 a pretty intense management
 action to control something

35:24.566 --> 35:26.266 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 that might be growing there

35:26.266 --> 35:28.166 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
because it's the habitat

35:28.166 --> 35:30.900 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:30%
that's conducive
to prickly pear.

35:30.900 --> 35:34.166 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 So there's a lot of
 considerations on this one.

35:34.166 --> 35:39.066 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
All right, we have a lot of
questions tonight about insects.

35:40.366 --> 35:42.200 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:31.88%
  We don't have a
  entomologist on the panel,

35:42.200 --> 35:43.500 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
we will have them in the future.

35:43.500 --> 35:46.200 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
So those questions will be saved

35:46.200 --> 35:49.600 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
and in the future, we'll
get to a lot of those.

35:51.600 --> 35:54.533 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 Mary, Posen Coller
 has a small vineyard.

35:54.533 --> 35:57.100 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
Is Captan fungicide and organic?

35:57.100 --> 35:59.300 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:11.25%
 - No.
 - No, okay.

36:00.400 --> 36:02.666 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:26.25%
 This is good,
 caller from Bozeman.

36:02.666 --> 36:07.300 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
Is organic cattle rats ranching
a viable option in Montana?

36:07.300 --> 36:08.966 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  Have at it Jamie.

36:08.966 --> 36:11.800 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 - Oh yeah, with COVID,

36:11.800 --> 36:16.800 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 our organic grass-fed cattle
 ranchers have been very busy.

36:17.966 --> 36:20.433 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
 They already kind
 of operate outside,

36:20.433 --> 36:21.533 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 well they do operate

36:21.533 --> 36:25.066 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
outside the non-organic
cattle markets

36:25.066 --> 36:30.100 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:39.38%
  and so yes, organic
  grass-fed cattle ranching

36:33.033 --> 36:37.400 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 is viable and robust.

36:37.400 --> 36:41.133 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  - Okay, I know of
  a lot of people

36:41.133 --> 36:43.433 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  that have switched
  to grass-fed beef,

36:45.166 --> 36:48.933 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
you know and not all of
that's organic though.

36:48.933 --> 36:52.133 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  - Yeah, one of the things
  that we're seeing is

36:52.133 --> 36:57.133 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 more integration of grazing
 into non-cattle operations.

36:59.100 --> 37:04.100 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 So I know there are some grain
 farmers up Great Falls Way,

37:05.566 --> 37:08.466 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 North Havre that are
 incorporating cattle

37:08.466 --> 37:11.766 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:46.88%
  for the first time this
  year into their rotations

37:11.766 --> 37:14.333 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
for grazing and they're
renting the cattle,

37:14.333 --> 37:17.300 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
they're not having to take care

37:17.300 --> 37:19.666 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  of those cows all
  year round, so.

37:19.666 --> 37:23.733 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 - So are there other livestock
 that are as popular as cattle

37:24.733 --> 37:26.600 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  to be raised organically.

37:26.600 --> 37:31.066 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:45%
  - Well you know, I can
  tell you the goat market,

37:31.066 --> 37:34.000 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 there's a tremendous
 demand for goat meat

37:35.233 --> 37:38.800 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:26.25%
 and as far as
 profitability goes on that,

37:38.800 --> 37:40.333 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
I'm not sure what that would be,

37:40.333 --> 37:44.533 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 but I know there's demand and
 it's for the smaller animals.

37:46.133 --> 37:50.433 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  Certainly you know, sheep
  remains an important part

37:50.433 --> 37:55.133 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 of Montana agriculture
 and as does poultry

37:55.133 --> 38:00.133 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  and hogs, I'm not
  as familiar with,

38:01.300 --> 38:02.733 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 but I do know that we
 have several farmers

38:02.733 --> 38:05.533 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:41.25%
  that include hogs in
  their operations as well.

38:05.533 --> 38:09.933 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
- I found out last year
that Montana is one

38:09.933 --> 38:13.566 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 of the largest goat-producing
 states in the country

38:13.566 --> 38:16.466 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 and a lot of them are shipped
 to the Rocky Mountain Front

38:16.466 --> 38:18.266 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:28.13%
down in Denver.

38:18.266 --> 38:20.600 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
There's a few farmers
that have really started

38:20.600 --> 38:23.833 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:48.75%
 to grow a large number of
 goats in the Billings area.

38:27.666 --> 38:32.666 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  Plain from Highwood, this
  person used to hear a lot

38:33.533 --> 38:35.933 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  about urea volatilization,

38:37.066 --> 38:39.300 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:31.88%
 but they haven't
 heard much about it.

38:39.300 --> 38:40.966 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  Is it still an issue now?

38:42.366 --> 38:44.400 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  - Yeah, it's the process,

38:44.400 --> 38:47.033 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  urea volatilization means
  when you apply urea,

38:47.033 --> 38:50.433 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:45%
  a certain amount of it
  goes up to the atmosphere.

38:51.800 --> 38:53.233 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  The problem's still there.

38:53.233 --> 38:56.033 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 I think probably people aren't
 hearing about it as much

38:56.033 --> 38:59.600 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
 because it's probably that
 producer from Highwood knows,

38:59.600 --> 39:03.100 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
my colleague Rick Engel
has really been focusing

39:03.100 --> 39:06.466 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 on soil acidification
 which is a big deal

39:06.466 --> 39:09.833 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 in the Highwood and
 Choteau County area

39:09.833 --> 39:12.233 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 in different pockets
 with in Montana,

39:12.233 --> 39:14.533 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 but the process of
 urea volatilization

39:14.533 --> 39:19.533 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 generally is, urea is
 applied to dry ground

39:20.933 --> 39:23.366 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 and then if it doesn't rain
 for an extended period,

39:23.366 --> 39:26.966 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
a week or two, that urea
slowly can volatilize,

39:26.966 --> 39:30.733 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:46.88%
especially if we get just
sprinkles over that week or two.

39:30.733 --> 39:33.833 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  So the worst case
  conditions is applying it

39:33.833 --> 39:35.666 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
well before a rainstorm.

39:35.666 --> 39:37.500 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 The best conditions
 are applying it

39:37.500 --> 39:40.733 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
 right before an irrigation
 event or a large rainstorm,

39:40.733 --> 39:42.933 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 generally a half inch or more.

39:42.933 --> 39:44.333 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
If that's not possible,

39:44.333 --> 39:47.233 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 there's products that
 protect that urea.

39:47.233 --> 39:49.433 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
They're called urease inhibitors

39:49.433 --> 39:53.400 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 or if you can put that
 urea under the ground.

39:53.400 --> 39:56.033 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
So subsurface drill it,

39:56.033 --> 40:01.033 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  that can really reduce the
  amount of volatilization.

40:01.900 --> 40:03.133 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 - What about lawn fertilizers,

40:03.133 --> 40:04.133 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  are most of those
  urea based also?

40:06.200 --> 40:07.133 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:30%
- They're a mix.

40:07.133 --> 40:09.766 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  So they're a mix of urea,

40:09.766 --> 40:13.433 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
sometimes your ammonium nitrate,
sometimes ammonium sulfate.

40:13.433 --> 40:14.666 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 So they're a blend.

40:14.666 --> 40:18.133 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
They're often coated,
which slows the release

40:18.133 --> 40:21.533 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:28.13%
 and slows that
 volatilization down

40:21.533 --> 40:23.766 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
 and the advantage
 a home gardener has

40:23.766 --> 40:27.333 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
over dryland farmers in Montana
is that they can irrigate

40:27.333 --> 40:29.933 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 after an application

40:29.933 --> 40:34.833 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 and that will really reduce
 the amount of volatilization.

40:34.833 --> 40:38.033 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 - Okay and while I
 have you up, a caller

40:38.033 --> 40:40.500 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 from Bozeman collects deerskat

40:40.500 --> 40:43.533 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:30%
  and uses it as
  fertilizer in his garden.

40:43.533 --> 40:45.666 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 I don't think we can answer
 the rest of this question,

40:45.666 --> 40:47.000 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  but should he be concerned

40:47.000 --> 40:49.566 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
about chronic waste and
disease transmission

40:49.566 --> 40:51.066 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 into his vegetables.

40:51.066 --> 40:54.600 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  I'd say probably not, but
  no expert in that area.

40:54.600 --> 40:56.533 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 - Yeah, I'm not a CWD expert,

40:56.533 --> 41:01.000 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:48.75%
  but I think it's a good,
  probably a good fertilizer

41:01.000 --> 41:03.333 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 and to follow up on
 a question Jamie had

41:03.333 --> 41:06.000 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
about transitioning from
conventional to organic,

41:06.000 --> 41:08.433 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 she listed a bunch
 of great resources.

41:08.433 --> 41:12.000 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 MSU extension as a mod
 guide with that title,

41:12.000 --> 41:15.900 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
transitioning from
conventional to organic

41:15.900 --> 41:18.100 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 that really focuses
 on the agronomics,

41:18.100 --> 41:20.866 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
weed control and fertilization.

41:20.866 --> 41:24.200 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 So another resource
 for organic farmers.

41:24.200 --> 41:25.566 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
- Should that grower be worried

41:25.566 --> 41:27.800 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 about weed seeds in the deer?

41:27.800 --> 41:29.500 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
- That's a possibility.

41:29.500 --> 41:31.100 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 I'm sure they do pass through.

41:31.100 --> 41:33.333 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 In fact that's what
 happened in my yard

41:33.333 --> 41:35.100 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 because I got a lot of weeds

41:35.100 --> 41:36.600 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  and a lot of deer.

41:36.600 --> 41:41.566 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 So anyway Great Falls caller
 Jamie, would like to know

41:42.733 --> 41:46.333 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
how to get a hold of a
certifying organic agent

41:46.333 --> 41:49.000 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
to obtain organic certification.

41:49.000 --> 41:50.266 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 What's the process?

41:52.633 --> 41:55.200 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
 - I would talk to
 Georgana Webster first

41:55.200 --> 41:59.166 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
at our Montana Department of AG.

41:59.166 --> 42:02.000 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 She's the head of our
 organic program there

42:02.000 --> 42:03.400 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
  and I'm not sure
  if they're talking

42:03.400 --> 42:06.266 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 about certifier or inspector,
 is that the question?

42:07.900 --> 42:09.233 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
- I don't think it's inspector.

42:09.233 --> 42:11.833 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 I think they would
 like to know, yeah.

42:11.833 --> 42:14.100 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
- Yeah, Georgana Webster
at the at the state.

42:22.633 --> 42:26.033 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:48.75%
- Okay, Clain I think I'll
throw this back to you or Mary.

42:26.033 --> 42:29.166 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  From Bozeman, this person
  sees a lot of irrigation

42:29.166 --> 42:33.266 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 currently happening on fallow
 ground harvested fields.

42:33.266 --> 42:34.333 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:24.38%
 Why is this?

42:36.166 --> 42:37.266 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  Water's available.

42:38.700 --> 42:40.166 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:48.75%
  - Yeah, they're probably
  trying to get the weeds up

42:40.166 --> 42:44.066 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
to kill them or get the alfalfa
to get established this fall

42:44.066 --> 42:46.466 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  or winter weed too
  has been going in.

42:46.466 --> 42:47.766 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 - I agree entirely.

42:49.700 --> 42:53.466 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 Jane, this person has
 a lot of dandelions

42:53.466 --> 42:55.200 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
and this is not the only person

42:55.200 --> 42:57.200 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  that has a lot of
  them this year.

42:57.200 --> 42:59.600 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
 Should they spray
 now or in the spring?

43:02.300 --> 43:04.866 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
- Oh gosh, do they have time now

43:04.866 --> 43:07.200 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:48.75%
 or are they going to have
 time in the spring or both.

43:07.200 --> 43:08.800 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  - [Mary] Or both.

43:08.800 --> 43:10.733 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
- [Jack] Probably both.

43:14.100 --> 43:18.033 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 - I think it kind of
 depends where you are living

43:18.033 --> 43:22.333 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  and what the next week or
  two of weather hands us.

43:22.333 --> 43:26.566 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:48.75%
 You know it's been fairly
 dry and it's been fairly warm

43:26.566 --> 43:31.033 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
and those conditions
aren't the greatest for

43:32.300 --> 43:34.300 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 probably for herbicide
 applications.

43:34.300 --> 43:35.766 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  I think that they wondered

43:35.766 --> 43:39.500 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 if they should try to control
 them or spray them now.

43:39.500 --> 43:44.033 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:48.75%
  I think they'd be better
  off spraying in the spring

43:44.033 --> 43:46.733 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 and also in spring I think,

43:46.733 --> 43:49.666 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 like right now there's
 some dandelions

43:49.666 --> 43:51.733 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
that have emerged and you know,

43:51.733 --> 43:54.500 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  they're doing their thing,
  but I think by spring,

43:54.500 --> 43:58.166 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 they'll be even more
 dandelions that have emerged

43:58.166 --> 43:59.766 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 and if you're going
 to use a herbicide

43:59.766 --> 44:01.666 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  to try to control
  those you know,

44:01.666 --> 44:04.000 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 you'll be able to get
 both fall emerging

44:04.000 --> 44:07.533 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:39.38%
  and spring emerging
  dandelions in the spring.

44:08.600 --> 44:10.333 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 - I have an opinion on that

44:10.333 --> 44:13.133 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 because I always have
 lots of dandelions.

44:13.133 --> 44:17.300 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 I do it in the fall and the
 spring to try to kill it.

44:17.300 --> 44:18.533 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 - Yeah, or fall and spring.

44:18.533 --> 44:20.800 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:31.88%
  - Yeah and that
  works pretty well.

44:20.800 --> 44:22.833 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 I have noticed this year Jane,

44:22.833 --> 44:26.300 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 there are a lot of dandelions
 which I didn't have,

44:27.300 --> 44:28.733 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  did not have in the spring

44:28.733 --> 44:29.833 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:31.88%
  and I live kind
  of in the country

44:29.833 --> 44:31.700 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
and there's dandelions all over.

44:31.700 --> 44:33.200 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 It's just like Canada thistle.

44:33.200 --> 44:36.900 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:45%
The seed has spread long
distances in the wind currents.

44:38.066 --> 44:40.233 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
- You know one thing
I've noticed this fall,

44:40.233 --> 44:42.533 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
  I don't irrigate
  my lawn very much.

44:42.533 --> 44:45.633 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  I just irrigate it enough
  to try to keep it alive,

44:45.633 --> 44:50.333 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 but it seems like you know,
 it's been exceptionally dry

44:50.333 --> 44:53.200 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 and it seems like you
 know the grass is,

44:53.200 --> 44:55.100 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 it's struggling to stay green,

44:55.100 --> 44:57.000 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  but the dandelions
  are very green.

44:57.000 --> 44:58.866 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:31.88%
  So I think part
  of it too might be

44:58.866 --> 45:03.033 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:45%
 that the dandelions are
 really noticeable this fall.

45:03.033 --> 45:06.166 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 - That they are, thank you.

45:06.166 --> 45:10.133 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  From Bozeman, this person
  uses a product called

45:10.133 --> 45:14.166 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 natural horticultural
 vinegar on bindweed.

45:14.166 --> 45:15.933 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  He says it works for him.

45:15.933 --> 45:20.200 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 Is this organic and will high
 acidic products like this one

45:20.200 --> 45:22.600 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 work on similar weeds?

45:22.600 --> 45:25.100 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
Open it up to whoever
wants to talk about it.

45:26.266 --> 45:29.000 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 - Yeah well, I can
 take a stab at that.

45:29.000 --> 45:30.800 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  So vinegar or acetic acid,

45:30.800 --> 45:34.833 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  it is a an organic
  natural herbicide.

45:34.833 --> 45:39.633 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:31.88%
  It acts, it's a
  contact herbicide.

45:39.633 --> 45:42.733 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 So it will kill the vegetation

45:42.733 --> 45:44.266 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 that it comes in contact with,

45:44.266 --> 45:47.666 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
but it won't necessarily
be translocated

45:47.666 --> 45:51.500 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
or moved around in the
plant's vascular system

45:51.500 --> 45:53.433 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 or move down into the root.

45:53.433 --> 45:55.566 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 So it is effective.

45:55.566 --> 45:58.766 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  You have to make repeated
  applications, however.

45:58.766 --> 46:02.033 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:45%
 So thinking back to the
 question we had from Whitefish

46:02.033 --> 46:05.033 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 and the you know, the
 gardeners that wanted

46:05.033 --> 46:08.100 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
to control bindweed organically,

46:08.100 --> 46:11.400 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:30%
you could use an
application of something

46:11.400 --> 46:13.966 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
like this product that
the viewer's mentioning,

46:13.966 --> 46:15.900 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
something that's vinegar based,

46:15.900 --> 46:18.800 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  but you will have to make
  repeated applications

46:18.800 --> 46:22.133 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  because it will kill what
  it comes in contact with,

46:22.133 --> 46:25.233 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 but then because it's
 a perennial species,

46:25.233 --> 46:29.066 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 it will grow leaves
 again and re-sprout.

46:29.066 --> 46:30.933 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  - Okay, thank you.

46:30.933 --> 46:34.600 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 Question for Clain and Jamie

46:34.600 --> 46:36.266 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
and whoever wants to address it.

46:37.533 --> 46:40.066 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 What kind of organic
 fertilizers work

46:40.066 --> 46:41.833 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  and what can they
  use in their lawn

46:41.833 --> 46:43.466 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  as an organic fertilizer?

46:45.033 --> 46:46.633 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  I'll jump in here.

46:46.633 --> 46:50.766 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 I do not know what
 it is, but my family

46:50.766 --> 46:55.400 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 and I have gone to certified
 organic lawn treatments

46:55.400 --> 47:00.433 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:45%
  and we were stunned at
  what a difference it made,

47:01.966 --> 47:04.733 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 not only is the grass softer,

47:04.733 --> 47:08.666 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
but we've also noticed a
reduced amount of pests

47:08.666 --> 47:09.900 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 on our fruit trees.

47:11.000 --> 47:13.566 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:20.63%
Just really
dramatically different,

47:13.566 --> 47:16.433 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
so Clain can answer more

47:16.433 --> 47:19.666 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:28.13%
 about what the
 composition might be.

47:21.200 --> 47:24.400 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
- Yeah, yeah the main ones are,

47:24.400 --> 47:26.966 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:39.38%
  there's so many out
  there, but they're blends

47:26.966 --> 47:31.666 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
 of different products from
 compost teas to blood meals,

47:31.666 --> 47:36.700 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  bone meals and the
  effectiveness is

47:37.566 --> 47:39.100 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
probably unfortunately gonna be

47:39.100 --> 47:42.100 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 a little bit trial and error
 unless you can find somebody

47:42.100 --> 47:45.800 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
who's done some research on them

47:45.800 --> 47:48.766 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 and probably the rates are a
 little bit trial and error.

47:48.766 --> 47:50.966 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 So there's a lot of products.

47:50.966 --> 47:55.133 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
 The one thing that I would
 probably do a little math on

47:55.133 --> 47:56.533 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  and I can help you
  with the math is

47:56.533 --> 47:58.733 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 how much nutrient is
 actually going down

47:58.733 --> 48:02.300 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
'cause sometimes the
products are recommended

48:02.300 --> 48:05.333 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:46.88%
  at fairly low rates and
  don't have much nutrients

48:05.333 --> 48:07.166 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 and in that case, you
 might not see much

48:07.166 --> 48:08.833 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  of a benefit to your lawn.

48:08.833 --> 48:11.033 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
 So really, really
 look and you can use

48:11.033 --> 48:15.633 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 some of our mock guides even
 written for conventional lawns

48:15.633 --> 48:18.700 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 to see about how much
 nutrients lawns need

48:18.700 --> 48:21.766 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 and then just make sure that
 that your lawn is getting that

48:21.766 --> 48:23.066 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  with the organic product.

48:24.500 --> 48:27.166 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 - And I would say in our case
 we use a commercial service.

48:27.166 --> 48:29.966 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 So I'm assuming that you know,

48:29.966 --> 48:32.600 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
they're experienced
with lawns in our area.

48:33.766 --> 48:35.733 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
- All right, thank you.

48:35.733 --> 48:38.133 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  Got several more questions
  I'd like to get to.

48:38.133 --> 48:39.400 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 One from Mary here.

48:40.500 --> 48:42.200 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
They would like to know

48:42.200 --> 48:45.833 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 what the winter crop
 this fall looks like.

48:45.833 --> 48:47.933 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 Has there been very
 much of it seeded yet?

48:47.933 --> 48:49.433 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 It's been fairly dry.

48:49.433 --> 48:51.433 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 - It's been pretty dry, but
 quite a few people have gotten

48:51.433 --> 48:53.000 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  in the ground too.

48:53.000 --> 48:54.300 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
So I think it looks
pretty good for winter.

48:54.300 --> 48:55.733 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:28.13%
 We let better.

48:55.733 --> 48:56.733 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 - Yeah, that's true.

48:57.933 --> 49:00.200 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 From Powler, Jamie.

49:00.200 --> 49:04.633 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:28.13%
This person has
considered switching to
organic agriculture,

49:04.633 --> 49:08.400 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 but is worried about
 the market places.

49:08.400 --> 49:12.833 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 Are there contracts
 available for organic crops?

49:15.133 --> 49:17.866 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
 - Yeah, there are
 contracts available.

49:17.866 --> 49:21.266 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 I would assume we're talking
 dry land grain, Powler,

49:22.500 --> 49:25.233 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
then yeah, there are contracts.

49:25.233 --> 49:29.833 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
You know, if you look on
the back of select boxes

49:29.833 --> 49:32.266 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  of Annie's Mac and Cheese,

49:32.266 --> 49:36.833 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:45%
you will see some of our
Montana organic farmers featured

49:36.833 --> 49:40.000 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  on those boxes and
  they had contracts

49:40.000 --> 49:44.800 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  to grow the grain and the
  pulses for that product.

49:45.666 --> 49:47.033 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 - So I'm gonna ask you Jamie

49:47.033 --> 49:49.066 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 because I know a fair
 number of growers

49:49.066 --> 49:51.733 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 I've worked with through the
 years that have attempted

49:51.733 --> 49:55.400 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
 to go organically and they
 go maybe five or six years.

49:55.400 --> 49:58.933 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 At that point, weeds
 just pretty much

49:58.933 --> 50:01.266 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
take over the crop that
they're trying to grow,

50:01.266 --> 50:05.466 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 not all of them, but
 if they got out back

50:05.466 --> 50:08.833 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 into production agriculture,
 normal agriculture,

50:08.833 --> 50:10.066 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  how many years would it be

50:10.066 --> 50:13.766 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
 before they could
 go back organically?

50:13.766 --> 50:17.200 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:30%
 I mean in other
 words, the period time

50:17.200 --> 50:20.133 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  that you don't use
  any pesticides.

50:20.133 --> 50:23.933 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
- Three years, yeah if
they were in production

50:23.933 --> 50:25.900 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 and they use chemical
 then it's three years.

50:25.900 --> 50:30.033 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 CRP can actually go in
 directly with a year

50:31.466 --> 50:33.700 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 being able to prove that it
 hadn't had chemical on it.

50:34.666 --> 50:35.700 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  - Okay thank you.

50:37.366 --> 50:40.366 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 Clain, this person has
 the new sodded field.

50:40.366 --> 50:41.766 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
They would like to know whether

50:41.766 --> 50:44.033 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 or not they should
 fertilize it this fall

50:44.033 --> 50:46.966 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 and continue to water
 it into the fall?

50:48.300 --> 50:52.266 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
- So by new sodded field
or new sodded lawn?

50:52.266 --> 50:54.466 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
- [Jack] Newly sodded lawn, yes.

50:54.466 --> 50:57.466 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 - Oh okay, and should
 they fertilize it?

50:57.466 --> 50:59.366 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:28.13%
  - [Jack] Yes.
  - Is the question.

51:00.533 --> 51:02.366 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
 You know a lot of
 times sodded farms do

51:02.366 --> 51:05.333 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:22.5%
 a very good
 aggressive job I think

51:05.333 --> 51:06.833 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  with their fertilization.

51:06.833 --> 51:09.866 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
 So there might be
 fertilizer right there

51:09.866 --> 51:11.500 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  in that root zone.

51:11.500 --> 51:16.000 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
They might not need very
much to get that crop

51:16.000 --> 51:18.033 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
or that grass to spring.

51:18.033 --> 51:22.800 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
I think the more important thing
with new sod is ample water

51:22.800 --> 51:26.466 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  and I would probably lean
  towards not fertilizing,

51:26.466 --> 51:29.233 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
  but open to your
  opinion too Jack.

51:29.233 --> 51:32.033 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 - Okay, I agree, I
 think you're right.

51:34.266 --> 51:36.800 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 Mary from Helena, this
 person has a seven

51:36.800 --> 51:40.866 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  to eight-year-old juniper
  in a grove of junipers.

51:40.866 --> 51:43.533 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
They are about 20, 25 feet high.

51:43.533 --> 51:45.466 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
One juniper has suddenly

51:45.466 --> 51:48.066 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  in about two weeks
  dried up and died.

51:48.066 --> 51:50.100 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 Any idea what might
 be causing this

51:50.100 --> 51:51.500 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 and in your opinion,

51:51.500 --> 51:53.733 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  are the other neighboring
  junipers at risk?

51:53.733 --> 51:55.066 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
- Oh that's a tough one.

51:55.066 --> 51:56.566 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 We're gonna need some
 more information.

51:56.566 --> 51:57.800 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 It could have been a trauma,

51:57.800 --> 52:00.100 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 it could have been
 a lot of things, so.

52:00.100 --> 52:03.800 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 - Root girdling will do that
 for a short period of time,

52:03.800 --> 52:08.700 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:45%
  but Clain, interesting
  question here from Haver.

52:08.700 --> 52:12.833 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:43.13%
  Are soils and organic
  systems healthier compared

52:12.833 --> 52:14.500 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
to conventional systems?

52:16.533 --> 52:19.266 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 - Oh yeah, that's a
 really hard question.

52:19.266 --> 52:23.933 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 There are a number of studies
 that have compared organic

52:23.933 --> 52:25.600 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
to conventional, depends partly

52:25.600 --> 52:28.933 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 what you what you analyze for.

52:28.933 --> 52:32.100 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
One of the things that I
think is super important

52:32.100 --> 52:34.233 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:48.75%
  to analyze when you were
  talking about soil health

52:34.233 --> 52:38.400 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:30%
 is soil organic
 matter and at least

52:38.400 --> 52:43.300 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
based on a few studies
we've done here at MSU,

52:44.700 --> 52:46.366 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:45%
  we sometimes, we often
  don't see big differences

52:46.366 --> 52:49.233 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
 in organic matter
 across a fence line.

52:50.633 --> 52:53.133 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:45%
  The advantage that the
  conventional farmer has is

52:53.133 --> 52:55.600 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 that he or she is not tilling

52:55.600 --> 52:58.366 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 and we know that helps
 build organic matter.

52:58.366 --> 53:01.400 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:26.25%
 Advantage the
 organic farmer has is

53:01.400 --> 53:04.166 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
they often add something
like a cover crop,

53:04.166 --> 53:06.966 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 sometimes add manure
 and so I think that's

53:06.966 --> 53:10.033 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 why the two kind of
 balance each other out

53:10.033 --> 53:13.633 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
and there's not big differences
in soil organic matter,

53:13.633 --> 53:16.566 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:48.75%
 but you'd have to look at
 all the different varieties

53:16.566 --> 53:19.066 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  of soil health parameters
  from biological,

53:19.066 --> 53:22.133 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
chemical and physical and again,

53:22.133 --> 53:25.100 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 there's trade-offs
 between organic tilled

53:25.100 --> 53:29.066 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
that has some advantages
from the organic side,

53:29.066 --> 53:32.000 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
crop rotation side and
then there's advantages

53:32.000 --> 53:33.300 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 to the no-till side.

53:33.300 --> 53:35.800 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 So a very difficult
 question to answer.

53:35.800 --> 53:37.333 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 - I agree with you entirely.

53:40.633 --> 53:45.333 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  Jamie, this person
  has a small garden

53:45.333 --> 53:50.333 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 and he's been treating
 it organically for
 about five years.

53:51.433 --> 53:54.300 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
He's somewhat interested
in joining the MOA

53:56.200 --> 53:57.866 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 as we call an organization.

53:57.866 --> 53:59.966 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
How do they go about doing that?

53:59.966 --> 54:02.866 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:45%
  - Oh my goodness, well
  you can visit our website

54:02.866 --> 54:06.700 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
and you can actually get
your membership online

54:06.700 --> 54:08.500 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:30%
and we have very
affordable memberships,

54:08.500 --> 54:13.500 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:48.75%
 or you can contact me too
 and I can directly send a pdf

54:14.400 --> 54:15.966 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 that if they wanna print off

54:15.966 --> 54:19.300 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 and not do that online, yeah.

54:20.800 --> 54:22.833 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  Our website or contact me,

54:22.833 --> 54:25.266 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
  and I'm available
  from that website.

54:25.266 --> 54:26.666 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
- Yeah roughly how many members

54:26.666 --> 54:29.666 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 does the organization
 currently have?

54:29.666 --> 54:33.066 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
  - We have over 200
  members and again,

54:33.066 --> 54:37.233 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 they are range from
 consumers to handlers

54:37.233 --> 54:40.166 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:31.88%
 to producers and
 again, the wide range.

54:40.166 --> 54:45.100 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
We have buyers, so yeah,

54:45.100 --> 54:48.133 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 and it's a very warm
 and welcoming group.

54:48.133 --> 54:53.133 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 Our researchers and I
 think our cell folks

54:53.866 --> 54:56.100 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 can agree with that.

54:56.100 --> 55:01.100 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
- Okay thank you, Jane for you.

55:02.300 --> 55:04.866 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 A Glendive caller has
 some dandelion advice.

55:04.866 --> 55:08.933 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
She spreads pelletized
lawn lime on the plants

55:08.933 --> 55:11.400 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
 and says it works
 great, your opinion.

55:13.766 --> 55:16.333 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
- I have never heard of
that, but you know what?

55:16.333 --> 55:18.600 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 Her experience is valuable.

55:20.133 --> 55:21.566 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 - I've not heard of it either,

55:21.566 --> 55:26.566 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 but a caller from Lewistown
 would like to know

55:28.166 --> 55:33.166 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:41.25%
  which of the organic
  manure animal fertilizers

55:34.666 --> 55:35.866 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
is highest in nitrogen?

55:35.866 --> 55:38.166 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 So Clain, I suspect
 that's yours.

55:39.500 --> 55:43.433 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
- Chicken manure would
be would be the highest.

55:43.433 --> 55:45.833 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
Horse manure would be the lowest

55:45.833 --> 55:50.666 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
and then probably sheep and
goat are second, third highest.

55:50.666 --> 55:53.700 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 I would guess deer is
 about fourth in there.

55:53.700 --> 55:55.833 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 A lot of those numbers
 you can find online,

55:55.833 --> 55:59.833 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 but chicken manure nitrogen
 wise is quite a bit higher

55:59.833 --> 56:01.133 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:30%
than the others.

56:01.133 --> 56:04.466 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 - You can burn gardens
 with chicken manure,

56:04.466 --> 56:05.666 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
 no doubt about that.

56:05.666 --> 56:07.700 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 - Compost it first if you can.

56:07.700 --> 56:08.866 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:26.25%
 - Yeah, okay.

56:11.833 --> 56:14.933 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
 We're getting down on time
 Jane, but here's a quick one.

56:14.933 --> 56:18.833 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
Is Horry alyssum obnoxious weed
and the best control method.

56:19.933 --> 56:22.000 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:26.25%
 - Yes it is a
 state noxious weed.

56:23.300 --> 56:25.233 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
There's a variety of herbicides,

56:25.233 --> 56:28.333 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
you can hand pull, you can mow.

56:28.333 --> 56:31.000 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 Keep it from going to
 seed because that's
 how it reproduces.

56:31.000 --> 56:33.833 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 It does not reproduce
 vegetatively

56:33.833 --> 56:37.066 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
and there's an extension
bulletin on Corialism,

56:37.066 --> 56:38.333 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:30%
so check it out.

56:38.333 --> 56:41.933 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 - It's really become a
 rather widespread weed

56:41.933 --> 56:43.733 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 here in the Gallatin Valley.

56:43.733 --> 56:45.233 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:28.13%
- It has, yeah.

56:45.233 --> 56:49.466 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
 - Okay, folks let me thank
 the panel, especially Jamie.

56:49.466 --> 56:52.500 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:35.63%
 Jamie had a couple
 calls from Missoula

56:52.500 --> 56:53.833 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 saying you did a great job.

56:53.833 --> 56:56.200 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 Thank you for joining
 us this evening.

56:56.200 --> 56:58.933 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:56.25%
 Next week we're going to have
 Shannon Brent from Bismarck.

56:58.933 --> 57:00.633 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
She's executive director

57:00.633 --> 57:03.300 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 of the Northern Pulse
 Growers Association.

57:03.300 --> 57:05.533 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:39.38%
Should be fun, you'll
learn a lot about peas,

57:05.533 --> 57:07.666 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:45%
lentils, what to do with
them, how we grow them.

57:07.666 --> 57:09.466 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:37.5%
 So forth and so on.

57:09.466 --> 57:11.633 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:43.13%
 Again, thank everybody
 for watching.

57:12.833 --> 57:15.266 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:41.25%
 Mary thanks for being
 in the studio with me.

57:15.266 --> 57:17.733 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:43.13%
  Everyone, have a good
  night, see you next week.

57:17.733 --> 57:19.700 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:28.13%
Take care, bye.

57:19.700 --> 57:22.366 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:28.13%
(country music)

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  - [Narrator] For more
  information and resources,

57:26.200 --> 57:31.200 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:54.38%
 visit montanapbs.org/AGlive.

57:31.800 --> 57:34.133 align:start position:35% line:68.67% size:28.13%
(country music)

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Montana AG Live is made possible

58:02.833 --> 58:06.400 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:50.63%
  by the Montana Department
  of Agriculture,

58:07.366 --> 58:10.333 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
  The MSU Extension Service,

58:10.333 --> 58:12.466 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 The MSU AG Experiment Stations

58:12.466 --> 58:14.866 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:58.13%
 of the College of Agriculture,

58:14.866 --> 58:17.766 align:start position:27.5% line:68.67% size:33.75%
 The Montana Wheat
 and Barley Committee,

58:17.766 --> 58:20.033 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
The Montana Bankers Association,

58:20.933 --> 58:23.666 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:60%
Cashman Nursery and Landscaping,

58:23.666 --> 58:25.800 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:52.5%
 The Gallatin Gardeners Club

58:25.800 --> 58:30.000 align:start position:20% line:68.67% size:41.25%
and The Rocky Mountain
Certified Crop Advisor Program.

58:30.000 --> 58:32.666 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:28.13%
(country music)