WEBVTT 00:01.233 --> 00:03.100 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% - [Narrator] Montana Ag Live is made possible 00:03.100 --> 00:06.333 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% by the Montana Department of Agriculture, 00:07.200 --> 00:11.033 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% the MSU Extension Service, (guitar music) 00:11.033 --> 00:12.900 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% the MSU Ag Experiment Stations 00:12.900 --> 00:14.400 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% of the College of Agriculture, 00:15.666 --> 00:17.666 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% the Montana Wheat and Barley Committee, 00:18.800 --> 00:20.566 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% Cashman Nursery and Landscaping, 00:22.400 --> 00:24.633 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% the Northern Pulse Growers Association, 00:25.966 --> 00:27.833 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% and the Gallatin Gardeners Club. 00:44.700 --> 00:46.100 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% - If you haven't guessed it, 00:46.100 --> 00:48.233 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% you are tuned to Montana Ag Live 00:48.233 --> 00:51.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% originating today from the studios of KUSM 00:51.700 --> 00:54.200 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% on the very standing campus 00:54.200 --> 00:56.700 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% we call Montana State University. 00:56.700 --> 00:58.966 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% And coming to you over your Montana 00:58.966 --> 01:00.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% Public Television System. 01:00.933 --> 01:03.733 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% It's been a good week here in Bozeman for agriculture, 01:03.733 --> 01:07.300 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% we had the Celebrate Agriculture event here on campus. 01:07.300 --> 01:08.600 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% It's always interesting to see 01:08.600 --> 01:10.200 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% a lot of good old friends there. 01:10.200 --> 01:12.866 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% And to top it off, there was an excellent football game 01:12.866 --> 01:17.400 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% here yesterday and the Bobcats got it done again, 01:17.400 --> 01:20.066 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% so congratulations to them. 01:20.066 --> 01:22.033 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% Tonight, we're gonna have a really kind of interesting, 01:22.033 --> 01:24.333 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% different type of program. 01:24.333 --> 01:27.733 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% We're gonna look at a topic that we call fire seam, 01:27.733 --> 01:29.266 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% coal seam fires. 01:29.266 --> 01:32.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% And they are big, they threaten the sustainability 01:32.533 --> 01:35.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% of the grasslands out in the eastern part of Montana, 01:35.400 --> 01:37.833 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and we call that the Powder River Basin, 01:37.833 --> 01:39.066 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% also Northern Wyoming. 01:39.066 --> 01:40.166 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% And we have a guest that's here 01:40.166 --> 01:41.666 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% from that part of the country tonight. 01:41.666 --> 01:43.166 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% But before we get to that, 01:43.166 --> 01:45.566 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% let me introduce the panel this evening. 01:45.566 --> 01:48.366 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% On my far left, Sam Wyffels. 01:48.366 --> 01:51.366 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% Sam is a range scientist 01:51.366 --> 01:54.433 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% here in the Animal Science Department. 01:54.433 --> 01:56.033 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% Relatively new here in Montana, 01:56.033 --> 01:57.966 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% we're happy to have him on the program. 01:57.966 --> 02:00.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% And Sam, thanks for coming in tonight, 02:00.166 --> 02:01.500 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% we'll have a good time. 02:01.500 --> 02:05.233 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% Special guest, all the way from Miles City, Cory Cheguis. 02:05.233 --> 02:08.833 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% Cory is a fire warden out in the Powder River Basin 02:08.833 --> 02:11.233 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and he is one of the most knowledgeable individuals 02:11.233 --> 02:13.933 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% when it comes to coal seam fires. 02:13.933 --> 02:16.366 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% We're gonna learn to learn a lot about 'em, 02:16.366 --> 02:19.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% why they occur, and how much damage they're doing. 02:19.333 --> 02:21.533 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% Jane Mangold, I'm gonna call you 02:21.533 --> 02:25.633 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% an invasive specialist tonight, not a weed scientist. 02:25.633 --> 02:28.033 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% So Jane's here quite often. 02:28.033 --> 02:30.600 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Jane, thanks for coming in, and of course Abby. 02:30.600 --> 02:34.266 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% But before we go, I want to introduce the phone operators. 02:34.266 --> 02:36.833 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% We have Cheryl Bennett and John Holly. 02:36.833 --> 02:39.633 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% if you have questions tonight and definitely I'm sure 02:39.633 --> 02:42.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% we're gonna have plenty about coal seam fires, 02:42.233 --> 02:44.133 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% call 'em in and we'll do our best 02:44.133 --> 02:45.833 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% to get 'em on this evening. 02:45.833 --> 02:49.900 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% I've always said my favorite city in Northeast 02:49.900 --> 02:52.533 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% or North Central Montana is Fort Benton. 02:52.533 --> 02:55.066 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% My favorite city in the eastern part of the state 02:55.066 --> 02:56.900 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% is Miles City. 02:56.900 --> 02:59.566 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% A good weekend for those people that wanna spend 02:59.566 --> 03:03.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% a little time in Montana, go up to Fort Benton, 03:03.133 --> 03:05.666 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% see the history there, stay at the Grand Union, 03:05.666 --> 03:07.833 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% head to Miles City the next day, 03:07.833 --> 03:11.366 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% stop the Range Riders Bar and have a beer or two. 03:11.366 --> 03:14.433 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% It's a great area to really visit, 03:14.433 --> 03:17.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% I am a big promoter of Eastern Montana. 03:17.400 --> 03:19.633 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% Cory, thank you for coming in. 03:19.633 --> 03:22.466 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% Tell us about coal seam fires and what you do out there 03:22.466 --> 03:24.866 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% in Miles City in the Powder River Basin. 03:24.866 --> 03:26.900 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% - Well thanks, Jack, for having me. 03:26.900 --> 03:30.066 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% Coal seam fires have created quite a burden 03:30.066 --> 03:32.966 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% on local agriculture in eastern Montana. 03:32.966 --> 03:38.000 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:52.5% In 2011, it was a really wet year, had a good fuel growth. 03:39.333 --> 03:42.133 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% And then 2012 was a drought year. 03:42.133 --> 03:45.333 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% There's always been a few coal seams around Eastern Montana, 03:45.333 --> 03:49.500 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% but after that 2012 had a bunch of wildland fires. 03:49.500 --> 03:53.000 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% And then after that, it seemed to be more and more 03:53.000 --> 03:56.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% active wildland fires caused from coal seams. 03:56.433 --> 03:59.633 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% But what honestly happened was after that drought year 03:59.633 --> 04:01.033 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% that caused all the wildland fires, 04:01.033 --> 04:04.466 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:52.5% all these burning coal seams ignited across Eastern Montana. 04:04.466 --> 04:07.366 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% And every time we have a new wildfire, another one, 04:07.366 --> 04:10.633 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% a whole bunch more starts within the Powder River Basin. 04:10.633 --> 04:13.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - So just an estimate, 04:13.333 --> 04:15.366 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% I know there's people mapping, 04:15.366 --> 04:16.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and we'll get into that a little bit, 04:16.733 --> 04:19.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% but your guess how many coal seam fires 04:19.566 --> 04:21.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% are actually present in that area? 04:21.466 --> 04:23.666 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% And I think the number's gonna shock me. 04:23.666 --> 04:26.133 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - Yeah, Jack, I'm thinking probably 2,000. 04:26.133 --> 04:28.300 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% We've already got 700 mapped right now, 04:28.300 --> 04:30.966 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% verified boots on the ground, went to each of these sites. 04:30.966 --> 04:34.400 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% So I would definitely say roughly around 2000, 04:34.400 --> 04:36.033 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% maybe even 2,500. 04:36.033 --> 04:38.366 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% It's so hard to tell at this time. 04:38.366 --> 04:40.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - They've caused some huge fires out in that area. 04:40.933 --> 04:42.933 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% I think we're talking ahead of time, 04:42.933 --> 04:44.433 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% what'd you say in Roseburg County, 04:44.433 --> 04:48.633 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% how many acres burned associated with coal seam fires? 04:48.633 --> 04:52.933 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:52.5% - So actually, whole Eastern Montana last year, for example, 04:52.933 --> 04:54.900 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% there's 13 counties in Eastern Montana, 04:54.900 --> 04:57.533 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% in the ELO is what we call it, Eastern Land Office. 04:57.533 --> 05:00.200 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% We burned a total of 248,000 acres, 05:00.200 --> 05:02.066 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% that's total for everything. 05:02.066 --> 05:04.866 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% 201,000 acres were specifically attributed 05:04.866 --> 05:06.900 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% to coal seam fires. 05:06.900 --> 05:09.133 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - That's amazing. 05:09.133 --> 05:11.600 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% So I'm gonna ask you one more question 05:11.600 --> 05:13.500 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and I've got one that came in here for Sam. 05:13.500 --> 05:16.900 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% How do you put one of these coal seam fires out? 05:16.900 --> 05:19.466 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% - Good question. (all laughing) 05:19.466 --> 05:22.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% We've been working, my friends in Powder River County 05:22.733 --> 05:25.233 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% who have been trying to test some data, 05:25.233 --> 05:27.600 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% do a little scientific work on the side 05:27.600 --> 05:29.233 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% to figure out what we can do. 05:29.233 --> 05:31.266 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% Those guys have actually excavated one, 05:31.266 --> 05:33.166 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% which will be very costly. 05:33.166 --> 05:35.933 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:52.5% Every coal seam's different, there's small ones, big ones. 05:35.933 --> 05:40.400 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% Surface coal seams, there's some in the middle of draws 05:40.400 --> 05:43.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% that you can't get to, miles in the back hills. 05:43.466 --> 05:46.733 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% So I think we could get to maybe a management standpoint, 05:46.733 --> 05:49.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% but I don't physically think mitigating 05:49.233 --> 05:52.400 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% all of them by digging 'em up is feasible. 05:52.400 --> 05:55.200 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - I've talked to a couple ranchers out in that area 05:55.200 --> 05:58.666 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% and I've spent some time out there mainly hunting, 05:58.666 --> 06:00.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% 'cause I'm not in the range area, 06:00.266 --> 06:03.666 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% but I know they lose a lot of range land. 06:03.666 --> 06:05.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% And Sam, I had a question 06:05.966 --> 06:09.333 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% that came in via Facebook ahead of time, 06:09.333 --> 06:14.366 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% what is the philosophy of grazing after a wildfire? 06:14.366 --> 06:16.266 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - Thanks, and that's a good question. 06:16.266 --> 06:18.300 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% And I guess real quick before I get to that, 06:18.300 --> 06:21.166 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% I do have a background in range, but I'm actually 06:21.166 --> 06:22.766 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% the extension beef specialist here on campus. 06:22.766 --> 06:23.700 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. (laughing) 06:23.700 --> 06:27.200 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% - And so I do do a lot of work with grazing on range lands 06:27.200 --> 06:31.200 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and things like that, but I should just point that out 06:31.200 --> 06:33.933 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% if folks wanna get in contact with me, 06:33.933 --> 06:36.433 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and my specialty is actually beef production 06:36.433 --> 06:38.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% on grazing range lands. 06:38.533 --> 06:42.066 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% But no, that is a really interesting component. 06:42.066 --> 06:46.800 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% And right now, it's a fairly conservative approach. 06:46.800 --> 06:51.000 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% And the philosophy is once there's a wildfire 06:51.000 --> 06:56.000 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% on a range land, the federal BLM and Forest Service, 06:56.400 --> 07:00.400 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% their typical management strategy is, I would say, 07:00.400 --> 07:02.733 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% probably a minimum of two years of rest. 07:02.733 --> 07:05.600 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% I'm sure there's some wiggle room on that. 07:05.600 --> 07:09.666 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% And the whole thought between that is that the wildfire 07:09.666 --> 07:11.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% comes through and essentially defoliates 07:11.566 --> 07:15.400 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and kinda maybe puts these plants at a level of stress. 07:15.400 --> 07:19.466 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% And so by giving those plants a full years of rest 07:19.466 --> 07:21.800 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% allows them to kinda recover. 07:21.800 --> 07:23.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And then that second year allows 'em 07:23.633 --> 07:27.966 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% to potentially like set seed, reinoculate the seed bank 07:29.333 --> 07:32.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and before we start putting grazing pressure 07:32.166 --> 07:36.400 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% back on those plants. 07:36.400 --> 07:39.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% Some of the research I've seen that looks 07:39.466 --> 07:41.333 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% at some of those philosophies, 07:41.333 --> 07:44.900 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% the effects of range land, or the effects 07:44.900 --> 07:46.700 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% of wildfire on range land, 07:46.700 --> 07:50.600 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% it really depends on the ecosystem, 07:50.600 --> 07:53.600 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% precipitation ranges, soil conditions. 07:53.600 --> 07:56.466 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% And recently, I've seen some work that looked 07:56.466 --> 07:58.833 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% at what the vegetation community looked like 07:58.833 --> 08:02.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% prior to fire and how healthy that system was 08:02.700 --> 08:07.566 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% has a big impact on how that rebounds after fire as well. 08:07.566 --> 08:09.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Okay, thank you. 08:09.266 --> 08:12.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% Changing tune a little bit, Corvallis caller, 08:12.800 --> 08:16.933 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% this is for Abby, and this is kinda interesting. 08:16.933 --> 08:19.533 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% They had a bunch of crab trees, 08:19.533 --> 08:21.633 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% and they have way too many crab apples, 08:21.633 --> 08:24.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% and they don't like that because they attract deer 08:24.933 --> 08:28.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and the deer are grazing on their tulips in the spring 08:28.233 --> 08:30.100 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and so forth and so on. 08:30.100 --> 08:31.500 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% How can they prevent production 08:31.500 --> 08:34.366 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% of the apples on a crab apple tree? 08:34.366 --> 08:36.166 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - That is a good question. 08:36.166 --> 08:40.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% I don't know how easy it would be to do that. 08:41.700 --> 08:43.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% Yeah, I don't know. 08:43.400 --> 08:44.233 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:15% I think- 08:44.233 --> 08:45.100 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - There used to be a product, 08:45.100 --> 08:47.333 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% well it's still around called Sevin. 08:47.333 --> 08:51.133 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% It's an insecticide that does abort blossoms. 08:51.133 --> 08:52.666 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% The problem with that is bees. 08:52.666 --> 08:53.500 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% - [Abby] Yeah. 08:53.500 --> 08:55.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - Yeah, you're gonna do damage to bees. 08:55.633 --> 08:56.466 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% - Yeah, that's a good point. 08:56.466 --> 09:00.066 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% Yeah, pollinators are really attracted to crab apple trees. 09:00.066 --> 09:01.666 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% But yeah, I'd say that would be 09:01.666 --> 09:04.966 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% a challenging thing to take care of. 09:04.966 --> 09:06.366 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - [Jack] Okay, thank you. 09:06.366 --> 09:08.066 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - Abbey, I have a follow up question. 09:08.066 --> 09:12.866 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% Are there varieties of crab apple that don't produce apples? 09:12.866 --> 09:15.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% Like you still get the beautiful flowers in the spring, 09:15.566 --> 09:18.700 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:52.5% but maybe they don't produce apples or they're really small? 09:18.700 --> 09:21.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - Yeah, there are more ornamental varieties 09:21.566 --> 09:24.066 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% of flowering crab apples than other flowering fruit trees 09:24.066 --> 09:25.300 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% that you could look into. 09:25.300 --> 09:27.366 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% That would probably be a good option 09:27.366 --> 09:29.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% for someone who wants a really nice flowering tree 09:29.666 --> 09:31.933 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% for bees but doesn't wanna deal with the fruit. 09:31.933 --> 09:33.600 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - Yeah, okay. - Yeah. 09:33.600 --> 09:34.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Okay, thank you. 09:34.933 --> 09:36.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% From Malta, Cory. 09:36.933 --> 09:42.100 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% This person would like to know how do the coal seam fires 09:42.100 --> 09:44.033 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% actually ignite grass fires? 09:44.033 --> 09:46.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% Because they've heard that the coal seam fires 09:46.966 --> 09:50.766 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% are deep in the ground, whereas the grasses 09:50.766 --> 09:52.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% closer to the surface. 09:52.166 --> 09:53.700 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% So in other words, 09:53.700 --> 09:56.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% why or how deep do these fires actually burn? 09:56.666 --> 09:57.633 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% - Good question. 09:57.633 --> 10:00.300 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% Every coal seam is actually different. 10:00.300 --> 10:03.900 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% So for example, I was actually out Tuesday 10:03.900 --> 10:07.133 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% or Thursday this week with some people 10:07.133 --> 10:08.800 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% from the other side of the state 10:08.800 --> 10:11.166 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% showing 'em how this happens. 10:11.166 --> 10:14.400 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% Every coal seam, they could burn underground very deep, 10:14.400 --> 10:15.833 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% or they're actually burning on top. 10:15.833 --> 10:19.400 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% These pockets of coal are anywhere from 2 inches thick, 10:19.400 --> 10:22.833 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% just as an example to 20 feet thick. 10:22.833 --> 10:26.566 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% And so they'll burn underground, and when the ground 10:26.566 --> 10:30.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% creates a void with that burning pocket of coal 10:30.266 --> 10:32.966 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and the ground swaff off, opens it up. 10:32.966 --> 10:35.500 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% And so then you got this exposed pocket of coal, 10:35.500 --> 10:37.366 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% or they're coming out the vents. 10:37.366 --> 10:39.966 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% Some of these vents are 900,000 degrees 10:39.966 --> 10:41.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% from the burning coal. 10:41.433 --> 10:42.533 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - [Jack] Wow. - [Cory] Coming out, 10:42.533 --> 10:45.066 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% so that actually on a hot dry day, 10:45.066 --> 10:48.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% essentially is the grass will swaff off, 10:48.133 --> 10:50.633 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% that bank will swaff as you see in some of these pictures. 10:50.633 --> 10:53.400 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% And if you look at that one right there on the screen, 10:53.400 --> 10:56.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% that's an exposed seam where it's exposed out 10:56.100 --> 10:58.466 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% and catches the grass on fire. 10:58.466 --> 11:00.033 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% - I have a follow up question. 11:00.033 --> 11:02.966 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% How long do these coal seam fires burn? 11:02.966 --> 11:05.933 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - There's actually been some talking to locals, 11:05.933 --> 11:10.566 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% grandpa's grandpa that hundreds of years, some of 'em. 11:10.566 --> 11:13.533 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% But we found some that have started since 2012, 11:13.533 --> 11:17.166 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:52.5% that bad fire year that have actually went out on their own. 11:17.166 --> 11:18.300 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. 11:18.300 --> 11:20.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% There's a rancher out there, you know him, 11:20.233 --> 11:22.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% I've talked to him on the phone many times. 11:22.800 --> 11:24.000 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% His name is Scott McCray, 11:24.000 --> 11:27.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% he's north of Cheyenne Reservation down there. 11:27.533 --> 11:29.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% And they had a big range land fire. 11:29.733 --> 11:33.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% It consumed 15 to 20,000 acres several years ago. 11:33.333 --> 11:35.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% Since then, he claims that every year, 11:35.700 --> 11:40.700 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% he has fires that ignite from the coal seam fires, 11:41.100 --> 11:44.200 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and that has really reduced his carrying capacity. 11:44.200 --> 11:45.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% Any comments on that? 11:45.966 --> 11:48.866 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - Yeah, actually I know the McCray's really well, 11:48.866 --> 11:49.700 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% and they're part of the reason 11:49.700 --> 11:51.133 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% why I even started this project, 11:51.133 --> 11:54.533 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% was we gotta start looking towards a solution. 11:54.533 --> 11:56.900 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% Mr. McCray and their family, 11:56.900 --> 11:59.933 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% I go to fires there all the time on their place, 11:59.933 --> 12:02.000 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% ironically, and have been over the years. 12:02.000 --> 12:03.866 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% This year I think they've had three or four. 12:03.866 --> 12:07.000 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% I'm not positive, but last year was Richard Springs Fire, 12:07.000 --> 12:09.366 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% burned 170,000 acres 12:09.366 --> 12:13.666 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% and it completely wiped out the McCray place, burnt 'em out. 12:13.666 --> 12:16.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% And it has actually started more new coal seams 12:16.633 --> 12:19.333 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% that were never known about before. 12:19.333 --> 12:23.266 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - What a rancher, how does a rancher handle 12:23.266 --> 12:26.866 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% a situation where their winter forage is burnt, 12:26.866 --> 12:29.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% they don't have the alfalfa so forth. 12:29.500 --> 12:31.400 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% How do they handle that nowadays? 12:32.933 --> 12:37.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - Yeah, and I think that's actually a great question 12:38.566 --> 12:41.800 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% and probably a great question to some of these producers 12:41.800 --> 12:42.733 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% that have had to deal with it. 12:42.733 --> 12:46.266 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% I think there's always the thought 12:46.266 --> 12:49.300 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% of having a stockpile of hay put up or something, 12:49.300 --> 12:53.400 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% is in an emergency forage source, things like that. 12:53.400 --> 12:55.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% But usually, when these things happen 12:55.733 --> 12:57.500 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and it's unpredictable, 12:57.500 --> 13:01.433 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% the options are is to find grazing somewhere else, 13:01.433 --> 13:05.400 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% so lease other ground, purchase, 13:05.400 --> 13:07.166 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% you hear a lot of people that are having to purchase 13:07.166 --> 13:09.533 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% forages or purchase hay in order to feed 13:09.533 --> 13:11.433 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% those animals during those times. 13:11.433 --> 13:16.433 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% And at worst case scenario, there's always the option 13:16.700 --> 13:21.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% of reducing herd size to match what forage availability 13:21.200 --> 13:23.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% you have at that moment. 13:23.033 --> 13:26.866 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% But yeah, I don't think there's a magic solution there. 13:26.866 --> 13:30.866 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% The cows have got to eat and so there's, 13:30.866 --> 13:34.766 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% you just gotta find places to graze 13:34.766 --> 13:36.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% or some forages to supply. 13:36.966 --> 13:39.100 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Yeah I think, or I'm sure there's, 13:39.100 --> 13:40.600 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and I'm not familiar with, I'm sure 13:40.600 --> 13:42.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% there's probably some government programs 13:42.700 --> 13:46.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% that are designed to assist disaster payments 13:46.400 --> 13:48.966 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% for helping these ranchers along, 13:48.966 --> 13:52.066 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% and Cory, have you ran into any of that in your- 13:52.066 --> 13:53.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - So there actually is, 13:53.833 --> 13:56.933 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% through Montana Disaster Emergency Services. 13:56.933 --> 14:00.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% I believe there is some sort of help for, 14:00.733 --> 14:05.066 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:52.5% not really through emergency services, but small business. 14:05.066 --> 14:08.700 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% But, and USDA, I believe does have a program 14:08.700 --> 14:11.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% that will assist when you're burned out. 14:12.566 --> 14:15.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - Okay, it's becoming more commonplace then. 14:15.100 --> 14:15.933 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - It really is. 14:15.933 --> 14:18.866 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% And you look at, I don't know what insurance companies 14:18.866 --> 14:23.900 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% are doing about this specifically, that's an unknown. 14:23.900 --> 14:27.366 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - Yeah, now something to be considered. 14:28.666 --> 14:32.266 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% From Miles City, what weeds come in 14:32.266 --> 14:36.133 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% after these fires threaten the range land? 14:36.133 --> 14:39.266 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And Jane, all of you can jump in on that. 14:39.266 --> 14:42.100 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% - Yeah, well I'll take a shot, but then I'd like to hear 14:42.100 --> 14:44.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% what Cory's experience is firsthand. 14:44.700 --> 14:49.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% But my guess would be if there's cheatgrass in the area 14:49.200 --> 14:52.100 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% prior to the fire, cheatgrass would be, 14:52.100 --> 14:55.500 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% and maybe Japanese broom in that part of the state 14:55.500 --> 14:58.200 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% would be two species that would show up. 14:58.200 --> 15:03.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% Canada thistle probably, if Canada thistle is around. 15:03.233 --> 15:08.233 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% One of the, people often ask, does fire encourage weeds? 15:10.600 --> 15:13.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And it kinda depends on what weeds 15:13.400 --> 15:15.033 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% are there before the fire. 15:15.033 --> 15:17.266 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% If there aren't weeds there before the fire, 15:17.266 --> 15:18.466 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% you're probably not gonna have 15:18.466 --> 15:20.366 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% as much of a weed problem after, 15:20.366 --> 15:22.600 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% unless some weeds would come in 15:22.600 --> 15:25.933 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% on equipment, firefighting equipment. 15:25.933 --> 15:27.666 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - You disturb a lot of land though 15:27.666 --> 15:32.566 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% by trying to have fire breaks or whatever you call 'em. 15:32.566 --> 15:35.700 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% Would you get more weeds in those areas afterwards? 15:35.700 --> 15:38.100 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - I've actually seen, yeah, a dozer line does disturb 15:38.100 --> 15:40.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% with the ground quite a bit, invasive plants. 15:40.700 --> 15:45.466 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% I've seen Canadian thistle a few times. 15:45.466 --> 15:47.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% Fireweed, kochia. 15:48.200 --> 15:50.833 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - Yeah, the annual species. - Yeah. 15:50.833 --> 15:53.666 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% - Some of the work done at MSU 15:53.666 --> 15:57.866 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% with looking specifically at cheatgrass response to fire, 15:57.866 --> 15:59.266 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% because in other parts of the west, 15:59.266 --> 16:00.933 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% there's a positive relationship 16:00.933 --> 16:03.666 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% between fire and cheatgrass. 16:03.666 --> 16:05.800 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% So if you go to the Great Basin, 16:05.800 --> 16:09.600 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% so places further west and south of Montana, 16:09.600 --> 16:11.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% some of the work at MSU has indicated 16:11.133 --> 16:15.433 align:start position:35% line:10% size:26.25% that the dozer lines, the fire lines 16:15.433 --> 16:18.366 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% are really where the cheatgrass shows up the most. 16:18.366 --> 16:20.333 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% So if you have a healthy range land 16:20.333 --> 16:24.933 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% that's comprised of perennial grasses and forbs, 16:24.933 --> 16:27.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and there's a little bit of cheatgrass 16:27.100 --> 16:28.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% there before the fire, we haven't seen 16:28.933 --> 16:31.300 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% that increase in cheatgrass. 16:31.300 --> 16:34.400 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% Where we see the increase is where we disturb 16:34.400 --> 16:36.533 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% the soil with the dozer line. 16:36.533 --> 16:38.866 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% And that's really where the post fire 16:38.866 --> 16:42.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% weed management should probably focus on. 16:42.100 --> 16:43.700 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Yeah. 16:43.700 --> 16:45.900 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% I'm sitting here thinking I've got a question 16:45.900 --> 16:48.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% for you in a moment, but the Native Indians, 16:48.433 --> 16:50.333 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% the Native Americans here, 16:50.333 --> 16:55.333 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:52.5% often started their fires to quote "improve the grasslands." 16:58.033 --> 17:00.633 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% Do these forest fires or range fires 17:00.633 --> 17:04.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% over time improve any of the range land? 17:06.233 --> 17:08.266 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - Yeah, I mean I can talk a little bit about that 17:08.266 --> 17:11.666 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% from like a forage nutrition perspective, 17:11.666 --> 17:14.666 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and then maybe Jean can talk 17:14.666 --> 17:16.800 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% about weeds and things like that. 17:16.800 --> 17:17.966 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% (panel chuckling) 17:17.966 --> 17:20.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% But yeah, no, I mean, 17:20.100 --> 17:22.700 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% historically there is some evidence 17:22.700 --> 17:24.233 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and accounts where the Native Americans 17:24.233 --> 17:29.233 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% would burn vast expanses of range lands and areas. 17:30.000 --> 17:33.433 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% And the thought process is that that would in turn 17:33.433 --> 17:36.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% improve the quality of the forages there 17:36.133 --> 17:37.500 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% that following spring. 17:37.500 --> 17:40.733 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% So it was a way essentially to attract the bison herds 17:40.733 --> 17:43.633 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% to come back for hunting grounds and things like that. 17:43.633 --> 17:46.633 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% And in fact, what we have found is that when a wildfire 17:46.633 --> 17:51.033 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% goes through that next year, it does typically improve 17:51.033 --> 17:54.866 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% the nutritional quality of that forage. 17:54.866 --> 17:59.033 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% But in the sense that that fire has removed 17:59.033 --> 18:02.333 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% all the residual stemmy stuff that's a couple years old, 18:02.333 --> 18:04.266 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% the litter, the things that are typically 18:04.266 --> 18:06.200 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% the nutrients have leached out. 18:06.200 --> 18:08.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% And that next spring, the only thing that you have left 18:08.933 --> 18:11.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% exposed is new growth, that leafy growth, 18:11.966 --> 18:14.066 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and those tend to be the parts of the plant 18:14.066 --> 18:15.833 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% that are the most nutritious. 18:15.833 --> 18:19.766 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% And so from an aspect of over time, 18:19.766 --> 18:22.166 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% I don't think it's like a time thing, 18:22.166 --> 18:25.233 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% it's more of a initial response. 18:25.233 --> 18:27.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% So the next spring it's gonna be good. 18:27.166 --> 18:28.933 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% The longer you wait to go in there, 18:28.933 --> 18:30.300 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% it's probably gonna get back 18:30.300 --> 18:33.466 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% to what you would normally normally see. 18:33.466 --> 18:35.666 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Okay, thank you, good information. 18:36.666 --> 18:40.033 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% Abby, from Helena, interesting question here. 18:40.033 --> 18:42.800 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% They say that leaf cutter bees have damaged 18:42.800 --> 18:46.400 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% their peonies and lilacs for the last several years. 18:46.400 --> 18:48.800 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% Is there any way we can deter them? 18:48.800 --> 18:51.100 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% And also they wanna know are they a pollinator 18:51.100 --> 18:52.033 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and I believe they are, but go ahead. 18:52.033 --> 18:55.933 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - Yeah, leaf cutting bees are a pretty great pollinator, 18:55.933 --> 18:58.433 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% they're pretty important in our landscape. 18:58.433 --> 19:03.300 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% And usually their damage is just superficial on trees. 19:03.300 --> 19:06.633 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% It's aesthetic damage, trees, shrubs, 19:06.633 --> 19:09.300 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% peonies, especially roses, lilacs. 19:09.300 --> 19:13.466 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% But the damage won't really harm your landscape plants, 19:13.466 --> 19:15.200 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% it's not really gonna affect them. 19:15.200 --> 19:18.033 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% And the positive for this pollinator, 19:18.033 --> 19:19.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% they're a really great pollinator, 19:19.500 --> 19:21.733 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% but they're also pretty important in the alfalfa 19:21.733 --> 19:23.966 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% seed production industry as well. 19:23.966 --> 19:28.900 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% So I would just say it's just aesthetic damage 19:28.900 --> 19:30.066 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% that I would- - Live with. 19:30.066 --> 19:30.900 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% - Wouldn't too worried about, yeah, 19:30.900 --> 19:32.533 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% I would be intrigued to see, 19:32.533 --> 19:33.866 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% it's pretty cool to watch them 19:33.866 --> 19:36.100 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% cut those little notches out of leaves. 19:36.100 --> 19:38.633 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% - It is, they are a neat insect. 19:40.833 --> 19:42.766 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% From Hot Springs. 19:42.766 --> 19:44.366 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% This is an interesting question. 19:46.000 --> 19:48.666 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% Cory, would they, this person would like to know, 19:48.666 --> 19:51.833 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% are there specific towns in Montana 19:51.833 --> 19:56.666 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% that are more threatened by fires caused by coal seams? 19:58.366 --> 20:00.966 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - There is actually, as the data shows 20:00.966 --> 20:03.300 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% from what we've collected already. 20:03.300 --> 20:06.666 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% Any given day, you could have a wind-driven wildland fire. 20:06.666 --> 20:08.666 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% Even prior to this, Jack, that video you showed me, 20:08.666 --> 20:10.200 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% that was a wind driven fire. 20:10.200 --> 20:12.000 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% So as we get into that, 20:12.000 --> 20:15.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% Eastern Montana is one dry, I call it the desert. 20:15.700 --> 20:17.700 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% Eastern Montana is the desert. 20:19.000 --> 20:21.333 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% Not this year, thank God. (panel laughing) 20:21.333 --> 20:25.266 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% But most given years, the biggest threat I could see 20:25.266 --> 20:27.400 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% to any population, I know the northern Cheyenne 20:27.400 --> 20:29.366 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% definitely is, I mean that fire 20:29.366 --> 20:31.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% almost burned right into Lame Deer. 20:31.633 --> 20:32.500 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - [Jack] Right. 20:32.500 --> 20:34.400 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - It was right on the verge of burning into Lame Deer. 20:34.400 --> 20:37.233 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% So all the smaller towns, there's always a potential. 20:37.233 --> 20:40.500 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% I can't really say, the risk is always there. 20:41.633 --> 20:45.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - Talking to Scott, he said that he's noticed 20:45.233 --> 20:49.666 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% as temperatures have warmed and now approach 20:49.666 --> 20:51.366 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% 100 degrees quite commonly 20:51.366 --> 20:53.233 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% out in the eastern part of the state, 20:53.233 --> 20:57.300 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% he thinks that the coal seam fires are more responsible 20:57.300 --> 20:59.500 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% for grassland fires at higher temperatures. 20:59.500 --> 21:01.066 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% Have you noticed that? 21:01.066 --> 21:03.000 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Yeah, I actually have noticed that. 21:03.000 --> 21:06.000 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% It's the last few years, every year we seem to be getting 21:06.000 --> 21:09.000 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% more and more coal seam caused wildland fires, 21:09.000 --> 21:11.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and the fires always seem to be more and more extreme. 21:11.933 --> 21:14.900 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% I mean, 8 years ago, 10 years ago, 21:14.900 --> 21:17.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% a bigger fire was a hundred acres. 21:17.566 --> 21:20.900 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% A small fire to us now is a thousand acres, honestly. 21:20.900 --> 21:21.733 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Yeah. 21:21.733 --> 21:23.933 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% - It seems we keep getting these mega fires, 21:23.933 --> 21:26.866 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% is what you call 'em, is more frequent. 21:27.966 --> 21:30.333 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% - It's scary. It really is, man. 21:30.333 --> 21:32.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% I've seen a few of those fires out there. 21:32.900 --> 21:34.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% And once they get started, 21:34.133 --> 21:36.633 align:start position:35% line:10% size:26.25% they're pretty difficult to contain, 21:36.633 --> 21:38.500 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% especially on a windy breezy day. 21:38.500 --> 21:39.333 align:start position:40.62% line:10% size:18.75% - Lookout. 21:39.333 --> 21:41.366 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% - Yeah, you're absolutely right. 21:41.366 --> 21:45.600 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% From Helena, and also from Bozeman. 21:45.600 --> 21:48.866 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% They welcome Sam, they'd like to get to know him better 21:48.866 --> 21:51.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and they would like to know the sort of resources 21:51.733 --> 21:54.900 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% that you offer as a beef extension specialist. 21:54.900 --> 21:56.300 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% That's a good question. 21:56.300 --> 21:58.966 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - Yeah, yeah, that is a good question actually. 21:58.966 --> 21:59.800 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% (panel laughing) 21:59.800 --> 22:01.866 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% I should also preface before I answer this question 22:01.866 --> 22:03.766 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% that I just started in June, 22:03.766 --> 22:08.766 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% so I'm gonna do my best to give you those, that information. 22:09.700 --> 22:13.166 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% So we're always available. 22:13.166 --> 22:16.766 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% I would say just about almost all the campus-based extension 22:16.766 --> 22:21.366 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% or extension even off campus or very friendly 22:21.366 --> 22:24.100 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% to just phone calls, emails, 22:24.100 --> 22:26.533 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% even just stopping in the office 22:26.533 --> 22:31.233 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% if we're not out on tours and giving talks. 22:32.400 --> 22:34.933 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% I think one of the best places to probably look 22:34.933 --> 22:39.633 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% is on the web, there's a bunch, we have a bunch of stuff. 22:39.633 --> 22:41.900 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% We have MontGuides, extension bulletins, 22:41.900 --> 22:45.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% in general beyond just beef cattle, 22:45.900 --> 22:47.833 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% just in extension in general. 22:47.833 --> 22:50.400 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% We actually have our, 22:50.400 --> 22:51.966 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% we actually for beef cattle specific 22:51.966 --> 22:55.666 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% have an extension beef cattle extension page. 22:55.666 --> 22:59.633 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% We have a Facebook page, a YouTube channel, 23:00.566 --> 23:03.600 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% is there anything I'm forgetting here? 23:05.766 --> 23:08.933 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% Yeah, there's a lot of stuff out there that's available. 23:08.933 --> 23:13.333 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% I wish I had those addresses fresh in my mind 23:13.333 --> 23:15.000 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% to put those out there. 23:15.000 --> 23:17.466 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% But I believe the beef extension one 23:17.466 --> 23:22.466 align:start position:44.38% line:10% size:9.38% might be 23:24.466 --> 23:25.800 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% or something close to that. 23:25.800 --> 23:28.233 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% But if you get on the Montana State University website 23:28.233 --> 23:32.733 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% and put extension beef, I think it'll pop up pretty quickly. 23:32.733 --> 23:34.200 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - Yeah. All right, thank you. 23:36.233 --> 23:40.400 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% Jane, I think I'll throw this one to you. 23:40.400 --> 23:42.900 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% And this is, I always like to throw, I hear you, 23:42.900 --> 23:45.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% it's a curve, right? (panel laughing) 23:45.500 --> 23:46.433 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% From Bozeman. 23:46.433 --> 23:49.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% This person would like to know if controlled burns 23:49.133 --> 23:51.800 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:22.5% are used for sagebrush management, 23:51.800 --> 23:55.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% and do you think we need to do sagebrush management? 23:55.133 --> 23:57.400 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% - Well, they certainly can be. 23:57.400 --> 24:02.133 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% Historically, when fires burned more naturally, 24:02.133 --> 24:06.600 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% that was a way to take those woody species 24:06.600 --> 24:09.433 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% out of the grassland system. 24:09.433 --> 24:14.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% And sagebrush is not a re-sprouter, generally speaking. 24:14.233 --> 24:16.700 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% Some of our shrubby species re-sprout 24:16.700 --> 24:19.833 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% after fire, sagebrush typically does not do that. 24:19.833 --> 24:23.866 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% So prescribed fire or even wildfire 24:23.866 --> 24:27.866 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% will take the sagebrush out. 24:27.866 --> 24:29.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% Does it get used very much anymore 24:29.933 --> 24:32.166 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% in terms of prescribed fire? 24:32.166 --> 24:36.600 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% A little bit, but as we've been talking here tonight 24:36.600 --> 24:39.933 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% with warmer, dryer conditions, 24:39.933 --> 24:42.666 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% the use of prescribed fire 24:42.666 --> 24:45.566 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% is becoming more and more of a challenge. 24:45.566 --> 24:46.400 align:start position:40.62% line:10% size:18.75% - I agree. 24:46.400 --> 24:49.500 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - I don't know if Cory or Sam have anything to offer 24:49.500 --> 24:53.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% in terms of prescribed fire for sagebrush control. 24:53.400 --> 24:56.300 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - We actually do some smaller prescribed fires 24:56.300 --> 25:00.933 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% locally in the county for ranchers and stuff. 25:00.933 --> 25:03.166 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% But you gotta be careful with the word 25:03.166 --> 25:06.666 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% "sagebrush fires" due to sage grouse habitat, 25:06.666 --> 25:07.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% it's a touchy subject. 25:07.566 --> 25:08.400 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Yeah. 25:08.400 --> 25:11.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - I meant as a rancher, that opens up better grass, 25:11.833 --> 25:13.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% I've seen personally. 25:13.466 --> 25:17.066 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% But then again, you gotta deal with the other aspect of it, 25:17.066 --> 25:18.600 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% of the sagegrass habitat. 25:18.600 --> 25:19.500 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - Right, right. 25:19.500 --> 25:23.500 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% And as you mentioned, trained personnel 25:24.566 --> 25:26.633 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% are good at these controlled fires, 25:26.633 --> 25:29.966 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% but if you don't have that training and the equipment, 25:29.966 --> 25:33.000 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% it can be kind of a scary endeavor. 25:33.000 --> 25:37.133 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - Yeah, you for sure have got to have a little experience. 25:37.133 --> 25:41.500 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% I've seen a handful of wildland fires prescribed, 25:41.500 --> 25:44.200 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% turned out to be uncontrolled wildland fires. 25:44.200 --> 25:45.033 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Yeah. 25:45.033 --> 25:46.200 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - So yeah, definitely training is there. 25:46.200 --> 25:47.533 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% - Yeah, and just to add to that, 25:47.533 --> 25:49.533 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% I mean I have seen some prescribed fire 25:49.533 --> 25:51.466 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% not necessarily for sagebrush, 25:51.466 --> 25:54.933 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% but for other conifer encroaching into, 25:54.933 --> 25:59.933 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% I mean, that's more of a grassland-wide issue. 26:00.366 --> 26:02.133 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% So you see conifer encroachment 26:02.133 --> 26:05.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% into like the Great Plains becoming an issue. 26:05.166 --> 26:07.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% You see it definitely in the Great Basin, 26:07.800 --> 26:08.866 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% but that gets a little tricky 26:08.866 --> 26:11.500 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% with the cheatgrass and whatnot, 26:11.500 --> 26:13.933 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% so you see a lot more mechanical removal. 26:13.933 --> 26:17.266 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% But I have seen where if it's a light 26:17.266 --> 26:20.066 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% conifers are just starting to kind of come in there. 26:20.066 --> 26:21.800 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% I've seen the use of prescribed fire 26:21.800 --> 26:24.533 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% to help keep 'em from establishing. 26:24.533 --> 26:26.533 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% But like I said, it's risky. 26:26.533 --> 26:28.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% There's a big risk that most people 26:28.733 --> 26:31.066 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% don't want to take when it comes to that. 26:31.066 --> 26:34.200 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - I, yes, I've been in the Midwest a little bit 26:34.200 --> 26:37.766 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% where the junipers have started to encroach, 26:37.766 --> 26:40.866 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and I have actually seen fires get away back there. 26:40.866 --> 26:43.466 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% You never know when the wind's gonna blow in the Midwest, 26:43.466 --> 26:46.066 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and that's true out in your country too. 26:46.066 --> 26:49.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% It can get breezy out there on occasion. 26:49.233 --> 26:51.166 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% Change tunes a little bit. 26:51.166 --> 26:54.200 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% This person is pretty optimistic 26:54.200 --> 26:57.266 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% in that they want to grow cherries here in Montana. 26:57.266 --> 27:00.166 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% And again, maybe, with climate change that's possible. 27:00.166 --> 27:03.566 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% So they planted a bunch of cherries in their yard 27:03.566 --> 27:06.033 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and they would like Abby to tell them 27:06.033 --> 27:08.900 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% how to make them survive the first couple winters. 27:08.900 --> 27:10.166 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - Yeah, this- 27:10.166 --> 27:12.600 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% - No pressure. (panel laughing) 27:12.600 --> 27:13.933 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - Yeah, pretty challenging. 27:13.933 --> 27:15.700 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% But I mean, we do grow cherries 27:15.700 --> 27:18.766 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% in the western part of Montana and they're amazing. 27:18.766 --> 27:22.033 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% But young trees like cherry trees, 27:22.033 --> 27:25.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% especially when you're newly establishing them, 27:25.100 --> 27:28.600 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% they're pretty sensitive and can, 27:28.600 --> 27:32.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% it's a pretty important critical period 27:32.333 --> 27:33.733 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% for the first couple of years. 27:33.733 --> 27:36.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% So for their first winter, what I would recommend 27:36.133 --> 27:38.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% is if your ground isn't frozen yet, 27:38.566 --> 27:41.800 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% make sure you water these trees well in the fall 27:41.800 --> 27:43.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% so they have those moisture reserves. 27:43.933 --> 27:48.833 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% Add mulch to that soil line so you have that root zone 27:48.833 --> 27:53.566 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% so that you have that nice buffer for those young roots 27:53.566 --> 27:56.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% as they're continuing to develop and establish. 27:56.266 --> 28:01.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% And for thin bark trees like cherries and plums, 28:02.133 --> 28:05.466 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% things like that, especially dark thin bark trees, 28:05.466 --> 28:07.900 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% wrapping the trunk is pretty important 28:07.900 --> 28:10.433 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% if you have south or southwest exposure 28:10.433 --> 28:13.766 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% because we can have sun scald, where the bark will split, 28:13.766 --> 28:15.766 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and that can harm the health of the tree. 28:15.766 --> 28:18.466 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% So for the first couple of years in the winter, 28:18.466 --> 28:22.066 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% I'd recommend wrapping or using indoor latex paint 28:22.066 --> 28:25.600 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% around the trunk just to protect those trees. 28:25.600 --> 28:27.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - While we're on the subject of trees, 28:27.133 --> 28:29.933 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% driving in this evening here on campus, 28:29.933 --> 28:33.200 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% I have seen a lot of downed branches 28:33.200 --> 28:36.733 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% and actually some trunks that have actually split. 28:36.733 --> 28:39.766 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% Suggestions on what growers, 28:39.766 --> 28:42.233 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% homeowners need to do about that? 28:42.233 --> 28:43.066 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% - Yeah, that's a great question. 28:43.066 --> 28:46.200 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% And then especially because we haven't had, 28:46.200 --> 28:48.466 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% a lot of our trees had gone dormant 28:48.466 --> 28:52.200 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and we had a snowfall here in Bozeman today. 28:52.200 --> 28:54.533 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% A lot of those trees that still have leaves 28:54.533 --> 28:57.766 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% on their branches, the snow that piles on 28:57.766 --> 29:00.033 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% adds a lot of extra stress to those branches 29:00.033 --> 29:02.100 align:start position:35% line:10% size:26.25% and results in them breaking down, 29:02.100 --> 29:04.700 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% or structural failures for those. 29:04.700 --> 29:07.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% So if you have these trees in your backyard 29:07.466 --> 29:09.266 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% with a lot of leaves still on them, 29:09.266 --> 29:11.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% I would recommend shaking those branches 29:11.900 --> 29:14.433 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and getting rid of some of that snow. 29:14.433 --> 29:16.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% Use a broomstick and kind of shake it off 29:16.133 --> 29:20.466 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% to protect those trees so it doesn't damage their branches. 29:20.466 --> 29:23.933 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% - And the broken branches, get a chainsaw out, clean cuts. 29:23.933 --> 29:25.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - Yeah, make sure you cut that cleanly. 29:25.733 --> 29:27.266 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% And the winter is a great time to do that. 29:27.266 --> 29:28.533 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - Yeah, okay. 29:28.533 --> 29:30.433 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - Could I ask a follow up of Abby? 29:30.433 --> 29:31.266 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Sure. 29:31.266 --> 29:33.866 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - Did you say that you can use indoor latex paint? 29:33.866 --> 29:36.033 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% - You can use, yeah, latex paint. 29:36.033 --> 29:40.166 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - Okay, paint the bark, so they don't, 29:40.166 --> 29:42.833 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% it's like sun scald even in the winter time? 29:42.833 --> 29:45.666 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - Yeah, so 50% Latex paint, 50% water, 29:45.666 --> 29:49.300 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and then you just paint the trees, the trunk, 29:49.300 --> 29:50.600 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% and the base of the tree for that. 29:50.600 --> 29:51.500 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay, - Yeah. 29:51.500 --> 29:52.633 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% - Or you can also use tree wrap. 29:52.633 --> 29:53.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - Tree wraps as well. 29:53.466 --> 29:55.233 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% Painting's easier. 29:55.233 --> 29:56.600 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - [Abby] Yeah - And messier. 29:56.600 --> 29:57.866 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - And you probably have some left- 29:57.866 --> 29:58.766 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - Some lying around. 29:58.766 --> 30:00.233 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - Somewhere in your house. - Yeah. 30:00.233 --> 30:02.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Okay, enough with the paintbrush. 30:02.100 --> 30:05.266 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% (panel laughing) 30:05.266 --> 30:08.366 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Cory, from Helena, this caller would like a reminder 30:08.366 --> 30:11.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% about how the coal seam fires initially ignite, 30:11.666 --> 30:13.433 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% we touched on that a little bit. 30:13.433 --> 30:14.966 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% You want to touch on a little bit more? 30:14.966 --> 30:15.833 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - Yeah, Jack. 30:15.833 --> 30:20.666 align:start position:35% line:10% size:26.25% So spontaneous combustion actually can 30:20.666 --> 30:23.100 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% lightning could cause 'em to ignite, 30:23.100 --> 30:25.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and also wildland fires. 30:25.833 --> 30:28.700 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% Wildland fires seems to be the most prominent cause. 30:28.700 --> 30:32.233 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% A lightning caused wildland fire burns through 30:32.233 --> 30:35.766 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and essentially catches all these pockets, veins of coal, 30:35.766 --> 30:38.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% exposed coal veins and lights 'em up. 30:38.933 --> 30:42.333 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% So that is the prominent cause. 30:42.333 --> 30:43.733 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% - [Jack] And they're increasing, 30:43.733 --> 30:46.300 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% so no doubt about it every year. 30:46.300 --> 30:48.766 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% - And Cory, once they're burning, 30:48.766 --> 30:51.966 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% do they have to be above ground to burn? 30:51.966 --> 30:53.766 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% I mean, how do they get oxygen 30:53.766 --> 30:56.566 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% if the coal is below ground? 30:56.566 --> 30:58.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - There's always a vent under every coal seam, 30:58.833 --> 31:00.966 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% so when they start burning under the ground, 31:01.866 --> 31:04.033 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% there's always that exit for it, 31:04.033 --> 31:06.066 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% at the end of the seam, wherever it might be. 31:06.066 --> 31:08.833 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% We've found a vent for a burning coal seam 31:08.833 --> 31:10.600 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% a couple hundred yards away. 31:10.600 --> 31:11.733 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. 31:11.733 --> 31:13.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - That's pretty amazing. 31:13.033 --> 31:16.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% We had a question here that came from Broadus, 31:16.333 --> 31:19.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% and this person says there's a company out there 31:19.800 --> 31:23.600 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% called TM Thermal. 31:23.600 --> 31:27.700 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% You wanna, I think they're associated with coal seams. 31:27.700 --> 31:32.133 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - Yeah, so CM Thermal, ironically these guys are, 31:32.133 --> 31:34.633 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% it all started actually in November last year 31:34.633 --> 31:35.866 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% when we started working on this, 31:35.866 --> 31:37.233 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% brought this as a stakeholder meeting. 31:37.233 --> 31:40.033 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% We had state, federal, local, 31:40.033 --> 31:42.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% everyone come to get to the table and we were like, 31:42.533 --> 31:45.100 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% what are we gonna do, we gotta come up with a plan. 31:45.100 --> 31:47.433 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% And these two guys out of Powder River County, 31:47.433 --> 31:50.433 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% Clint Peterson and Miles Gardner went ahead 31:50.433 --> 31:52.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and started a drone business and thought 31:52.466 --> 31:55.200 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% that maybe using drones to find these hotspots would work. 31:55.200 --> 31:56.400 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% And it's proven very well. 31:56.400 --> 31:59.600 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% These guys are wealth of knowledge on coal seams, 31:59.600 --> 32:01.533 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% I actually could say they're more experts than I am. 32:01.533 --> 32:04.166 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% We all work together all the time on these coal seam, 32:04.166 --> 32:06.300 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% this coal seam project. 32:06.300 --> 32:08.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% Those guys are good. 32:08.400 --> 32:10.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - And they're mapping it, making it available 32:10.566 --> 32:13.300 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% to producers, ranchers? 32:13.300 --> 32:16.766 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - So yes, there's a clause right now, 32:16.766 --> 32:18.000 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% we're collecting all this data, 32:18.000 --> 32:23.000 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% but long term, we're gonna publish a map. 32:23.733 --> 32:24.633 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. 32:24.633 --> 32:29.633 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:52.5% - So AML, DEQ, AML built the GIS platform for this for free, 32:30.333 --> 32:33.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% which was, and then it was Field Maps, 32:33.133 --> 32:34.400 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% if you guys used Field Maps. 32:34.400 --> 32:38.133 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% And then we'll take the drones CM Thermal fly 32:38.133 --> 32:41.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and then actually get the lat-lon picture. 32:41.700 --> 32:43.700 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% And some of 'em we walk into 32:43.700 --> 32:45.400 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% just because we want to see 'em. 32:45.400 --> 32:48.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - And the map will be a map of the coal seam 32:48.800 --> 32:52.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% or the fire associated with a seam? 32:52.333 --> 32:54.266 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% - It'll be the burning coal seam. 32:54.266 --> 32:55.900 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% 'Cause as we're learning to figure out, 32:55.900 --> 32:58.333 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% there's so many problems with these burning coal seams. 32:58.333 --> 32:59.966 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% One, if they're on public land, 32:59.966 --> 33:02.966 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% somebody that's out for example right now hunting, 33:02.966 --> 33:05.600 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% goes steps on 'em, you could actually fall into 'em. 33:05.600 --> 33:09.033 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% If you read the article, John Bailey 33:09.033 --> 33:11.600 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% actually out of Rosebud County 33:11.600 --> 33:12.866 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% fell through one in a pickup. 33:12.866 --> 33:13.800 align:start position:44.38% line:10% size:11.25% - Wow. 33:13.800 --> 33:15.933 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - And on a wild gunfire. 33:15.933 --> 33:18.033 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% And you fall into one of those, 33:18.033 --> 33:20.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% you might consume your body, they're so hot. 33:20.100 --> 33:22.133 align:start position:44.38% line:10% size:11.25% - Wow. - Yeah, dangerous. 33:23.266 --> 33:27.133 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% From Custer, Sam, this person would like to know 33:27.133 --> 33:31.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% following a wildfire, he's been told 33:31.733 --> 33:36.000 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% that the recovering grasses are more nutritious 33:36.000 --> 33:38.766 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% than they were before the fire, any truth to that? 33:40.000 --> 33:41.800 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - Yeah, there is. 33:41.800 --> 33:44.200 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% And that kinda goes back to what we discussed a little bit. 33:44.200 --> 33:46.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% So that that fire's gonna go through 33:46.633 --> 33:51.066 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and it's gonna burn all the old, brown, standing stuff, 33:51.066 --> 33:54.733 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% which is high in fiber and kind of low in crude protein. 33:54.733 --> 33:57.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% And so in terms of like a grazing forage, 33:57.566 --> 34:00.066 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% it's not that the cattle can't utilize it, 34:00.066 --> 34:02.133 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% it's just not the most nutritious. 34:02.133 --> 34:05.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% And in an instance where there is no fire, 34:05.400 --> 34:08.066 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% a lot of that is left as standing litter or something. 34:08.066 --> 34:10.100 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% And then the next year, the plant's growing through that. 34:10.100 --> 34:15.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% The cattle inherently eat some of that dead stuff 34:15.366 --> 34:18.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% as they're eating the good stuff, and at 34:18.333 --> 34:20.700 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% when that fire goes through, it gets rid of all of that. 34:20.700 --> 34:23.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% And so you just end up with that year's 34:23.100 --> 34:25.566 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% fresh leafy material growth, 34:25.566 --> 34:27.633 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% which is the most nutritious component. 34:27.633 --> 34:28.800 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% So as of the range land on a whole, 34:28.800 --> 34:33.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% it does increase the overall nutrition for that year, 34:33.233 --> 34:34.800 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% maybe perhaps into the next year. 34:34.800 --> 34:38.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% But then after a few years, that litter 34:38.166 --> 34:40.800 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% then gains back and you're probably 34:40.800 --> 34:43.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% right back to what you were prior. 34:43.566 --> 34:46.566 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% - Okay, as a follow up question, this comes from Bozeman. 34:46.566 --> 34:47.600 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% But they would like to know, 34:47.600 --> 34:51.033 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% do ranchers ever fertilize range land? 34:54.633 --> 34:58.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - I remember back when I was doing my undergrad, 34:58.200 --> 35:01.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and maybe even into my masters, there was this, 35:02.433 --> 35:05.800 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% there was a proposal of kinda doing that. 35:07.566 --> 35:09.100 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% But what I think they've found, 35:09.100 --> 35:10.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% for the most part on range lands, 35:10.566 --> 35:14.200 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% the most limiting nutrient is really water. 35:14.200 --> 35:19.233 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And the cost-benefit ratio, I believe, 35:19.466 --> 35:22.833 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and maybe you remember some of this work too, 35:22.833 --> 35:25.200 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% but I don't think it paid very well. 35:25.200 --> 35:27.533 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% I think you spent more money than what you got out of it. 35:27.533 --> 35:30.966 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% And you may be able to put some nitrogen down or something, 35:30.966 --> 35:33.166 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% but if you don't get the moisture, 35:33.166 --> 35:37.500 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% then it's just, it'll eventually leach out and not provide. 35:37.500 --> 35:39.000 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% So they did do some work, 35:39.000 --> 35:41.933 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% I just don't think it paid very well, if I remember right. 35:41.933 --> 35:43.133 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - Yeah, on that note, 35:43.133 --> 35:45.300 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% let me throw this up and you guys can jump in. 35:45.300 --> 35:48.666 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% If, you had to put a dollar figure 35:48.666 --> 35:52.666 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% on an acre of grass for a rancher, give me a number. 35:53.600 --> 35:55.000 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - [Sam] I like that. 35:55.000 --> 35:56.933 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% (Jack laughing) 35:56.933 --> 36:00.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - Anybody wanna, y'all throw something out there? 36:00.166 --> 36:02.066 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% I love it when I stump the panel. 36:03.800 --> 36:05.966 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Well, what's an, like, what's an, 36:05.966 --> 36:08.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% what's the cost of an AUM? Do you know Sam? 36:08.700 --> 36:09.533 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Yeah. 36:09.533 --> 36:11.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - I mean that would be one way to think about it. 36:11.800 --> 36:15.433 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% Like lease rates for an AUM or. 36:15.433 --> 36:17.766 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - Yeah, that would be actually a good question 36:17.766 --> 36:19.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% for like Kate Fuller. 36:19.166 --> 36:20.800 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - Yeah, I was gonna say, where's our economist? 36:20.800 --> 36:23.400 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - I know she does lease work, 36:23.400 --> 36:27.266 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% but I can tell you like, I mean you definitely stumped me, 36:27.266 --> 36:29.433 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% but what I will say out there 36:29.433 --> 36:31.166 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% is it's gonna completely depend, 36:31.166 --> 36:33.400 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% like not all range land is equal. 36:33.400 --> 36:37.833 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% Some range lands I've done work on in Montana 36:37.833 --> 36:42.666 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% have maybe 2000 to 3000 pounds per acre. 36:42.666 --> 36:43.833 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% And then I've been in places 36:43.833 --> 36:47.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% that are lucky to get 5 to 700 pounds per acre. 36:47.266 --> 36:50.733 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% And then the species composition associated with those, 36:50.733 --> 36:52.733 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% the quality's different, the fiber's different, 36:52.733 --> 36:54.600 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% the nutrition's different, 36:54.600 --> 36:57.400 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% so I don't think there's a solid number, 36:57.400 --> 36:59.500 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% it kinda depends where you're at. 36:59.500 --> 37:01.600 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% - And so it's an unfair question I pose. 37:01.600 --> 37:04.566 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - Yeah, it's a great question for Kate, 37:04.566 --> 37:06.933 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% I know she does some work in that. 37:06.933 --> 37:08.700 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - Okay, sounds good. 37:10.266 --> 37:13.533 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% Abby, and this person from Bridger Canyon 37:13.533 --> 37:14.600 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% just up the road here, 37:14.600 --> 37:17.833 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% they had a significant fire there two or three years ago. 37:18.833 --> 37:21.366 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% Big one, it did a lot of damage. 37:21.366 --> 37:24.266 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% And that wasn't a coal seam fire. 37:24.266 --> 37:26.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% But Abby, would you recommend shrubs 37:26.633 --> 37:30.000 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% as a live snow fence for a house in Bridger Canyon? 37:30.000 --> 37:30.833 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% Good question. 37:30.833 --> 37:32.633 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% - Yeah, that is a good question. 37:32.633 --> 37:37.666 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% Yeah, if you have the space for them, 37:38.233 --> 37:41.800 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% yeah, a few shrubs could work pretty well. 37:41.800 --> 37:45.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% It would depend on just the type of soil, 37:45.566 --> 37:48.500 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% the exposure that you have, and just the area. 37:48.500 --> 37:51.466 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% But people do use shrubs as live fences, 37:51.466 --> 37:54.900 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% as wind shelter and snow shelter pretty often. 37:54.900 --> 37:58.766 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% We have some publications on, 37:58.766 --> 38:00.833 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% I believe we have MontGuide on shelter belts 38:00.833 --> 38:04.066 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% that have recommendations on types of vegetation 38:04.066 --> 38:05.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% that you can incorporate 38:05.400 --> 38:08.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% that work really well for that purpose. 38:08.566 --> 38:10.666 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% So, I would check that out. 38:11.866 --> 38:16.133 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - Question from Glendive for Cory. 38:16.133 --> 38:20.000 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% In mapping these coal seam fires, 38:20.000 --> 38:24.100 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% are you able to tell which ones are more dangerous 38:24.100 --> 38:27.900 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% to start a range land fire compared to others? 38:27.900 --> 38:30.133 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% It's a very legitimate question. 38:30.133 --> 38:31.533 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% - That is a very good question. 38:31.533 --> 38:36.533 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% So there are some, yes, based on the fuel type around it, 38:37.066 --> 38:39.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% honestly, that's what it comes down to. 38:40.933 --> 38:44.633 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% But once again, they're all very vulnerable. 38:44.633 --> 38:46.300 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% You never know any given day 38:46.300 --> 38:48.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% which one's gonna start a wildland fire. 38:48.566 --> 38:53.400 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% There's been no mathematical, a rhythmic, 38:53.400 --> 38:56.600 align:start position:35% line:10% size:26.25% or anything to figure out which ones 38:56.600 --> 38:59.200 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% are more prone to start wildlife fires. 38:59.200 --> 39:01.533 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Are some of 'em a lot bigger than others? 39:01.533 --> 39:05.066 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - Oh yeah, there's some the size of this table here, 39:05.066 --> 39:09.866 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% or there's some that three, 400 acres big, just monsters. 39:09.866 --> 39:14.600 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - In years past, and just reading a little bit about this. 39:14.600 --> 39:17.433 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% Wasn't the Bureau of Land, or Mines 39:17.433 --> 39:22.433 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% responsible for the coal seam fires out in that area? 39:22.700 --> 39:26.600 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - So good question. 39:26.600 --> 39:27.800 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% (Jack chuckles) 39:27.800 --> 39:29.100 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - You don't want to go there? 39:29.100 --> 39:32.733 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - Well, I'll go there to the best of my ability. 39:32.733 --> 39:33.566 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. 39:33.566 --> 39:36.566 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - So I believe that once upon a time, DOI, 39:38.100 --> 39:41.766 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% Department of Interior did have a program 39:41.766 --> 39:44.900 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% that actually studied coal seam fires 39:44.900 --> 39:47.833 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% and had a program to put 'em out. 39:47.833 --> 39:50.866 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% And that was actually outta North Dakota where they done it. 39:50.866 --> 39:53.600 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% Roosevelt Park, I believe it is. 39:53.600 --> 39:56.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% Yep, they actually had quite a few in there. 39:56.466 --> 40:00.066 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% But apparently, or they ran outta funding 40:00.066 --> 40:01.466 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% is from the source I heard, 40:01.466 --> 40:05.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% ran outta funding and so they shut that program down. 40:05.333 --> 40:09.966 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% But I know that they had actually had a 40:09.966 --> 40:13.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% for these coal seams in North Dakota at the time. 40:13.033 --> 40:14.400 align:start position:44.38% line:10% size:9.38% - Oh. 40:14.400 --> 40:17.833 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% A lot of people don't know Eastern Montana very well, 40:17.833 --> 40:22.300 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% but what areas in eastern Montana and northern Wyoming 40:22.300 --> 40:25.666 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% or the Theodore Roosevelt Park area, 40:25.666 --> 40:29.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% which area has the most coal seam fires? 40:30.366 --> 40:35.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - So from the data we've collected so 40:35.500 --> 40:36.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% Eastern Montana's a checker board, 40:36.933 --> 40:40.300 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% there's state, BLM, private, BIA, 40:43.233 --> 40:45.500 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% they're all, everyone's affected equally, 40:45.500 --> 40:48.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% I would say at this time, everyone has 'em. 40:48.100 --> 40:50.500 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% Where they originally originated from 40:50.500 --> 40:55.466 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% is a different question, they're everywhere. 40:55.466 --> 40:57.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Okay, all right. 40:57.933 --> 41:01.500 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% Sam from Custer again, 41:01.500 --> 41:03.233 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% this person would like to know 41:03.233 --> 41:08.400 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% if there's any MSU or USDA research 41:08.400 --> 41:13.333 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% going on on the recovery of grasslands 41:14.533 --> 41:16.866 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% damaged by rain fires? 41:16.866 --> 41:19.566 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% - Yeah, that's a great question. 41:19.566 --> 41:24.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% And gosh, the years escaped me a little bit. 41:24.633 --> 41:26.233 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% I know we discussed it here probably, 41:26.233 --> 41:27.766 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% you probably remember the years. 41:27.766 --> 41:30.733 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% But a few years ago there was that really big fire, 41:30.733 --> 41:32.700 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% I think it was up by Jordan Sidney area, 41:32.700 --> 41:34.733 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% burned a huge amount of the state. 41:34.733 --> 41:37.900 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% And actually I do know that Dr. Clayton Marlowe 41:37.900 --> 41:41.333 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% and Dr. Lance Vermeer, Clayton Marlowe from Montana State, 41:41.333 --> 41:43.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% Lance Vermeer from ARS Miles City 41:43.900 --> 41:48.700 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% had a graduate student that was looking at grazing 41:48.700 --> 41:53.766 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and recovery post-fire. 41:53.766 --> 41:56.733 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% And then, I don't know if you'd say luck would have it 41:56.733 --> 42:00.566 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:52.5% or it's just making the best out of a unfortunate situation, 42:00.566 --> 42:04.633 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% but here more locally in Bozeman, a few couple years ago, 42:04.633 --> 42:06.866 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% 2019 I believe, there was a wildfire 42:06.866 --> 42:11.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% on our university Red Bluff Research Ranch. 42:11.166 --> 42:16.166 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% And Dr. Lance Vermeer, Clayton Marlow, Dr. Tim DelCurto, 42:17.100 --> 42:18.700 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and myself were able to come together 42:18.700 --> 42:22.766 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and actually put like several paddocks out there 42:22.766 --> 42:24.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% where we're actually looking at timing 42:24.166 --> 42:28.933 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% a grazing post wildfire and how that affects animal diet. 42:28.933 --> 42:31.000 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% And Dr. Marlow in Lance Vermeer 42:31.000 --> 42:35.100 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% are looking at vegetation components to that. 42:35.100 --> 42:39.333 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% We're looking at diet quality in burn versus unburned 42:39.333 --> 42:43.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% and then from spring grazing to fall grazing 42:43.166 --> 42:46.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% at different time periods post fire. 42:46.733 --> 42:50.366 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:52.5% So there is some stuff going out that we're doing right now. 42:50.366 --> 42:52.666 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% I don't think any of those results are out yet, 42:52.666 --> 42:56.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% but we're just wrapping up those studies this year, 42:56.133 --> 42:58.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% so they should be coming pretty soon. 42:58.566 --> 43:00.933 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - Okay, that's interesting. 43:00.933 --> 43:03.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% Over to Jane and Abby. 43:03.333 --> 43:04.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% And you guys thought you were gonna get by 43:04.966 --> 43:07.366 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% without having to answer this question, 43:07.366 --> 43:10.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% but I just remembered I was supposed to ask it 43:10.200 --> 43:12.233 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% 'cause Mary sent it to me. 43:12.233 --> 43:15.066 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% They want to know what the most dangerous plant 43:15.066 --> 43:17.700 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% in your garden could be. 43:17.700 --> 43:19.900 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% (panel laughing) 43:19.900 --> 43:21.066 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% - I think that's a difficult question. 43:21.066 --> 43:23.800 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% I think it would depend on what aspect 43:23.800 --> 43:25.866 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% you're approaching that with and how 43:25.866 --> 43:28.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% you're viewing something as a dangerous plant. 43:28.666 --> 43:32.300 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% I'd say if you're talking about pets that might be 43:32.300 --> 43:36.033 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% in your yards and gardens like dogs or cats, 43:36.033 --> 43:39.866 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% plants like lilies, tulips and narcissus bulbs, 43:39.866 --> 43:43.333 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% they can be pretty toxic if they're consumed by animals. 43:43.333 --> 43:47.200 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% So I would say from that perspective of dangerous, 43:47.200 --> 43:50.533 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% those would be pretty high on the list for garden plants. 43:50.533 --> 43:53.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - Yeah, so the toxicity. - Yeah. 43:53.533 --> 43:56.366 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Another angle you could look at that is, 43:56.366 --> 43:57.566 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% are there garden plants 43:57.566 --> 44:00.366 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% that could escape and become invasive? 44:00.366 --> 44:04.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% And there are still quite a few species 44:04.166 --> 44:08.866 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% in the horticulture industry that are sometimes used 44:08.866 --> 44:11.333 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% in landscaping that can become invasive. 44:11.333 --> 44:13.800 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% And some states have these species 44:13.800 --> 44:16.366 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% on their noxious weed list, some states don't. 44:16.366 --> 44:19.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% A couple species that come to mind for me, 44:19.100 --> 44:22.533 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% there's a couple ornamental spurge plants, 44:22.533 --> 44:25.500 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% cypress spurge and myrtle spurge 44:25.500 --> 44:28.533 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% that I think you can buy at the nursery 44:28.533 --> 44:32.633 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% that they can become invasive, kinda like leafy spurge. 44:32.633 --> 44:35.700 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% Most Montanans are familiar with leafy spurge. 44:35.700 --> 44:39.633 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% There's a lot of species on the state noxious weed list 44:39.633 --> 44:42.666 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% that were brought here and planted as ornamentals, 44:42.666 --> 44:45.866 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% like the toad flaxes, yellow and dalmatian. 44:45.866 --> 44:49.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Dyer's woad was planted as an ornamental 44:49.400 --> 44:54.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and for its qualities as a dye plant, 44:54.433 --> 44:57.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% they get indigo dye from that plant. 44:57.400 --> 45:00.366 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% So yeah, it kinda depends what angle 45:00.366 --> 45:03.066 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% that question's coming from, but. 45:03.066 --> 45:05.800 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - Maybe I'll clarify that next time you guys are on, 45:05.800 --> 45:07.700 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% we'll be a little more specific. 45:07.700 --> 45:08.866 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. 45:08.866 --> 45:11.233 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% - If you got cats, what's dangerous to cats, 45:11.233 --> 45:13.300 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% what's dangerous to dogs, so forth and so on. 45:13.300 --> 45:14.200 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Yeah. 45:14.200 --> 45:17.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - I do know that lilies and dogs do not get along. 45:17.666 --> 45:18.866 align:start position:44.38% line:10% size:11.25% - Yeah 45:18.866 --> 45:21.300 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - But anyway, enough of that. 45:23.266 --> 45:25.966 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% Caller from Harden would like to know more info 45:25.966 --> 45:28.933 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% about proper tree wrapping, like Abby mentioned, 45:28.933 --> 45:32.000 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and keeping the wrap on for how long? 45:32.000 --> 45:34.633 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - Yeah, so that's a good question. 45:34.633 --> 45:37.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% You can purchase wraps like we were talking about, 45:37.666 --> 45:42.066 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% you can use latex paints and you can wrap 45:42.066 --> 45:44.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% entire trees for really sensitive trees or shrubs, 45:44.666 --> 45:48.333 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% like certain arborvitaes, they can be pretty sensitive, 45:48.333 --> 45:50.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% especially new ones where if you're wrapping 45:50.466 --> 45:52.866 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% the entire tree in burlap, you're supposed to stake it 45:52.866 --> 45:58.033 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% so that burlap isn't gonna attach to the foliage, 45:58.033 --> 46:01.133 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% that'll protect it from wind and drying out as well. 46:01.133 --> 46:03.800 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% We do have a lot of information about this 46:03.800 --> 46:08.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% on the msuextension.org, and if you google tree wraps, 46:08.233 --> 46:12.000 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% we have information about other options that you have. 46:12.000 --> 46:15.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% For leaving it on for wraps, it's pretty important 46:15.233 --> 46:17.700 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% to remove those in the spring because that can constrict 46:17.700 --> 46:21.400 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% the growth of the trees as they come out of dormancy 46:21.400 --> 46:23.266 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and start expanding. 46:23.266 --> 46:24.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% So it's important to remove those, 46:24.900 --> 46:27.400 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% but you can put them on right now. 46:27.400 --> 46:28.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% As soon as those trees go dormant, 46:28.900 --> 46:30.466 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% you can put those wraps on. 46:30.466 --> 46:31.433 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Okay, thank you. 46:31.433 --> 46:33.266 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - I'm really hung up on the paint thing. 46:33.266 --> 46:37.800 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% So in the spring, the paint is okay or do you wash it off? 46:37.800 --> 46:40.266 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - Yeah, I think it just degrades. 46:40.266 --> 46:41.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% So you'll see trees- - Okay. 46:41.500 --> 46:44.466 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - Still in the landscape that have that white paint on them, 46:44.466 --> 46:45.866 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% you see them all the time. 46:45.866 --> 46:48.066 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% And sometimes, if that really deteriorates, 46:48.066 --> 46:51.300 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% you can add a fresh coat after a few years, 46:51.300 --> 46:53.133 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% but you might not have to paint it every year. 46:53.133 --> 46:55.466 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - Okay, yeah. (Abby laughing) 46:55.466 --> 46:56.966 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Okay. Thank you. 46:56.966 --> 46:59.333 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% From Glendive, this person is fascinated 46:59.333 --> 47:02.033 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% by mapping these coal seam fires. 47:02.033 --> 47:04.866 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% And they want to know, is this done mainly 47:04.866 --> 47:06.666 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% in the wintertime when the snow melts 47:06.666 --> 47:09.366 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and you have the bare areas? 47:09.366 --> 47:11.666 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% Or is there steam coming out? 47:11.666 --> 47:14.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% They wanna know how these drones map. 47:15.266 --> 47:19.033 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - Yeah, well, that actually is a very good question. 47:19.033 --> 47:23.466 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% Winter time is for sure the most prominent time to map 'em. 47:23.466 --> 47:25.233 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% Like I said, I was out the other day, 47:25.233 --> 47:28.166 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% it was still 50 degrees, maybe 60, 47:28.166 --> 47:32.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and there was smoke rolling out of the ground. 47:33.033 --> 47:35.400 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% A smoke of steam. - Yeah. 47:35.400 --> 47:38.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - But wintertime, yeah, the ground, 47:38.266 --> 47:39.300 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% like last winter we went out, 47:39.300 --> 47:40.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% there was a foot of snow on the ground, 47:40.633 --> 47:44.100 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% it was 20 below and there's just this barren spot 47:44.100 --> 47:47.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% on the ground, and steam rolling out of it. 47:47.500 --> 47:50.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% And you go over there and you get kinda close, 47:50.166 --> 47:52.200 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% I like to flirt with danger a little bit sometimes, 47:52.200 --> 47:54.900 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% but the ground's mud, I meant close to it. 47:54.900 --> 47:57.833 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% How much heat is underneath that ground, 47:57.833 --> 47:59.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% it's pretty impressive. 47:59.033 --> 48:02.466 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% I mean this was January and it's froze all winter, 48:02.466 --> 48:04.433 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% then it's mud. 48:04.433 --> 48:06.166 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% - Yeah, amazing. 48:08.066 --> 48:09.866 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% Question for Sam, 48:11.666 --> 48:14.933 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% is there any precision ag techniques 48:14.933 --> 48:17.233 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% that you're aware of that might be useful 48:17.233 --> 48:21.566 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% in managing wildlife-wildfire interactions? 48:21.566 --> 48:26.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - Yeah, so the college ag at Montana State 48:26.100 --> 48:29.733 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% is actually a big proponent of precision ag technologies. 48:29.733 --> 48:33.333 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% And we've been working in a multi-state group, actually, 48:33.333 --> 48:38.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% looking at precision ag livestock technologies 48:40.300 --> 48:41.933 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% in production systems. 48:41.933 --> 48:44.566 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% And one of our multi-state collaborators at Oregon State 48:44.566 --> 48:47.566 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% has actually been doing a lot of work with a virtual fence. 48:47.566 --> 48:50.000 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% And so some of the things that they've been doing 48:50.000 --> 48:52.866 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% and doing quite successfully and publishing 48:52.866 --> 48:57.100 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% is looking at using virtual fence to potentially, 48:57.100 --> 48:59.033 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% I think one of their studies they looked at, 48:59.033 --> 49:02.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% they put a fire line in there and tried to keep 49:02.200 --> 49:04.400 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% the livestock out of the burn area 49:04.400 --> 49:06.266 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% using virtual fence technology. 49:06.266 --> 49:07.866 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% Which we haven't talked about, 49:07.866 --> 49:09.733 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% but these fires also burn up fences 49:09.733 --> 49:13.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and cause a big issue there for grazing. 49:13.333 --> 49:18.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% And so this would be a potential to graze those areas 49:18.533 --> 49:21.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and not graze the more sensitive fire areas. 49:21.966 --> 49:24.566 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% And then the other thing they've done that I believe 49:24.566 --> 49:26.866 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% they just got published and are working on 49:26.866 --> 49:30.866 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% is using livestock to create natural fire breaks. 49:30.866 --> 49:33.933 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And so putting these collars on the animal, 49:33.933 --> 49:37.066 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% designating where they would like the fire break to be 49:37.066 --> 49:39.800 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and then using those animals to reduce the vegetation 49:39.800 --> 49:43.466 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% in those areas in a hope to, if there is a fire, 49:43.466 --> 49:48.300 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% that that slows it down enough to get it out 49:48.300 --> 49:50.100 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% or cause a fire break there. 49:50.100 --> 49:52.100 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% So a lot of interesting work 49:52.100 --> 49:54.033 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% coming outta Oregon State right now. 49:54.033 --> 49:54.866 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. 49:54.866 --> 49:56.233 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - I do have a follow up question for you, 49:56.233 --> 49:59.600 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% since we couldn't figure out a price of an acre variance, 49:59.600 --> 50:02.266 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% what's a mile of fence cost these days? 50:02.266 --> 50:04.566 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% - Oh shoot, I just saw some, 50:04.566 --> 50:07.066 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% I just saw some interesting data on this, 50:07.066 --> 50:10.100 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and it was presented by the Oregon State folks. 50:10.100 --> 50:12.333 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And I don't remember the exact number, 50:12.333 --> 50:16.066 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% but when you see the virtual fence numbers come out, 50:16.066 --> 50:19.600 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% one of the big, I know one of the big 50:19.600 --> 50:21.600 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% red flags is just the cost. 50:21.600 --> 50:23.966 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% They usually rent these collars out, 50:23.966 --> 50:26.000 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% but you have to purchase a tower 50:26.000 --> 50:27.433 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% to communicate to the caller, 50:27.433 --> 50:30.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% or for the caller to communicate to the satellite. 50:30.433 --> 50:34.166 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% And that number, I know, 50:34.166 --> 50:36.333 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% I wanna say that that number for that 50:36.333 --> 50:38.133 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% was somewhere in that $20,000 range. 50:38.133 --> 50:42.433 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% And that made me, I was a little shocked by that, 50:42.433 --> 50:44.466 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% but then they put out what the cost 50:44.466 --> 50:46.133 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% for a mile of fence is right now 50:46.133 --> 50:49.700 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and it exceeded drastically what it would cost 50:49.700 --> 50:52.666 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% to put some of this virtual fence technology on landscape. 50:52.666 --> 50:54.733 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% - Yeah, I had heard like $5, 50:54.733 --> 50:57.533 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% maybe $5 to $8,000 for a mile of fence. 50:57.533 --> 51:01.666 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% But you're looking at me surprised, like more than that? 51:01.666 --> 51:04.200 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - A mile of steel fence is anywhere 51:04.200 --> 51:06.066 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% between $20 and $30,000 right now. 51:06.066 --> 51:07.166 align:start position:40.62% line:10% size:18.75% - Oh, wow. - Wow. 51:07.166 --> 51:09.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - Well that's, I know going right at home, 51:09.433 --> 51:12.700 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% but then topography plays a little role with it too. 51:12.700 --> 51:15.700 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - That was a few years ago when I heard that $5,000. 51:15.700 --> 51:16.966 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% (panel laughing) 51:16.966 --> 51:18.233 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% - We're in different times now. 51:18.233 --> 51:21.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - We are in different times, that's for sure. 51:21.433 --> 51:23.033 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. 51:23.033 --> 51:26.466 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% Cory, this is one that just came in. 51:26.466 --> 51:30.166 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Came in from Kalispell, and they've heard 51:30.166 --> 51:33.766 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% that people do attempt to put coal steam fires out. 51:33.766 --> 51:36.633 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Can they plug the vents that provide oxygen? 51:36.633 --> 51:41.633 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% Can they pour enough gravel or dirt on 'em to put 'em out? 51:42.466 --> 51:44.700 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% Anybody tried some of these things? 51:44.700 --> 51:48.600 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% - So actually they're, and south of Miles City quite a ways, 51:48.600 --> 51:51.466 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% there's one that was done a long, long time ago. 51:51.466 --> 51:54.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% You could still see the reclamation work 51:54.133 --> 51:56.433 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% that was done to it, but, 51:56.433 --> 51:59.700 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and they actually stuff a sniffer tube in the ground, 51:59.700 --> 52:01.300 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% so they pull a cap off and you could sniff 52:01.300 --> 52:04.333 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% to see if the coal's still burning, crazy enough, but. 52:04.333 --> 52:06.000 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% (panel chuckling) 52:06.000 --> 52:11.000 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% There has been attempts, I know of some that have failed, 52:11.700 --> 52:14.833 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and I know that some are still the unknown. 52:14.833 --> 52:16.966 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% It's testing the data right now, 52:16.966 --> 52:21.533 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% there's so many options to try, but cost reasonable 52:21.533 --> 52:25.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% is the priority, cost effectiveness. 52:26.866 --> 52:28.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - Take the McCray Ranch, 52:28.666 --> 52:30.200 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% I don't know how big they are, 52:30.200 --> 52:32.833 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% close to a 100,000 acres, maybe 70,000. 52:32.833 --> 52:34.133 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - They're a pretty big place. 52:34.133 --> 52:35.233 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Yeah, it's huge. - Yep. 52:35.233 --> 52:37.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - So how many fires or coal seam fires 52:37.500 --> 52:39.200 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% might they have on their property? 52:41.433 --> 52:44.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - I honestly, I can't give you an answer right now. 52:44.133 --> 52:45.433 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. 52:45.433 --> 52:47.333 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% - But almost all ranchers in that area 52:47.333 --> 52:49.700 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% have a fire or two that they have to contend with. 52:49.700 --> 52:52.433 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - Yeah, there's every year, yeah, that whole area. 52:52.433 --> 52:55.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% John Bailey, Jerry Broadus, McCray's, 52:55.266 --> 53:00.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% they're probably one of the worst areas affected 53:02.166 --> 53:05.166 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% just based on from topography standpoint, 53:05.166 --> 53:08.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% the coal seam fires are in such rough area. 53:08.166 --> 53:10.300 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% And they, yeah, it's. 53:11.366 --> 53:12.566 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% - It's not good. - It's not good. 53:12.566 --> 53:14.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - And it's increasing. - It is increasing. 53:14.800 --> 53:18.833 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% And the Cheyenne Reservation, just to the south of Crow. 53:18.833 --> 53:21.433 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% I haven't actually went over to Bighorn County yet, 53:21.433 --> 53:22.566 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% but I know they got a bunch of 'em. 53:22.566 --> 53:23.966 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% Treasure County has a handful 53:23.966 --> 53:25.866 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% along the little Wolf Mountains there. 53:25.866 --> 53:26.700 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. 53:26.700 --> 53:28.933 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - And trying to figure those ones too. 53:28.933 --> 53:30.000 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% - Amazing story. 53:32.200 --> 53:37.200 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% One for our weed scientist, invasive plant specialist. 53:38.200 --> 53:41.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% They wanna know how long will leafy spurge seeds 53:41.033 --> 53:42.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% remain active in the soil? 53:42.933 --> 53:43.933 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% - [Sam] That's a good question. 53:43.933 --> 53:44.866 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - Oh man, that is a good question, 53:44.866 --> 53:47.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and there probably is actually an answer. 53:47.466 --> 53:50.366 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% Someone's probably actually done that research. 53:50.366 --> 53:55.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% I think it's, I'm just gonna put a guess out there, 53:55.100 --> 53:57.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% probably somewhere between 5 and 15 years, 53:57.500 --> 54:00.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% I think they're fairly long lived seeds. 54:00.466 --> 54:02.366 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% But I think one of the bigger challenges 54:02.366 --> 54:05.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% with leafy spurge is the root system. 54:05.266 --> 54:09.633 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% So once you get an infestation established, 54:09.633 --> 54:12.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% it's persisting at that site because those roots 54:12.266 --> 54:15.700 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% are so extensive and they can go so deep. 54:15.700 --> 54:18.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% There's a rollout, a root rollout 54:18.900 --> 54:21.866 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% that we use for educational purposes that was modeled 54:21.866 --> 54:24.800 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% after a plant that was actually found along a roadcut, 54:24.800 --> 54:27.333 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% I think in Western North Dakota 54:27.333 --> 54:31.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and those roots are like 15 feet deep. 54:31.466 --> 54:34.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% So that's what allows leafy spurge to persist, 54:34.100 --> 54:37.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% it's not so much the seeds in the seed bank. 54:37.100 --> 54:40.333 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% - Okay, we're getting down toward the end of the wire. 54:40.333 --> 54:41.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% I've got one quick question here, 54:41.933 --> 54:45.066 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% which comes in almost every year at this time. 54:45.066 --> 54:47.133 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% Is it too late to plant garlic? 54:47.133 --> 54:49.200 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% - If your ground is not frozen, 54:49.200 --> 54:50.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% you can still put garlic in the ground. 54:50.900 --> 54:52.833 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% So as long as your soil is still workable, 54:52.833 --> 54:56.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% you can put garlic in the ground here in Montana. 54:56.133 --> 54:58.833 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:52.5% - And with all this moisture and stuff, it'd be a good time? 54:58.833 --> 55:00.733 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - It'd be probably, yeah, great time to do that. 55:00.733 --> 55:03.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% - And we have had some good moisture, finally. 55:03.233 --> 55:05.666 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% We come to an end of another program. 55:05.666 --> 55:09.000 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% I want to thank Sam, first of all, for your first time here. 55:09.000 --> 55:10.900 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% Cory, it's a pleasure to have you over, 55:10.900 --> 55:13.433 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% very knowledgeable, very interesting. 55:13.433 --> 55:15.833 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% Good luck on fighting those things out there. 55:15.833 --> 55:18.200 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% The rest of the panel, thank you as always. 55:18.200 --> 55:21.000 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% Next week, we're going to look at 4H, 55:21.000 --> 55:24.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% and the need for volunteers in 4H. 55:24.266 --> 55:28.533 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% And 4H just has a new big grant that you'll learn all about, 55:28.533 --> 55:29.533 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% it'll be interesting. (guitar music) 55:29.533 --> 55:30.933 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% Meanwhile, have a good week, 55:30.933 --> 55:33.266 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% good night, and join us next week. 55:33.266 --> 55:34.200 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:15% Goodbye. 55:34.200 --> 55:35.966 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% - [Narrator 2] For more information and resources, 55:35.966 --> 55:40.966 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% visit montanapbs.org/aglive. 56:11.200 --> 56:13.166 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% - [Narrator 1] Montana Ag Live is made possible 56:13.166 --> 56:16.366 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% by the Montana Department of Agriculture, 56:17.900 --> 56:19.633 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% the MSU Extension Service, 56:21.033 --> 56:22.900 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% the MSU Ag Experiment Stations 56:22.900 --> 56:24.400 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% of the College of Agriculture, 56:25.700 --> 56:27.666 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% the Montana Wheat and Barley Committee, 56:28.833 --> 56:30.600 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% Cashman Nursery and Landscaping, 56:32.066 --> 56:34.666 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% the Northern Pulse Growers Association, 56:36.000 --> 56:37.833 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% and the Gallatin Gardeners Club. 56:40.733 --> 56:43.733 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:37.5% (bright piano music)