WEBVTT 00:00.700 --> 00:02.666 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% - [Announcer] "Montana Ag Live" is made possible by 00:02.666 --> 00:05.933 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% the Montana Department of Agriculture, 00:07.700 --> 00:09.266 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% the MSU Extension Service, 00:10.633 --> 00:12.600 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% the MSU Ag Experiment Stations of 00:12.600 --> 00:13.966 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% the College of Agriculture, 00:15.233 --> 00:17.133 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% the Montana Wheat & Barley Committee, 00:18.433 --> 00:20.166 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% Cashman Nursery and Landscaping, 00:22.000 --> 00:24.866 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% the Northern Pulse Growers Association, 00:24.866 --> 00:27.800 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% and the Gallatin Gardeners Club. 00:27.800 --> 00:30.366 align:start position:36.88% line:84.67% size:26.25% (folksy music) 00:48.900 --> 00:51.800 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% - Good evening and welcome to "Montana Ag Live," 00:51.800 --> 00:54.533 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:26.25% brought to you from the PBS studio 00:54.533 --> 00:56.366 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% at Montana State University. 00:56.366 --> 00:58.533 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% It's beautifully green here right now, 00:58.533 --> 01:00.933 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% and we are also thankful for the rain, 01:00.933 --> 01:02.866 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% and we know there are parts of Montana 01:02.866 --> 01:05.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% that haven't been quite as blessed as we have been 01:05.033 --> 01:08.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% in the Gallatin Valley, so we are sincerely hoping 01:08.666 --> 01:10.566 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% that everybody gets some relief from the drought 01:10.566 --> 01:13.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and gets a little bit of rain on this Sunday. 01:13.333 --> 01:15.833 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% So we've got a great show for you today. 01:15.833 --> 01:20.766 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% We have an economist, ag economist from the department 01:20.766 --> 01:23.733 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% here at MSU, Diane Charlton, and she's gonna be, 01:23.733 --> 01:26.233 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% excuse me, Diane Thronson. 01:26.233 --> 01:29.733 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% Her name recently changed, so congratulations, Diane, 01:29.733 --> 01:33.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and she's gonna be talking about labor relations 01:33.133 --> 01:35.133 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and that's definitely something that's been 01:35.133 --> 01:37.666 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% of major interest throughout our economy 01:37.666 --> 01:40.833 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and especially in our agricultural economy in Montana. 01:40.833 --> 01:42.900 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% On my left here is Abi Saeed. 01:42.900 --> 01:45.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% She's a horticulturalist here at MSU. 01:45.200 --> 01:49.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% We have Laurie Kerzicnik tonight who is our entomologist, 01:49.333 --> 01:52.900 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% and then on the end anchoring for us is Mary Burrows, 01:52.900 --> 01:55.066 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% who's a plant pathologist and also director 01:55.066 --> 01:58.000 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% of the research centers here at MSU. 01:58.000 --> 02:00.433 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% We have Nancy Blake in the studio answering questions, 02:00.433 --> 02:03.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% and we have somebody downstairs, and I apologize 02:03.233 --> 02:06.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% if I did not get the name of who is downstairs answering, 02:06.500 --> 02:08.800 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% giving me the questions that will be 02:08.800 --> 02:10.833 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% coming in over the computer. 02:10.833 --> 02:13.200 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% So I'm Nina Zidack. 02:13.200 --> 02:14.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% I am the director of the Seed Potato 02:14.733 --> 02:18.366 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% Certification Program here, and this is a call-in station. 02:18.366 --> 02:20.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% So please keep our operators busy, 02:20.266 --> 02:21.466 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% keep the questions coming in, 02:21.466 --> 02:23.800 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% and we'll just start off tonight 02:23.800 --> 02:26.466 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% and give Diane the opportunity to talk a little bit 02:26.466 --> 02:29.200 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% about what she does here at MSU in terms 02:29.200 --> 02:33.300 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% of agricultural labor relations. 02:33.300 --> 02:34.133 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:15% - Great. 02:34.133 --> 02:35.300 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% Thank you, Nina. 02:35.300 --> 02:37.633 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% Yes, so I work in the department 02:37.633 --> 02:40.066 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% of agricultural economics in economics. 02:40.066 --> 02:42.866 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% So I teach courses in economic development 02:42.866 --> 02:45.333 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% and agribusiness management, and my research 02:45.333 --> 02:50.433 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% primarily focuses around labor markets, farm labor markets, 02:50.433 --> 02:51.833 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% specifically in the United States 02:51.833 --> 02:53.966 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% and somewhat in Mexico as well. 02:53.966 --> 02:57.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - Okay, thank you, and we're gonna get to some more 02:57.233 --> 02:58.633 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% of those specifics in a little bit. 02:58.633 --> 03:00.333 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% Abi, can you tell us about, 03:00.333 --> 03:02.800 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% what is the best time to prune lilacs? 03:02.800 --> 03:04.866 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% This is a question that came in from Billings. 03:04.866 --> 03:06.633 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% - This is a good and timely question. 03:06.633 --> 03:09.033 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% So lilacs, I would say the best time to prune them 03:09.033 --> 03:11.233 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% would be right after they're done flowering 03:11.233 --> 03:13.500 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% because in the summer they're gonna start developing 03:13.500 --> 03:16.366 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% those buds that are gonna flower the following spring. 03:16.366 --> 03:18.466 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% So get those pruned right after 03:18.466 --> 03:20.500 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:22.5% they're done flowering this spring. 03:20.500 --> 03:22.866 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - Okay, yeah, and so I live south of Bozeman 03:22.866 --> 03:25.900 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and my lilacs are still like at least a week 03:25.900 --> 03:28.933 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% or 10 days away, so they're very late this year, 03:28.933 --> 03:31.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% which I think is kind of indicative of this whole spring. 03:31.200 --> 03:32.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - I think so, mine too. 03:32.533 --> 03:34.366 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% Mine are just starting to, just started 03:34.366 --> 03:36.633 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% to flower this past weekend. 03:36.633 --> 03:37.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - Yeah, that's great. 03:37.800 --> 03:39.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% It's nice to see those. 03:39.233 --> 03:42.400 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% So Laurie, a question from Bozeman. 03:42.400 --> 03:46.066 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% This person lost the leader out of their eight foot tall 03:46.066 --> 03:48.900 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% spruce tree last year, and it looks like there's some holes 03:48.900 --> 03:51.566 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% from bugs around the base of where it turned brown. 03:51.566 --> 03:53.566 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% Do you have any idea what they are 03:53.566 --> 03:55.466 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% and how they can get rid of them? 03:55.466 --> 03:58.500 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% - Yeah, I, it, that's probably the white pine weevil, 03:58.500 --> 04:00.900 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% but usually those holes are at the top of the tree. 04:00.900 --> 04:03.366 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% So maybe they were seeing the beetles and. 04:03.366 --> 04:05.333 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - [Nina] Oh, at the base of the brown part. 04:05.333 --> 04:07.000 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - Oh, the brown part, okay. 04:07.000 --> 04:07.900 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% Yeah, that makes sense then. 04:07.900 --> 04:09.700 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% Yeah, that's probably white pine weevil and you can, 04:09.700 --> 04:12.366 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% so that part that's dead, they usually start 04:12.366 --> 04:13.766 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% infesting right below that. 04:13.766 --> 04:18.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% So you can spray with a pyrethroid insecticide 04:18.033 --> 04:20.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% or contact insecticide right below that, about six inches 04:20.500 --> 04:22.866 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% below that, where you're starting to see the damage. 04:22.866 --> 04:24.800 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% Right now would be a good time to do that 04:24.800 --> 04:27.000 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% or you could actually, you don't even need to spray. 04:27.000 --> 04:28.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% You could actually prune that out. 04:28.933 --> 04:31.000 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% If it's a younger tree, you could prune that out 04:31.000 --> 04:35.466 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% between now, actually you wanna, they'd be in the tree 04:35.466 --> 04:37.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% right now, but you wanna make sure that you do it 04:37.033 --> 04:39.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% before the end of July when they exit the tree. 04:39.700 --> 04:40.566 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. 04:40.566 --> 04:42.266 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% - So if it's a young tree, you can still train a new leader, 04:42.266 --> 04:44.433 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% but if it's an older tree, then you probably will have 04:44.433 --> 04:46.633 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% to spray because the tree will start to look deformed. 04:46.633 --> 04:47.533 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - Yeah, yeah. 04:47.533 --> 04:49.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% We've got a tree that I think it's happened 04:49.466 --> 04:50.466 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% three years in a row so. 04:50.466 --> 04:51.666 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - Yeah, yeah. 04:51.666 --> 04:52.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - It's getting to be quite short and stubby, so. 04:52.933 --> 04:55.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - I know, it just keeps moving down, yeah. 04:55.233 --> 04:56.900 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Uh huh, for sure. 04:56.900 --> 04:59.033 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% Okay, Diane, can you tell us about the people 04:59.033 --> 05:00.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% that work on US farms? 05:00.966 --> 05:02.200 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Sure. 05:02.200 --> 05:07.100 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% Comes as no surprise to most people that the majority 05:07.100 --> 05:09.600 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% of our farm workers are immigrants. 05:09.600 --> 05:12.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% It actually wasn't always that way. 05:12.266 --> 05:16.266 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% If we go back to in 1900, about 40% of 05:16.266 --> 05:19.733 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% the US workforce was on farms. 05:19.733 --> 05:21.266 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% Now it's less than 1%. 05:21.266 --> 05:23.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% So the majority of our farm workers are actually 05:23.233 --> 05:26.533 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% from Mexico, and I think I have a figure on this as well, 05:26.533 --> 05:30.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% that shows the breakdown of crop workers 05:30.266 --> 05:31.766 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and where they were born. 05:31.766 --> 05:36.200 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% About two thirds of our crop workers were born in Mexico. 05:36.200 --> 05:40.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% About 25%, actually a little bit less than 25% 05:40.433 --> 05:44.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% were actually born in the United States, and so 05:44.233 --> 05:46.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% the primary data source that we have for this 05:46.400 --> 05:48.700 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% is the National Agricultural Worker Survey. 05:48.700 --> 05:51.633 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% It is nationally representative of the crop workforce, 05:51.633 --> 05:53.466 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% excluding H-2A workers. 05:53.466 --> 05:56.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% So H-2A is a specific guest worker visa 05:56.166 --> 05:59.566 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% for seasonal farm jobs. 05:59.566 --> 06:04.066 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% So it doesn't cover permanent jobs. 06:04.066 --> 06:05.866 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:35.63% It's very specific. 06:05.866 --> 06:10.066 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% So yeah, the vast majority of workers in the United States 06:10.066 --> 06:13.166 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% come from Mexico, and this is actually becoming a bit 06:13.166 --> 06:14.966 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:30% of a problem for the United States 06:14.966 --> 06:17.566 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% because fewer and fewer Mexicans actually want 06:17.566 --> 06:18.866 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:43.13% to work in agriculture. 06:18.866 --> 06:22.266 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:52.5% So just as the United States transitioned out of agriculture 06:22.266 --> 06:25.300 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% in the 20th century and less than 1% of our population 06:25.300 --> 06:27.700 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% currently works on farms, Mexico's going through 06:27.700 --> 06:29.400 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:54.38% that same transition process. 06:29.400 --> 06:32.966 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% So this is a normal phase in economic development. 06:32.966 --> 06:35.433 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% As the economy grows, fewer and fewer people 06:35.433 --> 06:39.533 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% work in agriculture, so we kind of, as a nation, 06:39.533 --> 06:42.433 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% continue to produce a lot of labor intensive crops 06:42.433 --> 06:45.333 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% by importing workers from a less developed country, 06:45.333 --> 06:49.766 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% but as that country begins to develop, we're having 06:49.766 --> 06:52.866 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% to become more creative in how we solve 06:52.866 --> 06:54.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% this farm labor problem. 06:54.533 --> 06:55.366 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:22.5% - Yes, yeah. 06:55.366 --> 06:59.000 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% It certainly, it impacts the potato industry, for sure, 06:59.000 --> 07:02.733 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and there are a fairly large number of H-2A workers, 07:02.733 --> 07:05.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% but one of the biggest trends that I have seen 07:06.166 --> 07:09.800 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% since I started in this industry 14 years ago 07:09.800 --> 07:11.433 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% was the increased mechanization. 07:11.433 --> 07:15.000 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% The mechanization is huge in terms of, you know, 07:15.000 --> 07:17.066 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% the changes that we are seeing and the equipment 07:17.066 --> 07:20.333 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% that the farmers have had to employ to get the work done 07:20.333 --> 07:23.166 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% for the hands that they cannot hire. 07:23.166 --> 07:27.333 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% - Yeah, well, and here's a breakdown of where 07:27.333 --> 07:30.000 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% H-2A workers work within Montana. 07:30.000 --> 07:34.133 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:45% Montana has, I would say roughly 1,000 H-2A workers. 07:34.133 --> 07:36.066 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% It was a little less than 1,000 in 2019. 07:36.066 --> 07:39.000 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:41.25% This breakdown is from 2019, but H-2A employment 07:39.000 --> 07:42.700 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% has grown nationally since 2019. 07:42.700 --> 07:45.766 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% So H-2A was about 10% of the full-time 07:45.766 --> 07:47.200 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:54.38% equivalent workforce in 2019. 07:47.200 --> 07:50.966 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:37.5% I recently went to a conference where Daniel Costa 07:50.966 --> 07:54.566 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% said it was 14% now, so I'm gonna defer to him. 07:54.566 --> 07:56.600 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:58.13% He's usually an expert on this. 07:56.600 --> 07:58.800 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% So that is a substantial part of our workforce, 07:58.800 --> 08:00.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% which is a really interesting phenomenon 08:00.500 --> 08:03.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% because H-2A has been around since 1986, 08:03.333 --> 08:06.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% but very few farmers used it in 1986. 08:06.133 --> 08:09.600 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% It's kind of a complicated process to 08:09.600 --> 08:12.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% recruit workers, bring them over here. 08:12.900 --> 08:15.200 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% The employer has to provide housing, 08:15.200 --> 08:17.600 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% has to provide their transport from the country, 08:17.600 --> 08:19.100 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% from which they were born. 08:20.066 --> 08:24.066 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% So, yeah, it's a complicated process. 08:24.066 --> 08:26.833 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% 1986, no one really wanted to use the program 08:26.833 --> 08:29.200 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% because lots of workers were available. 08:29.200 --> 08:30.966 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% A lot of them were probably unauthorized workers. 08:30.966 --> 08:32.966 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% There was, you know, a great big surge 08:32.966 --> 08:34.966 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% in unauthorized immigration from Mexico, 08:34.966 --> 08:38.566 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% particularly in the 1990s, but ever since 2010, 08:38.566 --> 08:42.800 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and granted, I don't, well, even in more recent years, 08:42.800 --> 08:45.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% our, the unauthorized immigration has primarily been 08:45.966 --> 08:50.300 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% from central America, so since 2010 net immigration 08:50.300 --> 08:53.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% from Mexico has actually been zero or negative. 08:53.533 --> 08:57.333 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% So fewer Mexicans are migrating here, and on top of that, 08:57.333 --> 08:59.366 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% fewer Mexicans are working in agriculture. 08:59.366 --> 09:01.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% So it's putting a lot of pressure on farms. 09:01.466 --> 09:03.666 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% You mentioned the mechanization. 09:03.666 --> 09:07.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% I was just talking to some apple growers 09:07.133 --> 09:08.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% in Washington state. 09:08.400 --> 09:10.333 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% Of course, apples are still handpicked. 09:10.333 --> 09:12.733 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% They're like, bring us the robots. 09:12.733 --> 09:15.633 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% We're ready, and the technology, we have the technology, 09:15.633 --> 09:18.366 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% we haven't quite figured out, engineers haven't quite 09:18.366 --> 09:21.300 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% figured out precisely how to make that technology work, 09:21.300 --> 09:25.366 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% but as the wages keep rising and, and I've been talking 09:25.366 --> 09:27.966 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% to these growers, like how efficient do 09:27.966 --> 09:29.166 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% these robots have to be? 09:29.166 --> 09:33.700 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% How expensive can this technology be 09:33.700 --> 09:34.866 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% And then they tell me, well, this is what 09:34.866 --> 09:37.533 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% I'm paying workers, and I can't even find enough workers. 09:37.533 --> 09:41.233 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% So this is the minimum bar and that bar keeps rising. 09:41.233 --> 09:43.633 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% So I think in the next 10 years, we're gonna see some robots 09:43.633 --> 09:46.666 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% harvesting our fruits and vegetables. 09:46.666 --> 09:47.500 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Yeah. 09:47.500 --> 09:52.300 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% So, you know, Mary, Diane is talking a lot about labor 09:53.633 --> 09:55.866 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% in the agricultural industry in general. 09:55.866 --> 09:58.066 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% What are we seeing across the College of Ag 09:58.066 --> 09:59.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% in terms of being able to find employees to work 09:59.833 --> 10:00.900 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% in the College of Agriculture? 10:00.900 --> 10:02.633 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - I think we're seeing exact same trend. 10:02.633 --> 10:07.200 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% I mean, student labor research centers have a real hard time 10:07.200 --> 10:10.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% attracting farm labor and in keeping employees, 10:10.733 --> 10:11.933 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and it's not just wages. 10:11.933 --> 10:13.600 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% It's just, nobody is applying. 10:13.600 --> 10:15.166 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:15% - Right. 10:15.166 --> 10:17.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% So in the potato lab, for instance, we hire between 10:17.966 --> 10:20.100 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% 35 and 40 student or temporary workers every summer, 10:20.100 --> 10:22.533 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and right now we're sitting at about 25, 10:22.533 --> 10:27.133 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% which we're, we have to feel pretty good about that 10:27.133 --> 10:28.933 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% because I think considering the labor market, 10:28.933 --> 10:31.266 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% I think we're actually doing pretty well, 10:31.266 --> 10:33.733 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% but we still need to get more people out 10:33.733 --> 10:36.266 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% to pick potato leaves and test them in the lab so. 10:36.266 --> 10:37.133 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - [Mary] So call Nina. 10:37.133 --> 10:39.333 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - Right, exactly, exactly. (Nina laughing) 10:39.333 --> 10:41.033 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% I use every opportunity I can 10:41.033 --> 10:42.833 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% to pitch jobs at the potato labs, so. 10:42.833 --> 10:45.900 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:22.5% Okay, great. 10:45.900 --> 10:46.933 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:22.5% Back to Abi. 10:46.933 --> 10:49.600 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% What do you do with a thin and patchy lawn? 10:49.600 --> 10:53.366 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - That's a tough question, and I've seen lawns 10:53.366 --> 10:56.700 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% in various arrays of thin and patchiness, 10:56.700 --> 10:59.533 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% but you wanna get to the bottom of why it's thin and patchy. 10:59.533 --> 11:01.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% So one of the things that I would recommend 11:01.633 --> 11:04.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% if you haven't done this is to get a soil test 11:04.533 --> 11:06.866 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% to see what those soil nutrients are like. 11:06.866 --> 11:09.400 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% There are a lot of things that you can do 11:09.400 --> 11:11.200 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% to keep your turf healthy. 11:11.200 --> 11:13.300 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% A lot of times, for those thin and patchy lawns, 11:13.300 --> 11:16.000 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% some of the issues is, you're not getting enough moisture. 11:16.000 --> 11:18.333 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% Maybe there aren't enough soil nutrients, 11:18.333 --> 11:20.833 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% you're not fertilizing enough, 11:20.833 --> 11:23.433 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% which you should do about three or four times a year, 11:23.433 --> 11:26.000 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% you wanna fertilize your lawn. 11:26.000 --> 11:29.300 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% So try and get to the bottom of why, get a soil test, 11:29.300 --> 11:32.166 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and then work from there on some of those practices 11:32.166 --> 11:33.900 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% to keep a healthy lawn. 11:33.900 --> 11:36.766 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% We have a really nice lawn guy that's talking about 11:36.766 --> 11:39.566 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% taking care of your home lawns in Montana, 11:39.566 --> 11:42.300 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and so that you can find at the MSU Extension store 11:42.300 --> 11:46.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and download it from there, but that has some great tips 11:46.233 --> 11:49.733 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% on how to keep your lawn healthy and full and vibrant. 11:49.733 --> 11:51.300 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% - [Mary] I think mowing height is also pretty important. 11:51.300 --> 11:52.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - Mowing height yeah, that's a good point. 11:52.966 --> 11:55.633 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% I usually say two and a half to three inches minimum. 11:55.633 --> 11:58.433 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% Don't go below that, 'cause you want your lawns 11:58.433 --> 12:01.466 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% to be competitive with any other plants that are gonna 12:01.466 --> 12:03.766 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% try and encroach in there, yeah. 12:03.766 --> 12:06.000 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - Yeah, and one thing we've noticed, we usually only 12:06.000 --> 12:08.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% fertilize one time a year, either once in the spring 12:08.133 --> 12:10.966 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% or once in the fall and our lawn is not the first 12:10.966 --> 12:14.733 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% to green up, but believe me, it does, and we have plenty 12:14.733 --> 12:18.100 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% of mowing to do so it catches up, so. 12:18.100 --> 12:21.400 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% So Laurie, a question out of Billings. 12:21.400 --> 12:23.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% This person's ash trees aren't looking great. 12:24.500 --> 12:26.533 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% There's been some news about the ash borer. 12:26.533 --> 12:28.466 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% Is the ash borer, could it be affecting 12:28.466 --> 12:30.066 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% their trees in Billings? 12:30.066 --> 12:32.700 align:start position:35% line:10% size:26.25% - No, we don't actually, don't have, 12:32.700 --> 12:34.700 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% we haven't confirmed that, they're probably talking 12:34.700 --> 12:36.433 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% about the Emerald ash borer hasn't been confirmed yet 12:36.433 --> 12:39.133 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% in the state, but it is, a lot of our ash trees, 12:39.133 --> 12:43.100 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% Bozeman, Billings, other areas are being, they're very slow 12:43.100 --> 12:45.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% to leaf out so they don't look very good. 12:45.133 --> 12:47.500 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% I think that's changed in the last week or so, 12:47.500 --> 12:49.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% but we are still looking out for the borer, 12:49.833 --> 12:51.900 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% but I think, just give your trees a few weeks to just 12:51.900 --> 12:55.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% leaf out a little bit and look healthy again. 12:55.166 --> 12:57.366 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% Usually, we think about July first, we, this has happened 12:57.366 --> 13:01.533 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% a few times in the last few years and July first is kind of 13:01.533 --> 13:04.000 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% a time where we just, something might be going on 13:04.000 --> 13:05.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% if by July first, you're not getting leafing out. 13:05.666 --> 13:08.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% Do you have anything to add about it, Abi? 13:08.433 --> 13:09.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - Yeah, I mean, I was just gonna say the same. 13:09.733 --> 13:12.066 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% The ash trees in the boulevard in front of 13:12.066 --> 13:13.800 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% my house too are pretty slow. 13:13.800 --> 13:17.433 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:52.5% They're look, they're pretty slow to leaf out too this year. 13:17.433 --> 13:19.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% So I was wondering if people are seeing that 13:19.733 --> 13:23.400 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:22.5% a lot pretty consistently, so yeah, 13:23.400 --> 13:25.500 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% I like that comment of giving it some time. 13:25.500 --> 13:26.866 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Yeah, be patient. 13:26.866 --> 13:27.866 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - The crops are in the same boat. 13:27.866 --> 13:29.933 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% You know, we're just behind. 13:29.933 --> 13:30.766 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Yeah. 13:31.866 --> 13:33.166 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% - So, thank you. 13:33.166 --> 13:35.933 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% So Diane, this is a question from Bozeman 13:35.933 --> 13:37.866 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and it's not specifically labor related, 13:37.866 --> 13:39.333 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% but it's definitely something on, 13:39.333 --> 13:41.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% that's on everybody's mind. 13:41.233 --> 13:43.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% How have increased land prices affected farmers 13:43.666 --> 13:45.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% in the Gallatin Valley? 13:45.533 --> 13:47.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - Yeah, that's a good question, and I think 13:47.433 --> 13:50.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% we're all noticing the pressure of increasing 13:50.433 --> 13:52.400 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% property prices here in Bozeman. 13:52.400 --> 13:56.600 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% My colleague, Dan Bigelow, is really the expert on this, 13:56.600 --> 14:01.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% but just like anything, you know, if there's an alternative 14:01.233 --> 14:03.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% of what we can do with our property, it makes it 14:03.833 --> 14:05.466 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% more difficult to stay in agriculture. 14:05.466 --> 14:10.166 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:52.5% So as a farmer, if my option is to keep farming and the cost 14:10.166 --> 14:12.933 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% of inputs might be increasing as well, 14:12.933 --> 14:18.100 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% I'm going to be weighing that option versus selling 14:18.100 --> 14:19.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% for a very high prices. 14:19.833 --> 14:22.533 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% So I think we're gonna see more farmers moving elsewhere 14:22.533 --> 14:25.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% in Montana where the land prices are lower 14:25.566 --> 14:28.000 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% or moving out of agriculture together. 14:28.000 --> 14:30.633 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% It's just another option, 14:30.633 --> 14:32.666 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and it's a high value option right now. 14:32.666 --> 14:34.100 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - Absolutely. 14:34.100 --> 14:37.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% Yeah, there's a lot of competition for 14:37.633 --> 14:39.533 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% especially in the Gallatin Valley. 14:39.533 --> 14:41.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% So Mary, field day season is coming up. 14:41.933 --> 14:44.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% Can you tell us a little bit about the field days 14:44.266 --> 14:46.466 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% that are gonna be happening throughout Montana this summer? 14:46.466 --> 14:48.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - Yeah, so all of our research centers 14:48.266 --> 14:51.133 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% and the post farm here in town have field day. 14:51.133 --> 14:54.266 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% So we invite the community in, there's usually some sort 14:54.266 --> 14:58.633 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% of lunch provided, either during, before or after. 14:58.633 --> 15:00.866 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% It's a good time to meet your neighbors 15:00.866 --> 15:05.400 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% and talk to maybe your ag lender, and look at all of 15:05.400 --> 15:07.766 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% the research going on at the research centers. 15:07.766 --> 15:10.533 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% So I'll be at the vast majority of them 15:10.533 --> 15:14.200 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% and they're a fun time, get out, and learn about 15:14.200 --> 15:17.933 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:52.5% what's going on, and the one in Bozeman here is July seventh 15:17.933 --> 15:22.966 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% and the rest of them are on our website, so Kalispell, 15:22.966 --> 15:25.933 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:30% Havre, Sidney, I can't remember if 15:25.933 --> 15:27.433 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% Huntley, Conrad. - [Nina] Conrad, Moccasin. 15:27.433 --> 15:29.100 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% - [Mary] Yep, everybody's. 15:29.100 --> 15:29.933 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:35.63% - [Nina] Corvallis. 15:29.933 --> 15:32.933 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:52.5% - There's also some or other organizations doing field days. 15:32.933 --> 15:33.966 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% So there's a couple, MO is doing 15:33.966 --> 15:35.700 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% a couple organic field days. 15:37.966 --> 15:39.233 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% I think there's all kinds of other tours if you just 15:39.233 --> 15:40.466 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% look out in your local community. 15:40.466 --> 15:41.300 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - Great, great. 15:41.300 --> 15:42.966 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Sounds like a good time and maybe a free lunch. 15:42.966 --> 15:44.300 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% - And sometimes a steak dinner. 15:44.300 --> 15:46.166 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - Oh, okay, okay. 15:46.166 --> 15:47.633 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% That'll get the people in. 15:47.633 --> 15:50.000 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% A question came in from Great Falls for Abi. 15:50.000 --> 15:52.900 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% This person's rhubarb is putting out seed stalks. 15:52.900 --> 15:55.633 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% Should they cut it off or leave it? 15:55.633 --> 15:58.133 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% - I'd say if you still wanna harvest the more rhubarb 15:58.133 --> 16:00.600 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% this season, which I would want, 16:00.600 --> 16:03.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% 'cause I haven't gotten enough because it's been slow, 16:03.533 --> 16:05.566 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% I would say cut off that seed stalk 16:05.566 --> 16:08.300 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and keep harvesting, yeah. 16:08.300 --> 16:09.733 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% - [Nina] Okay. 16:09.733 --> 16:10.733 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - [Mary] Remind me to bring you some of my rhubarb. 16:10.733 --> 16:11.666 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - Yeah, please. 16:11.666 --> 16:13.066 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - I still have some frozen from last year. 16:13.066 --> 16:15.666 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% - I feel like I've been missing out on rhubarb this year. 16:15.666 --> 16:18.800 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - So, so Laurie, you've got some samples to show. 16:18.800 --> 16:22.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% Can you, oh, give us an idea of some of the, 16:22.433 --> 16:25.100 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% do you have anything that's creeping and crawling today or? 16:25.100 --> 16:28.900 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:52.5% - It's, this one is creeping and crawling and this kind of 16:28.900 --> 16:31.600 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% relates to the ash trees we were talking about before. 16:31.600 --> 16:33.400 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% This sample's from Havre. 16:33.400 --> 16:38.400 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% This is the leaf curl ash aphid, and this causes curling 16:38.633 --> 16:41.000 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% of the leaves, right when the tree's starting to leaf out. 16:41.000 --> 16:43.366 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% So some parts of the state, our ash trees are leafing out. 16:43.366 --> 16:47.366 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% So the aphid definitely curls the leaves 16:47.366 --> 16:49.666 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and then releases honeydew, so it gets pretty sticky, 16:49.666 --> 16:52.200 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% and then after the tree, this is nothing 16:52.200 --> 16:53.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% to really worry about. 16:53.100 --> 16:55.733 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% It looks kind of alarming, but after the tree 16:55.733 --> 16:57.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% finishes leafing out that the aphids will leave 16:57.966 --> 17:00.000 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% and then the tree will recover. 17:00.000 --> 17:03.000 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% I actually watched these back in Missoula, 17:03.000 --> 17:05.600 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% a couple trees that had leaf curl ash aphid, 17:05.600 --> 17:06.933 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% I just followed them through the season 17:06.933 --> 17:10.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and they looked pretty, pretty bad this time of year, 17:10.033 --> 17:11.100 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% and then throughout the summer 17:11.100 --> 17:12.366 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% they started to look fine again. 17:12.366 --> 17:13.833 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - [Mary] So just don't park under them for a while? 17:13.833 --> 17:14.833 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - Just don't park under them, yeah. 17:14.833 --> 17:17.066 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% That honeydew, that honey can drip on your car 17:17.066 --> 17:19.333 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and then it could, and then it could attract sooty mold 17:19.333 --> 17:21.266 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and just get yucky, so yeah. 17:21.266 --> 17:23.366 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - [Phone Operator] Are you actually? 17:23.366 --> 17:24.200 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - Good point. 17:24.200 --> 17:27.966 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% So Diane, from Helena, since labor is relatively costly 17:27.966 --> 17:31.533 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% in the US, should consumers expect to be paying more 17:31.533 --> 17:34.433 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% for their fruits and vegetables at the grocery store? 17:34.433 --> 17:39.433 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - We might see some of that transfer into higher costs 17:39.900 --> 17:42.800 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% of our fruits and vegetables and granted, there's a lot 17:42.800 --> 17:45.833 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% of other inputs into production of all of our 17:45.833 --> 17:48.533 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% agricultural goods that could cause those prices to rise. 17:48.533 --> 17:50.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% So I mean, I think the most obvious is just 17:50.233 --> 17:52.700 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% the cost of fuel right now. 17:52.700 --> 17:56.266 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% So with transport, anything along that supply chain, 17:56.266 --> 17:58.700 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% that's gonna get passed along to consumers. 17:58.700 --> 18:03.066 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Farmers are under a lot of pressure to try to keep 18:03.066 --> 18:05.366 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% those labor costs as low as possible. 18:05.366 --> 18:10.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% So as labor is still a relatively small share of 18:10.033 --> 18:14.433 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% the total cost of what you're paying for in the store, 18:14.433 --> 18:17.300 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% so you're probably not gonna see these huge jumps in prices 18:17.300 --> 18:22.200 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% of produce just because the cost of labor on the farm 18:22.200 --> 18:25.600 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% is increasing, but it does put a lot of pressure on farmers 18:25.600 --> 18:29.833 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% to try to find more efficient ways to employ workers 18:29.833 --> 18:34.833 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and to keep them busy and try to complement workers 18:36.433 --> 18:39.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% with mechanization, as you mentioned earlier. 18:39.100 --> 18:43.100 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% So, so even here, I remember we talked about this 18:43.100 --> 18:45.666 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% a little while ago, Nina, a lot of the H-2A workers 18:45.666 --> 18:48.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% in Montana actually come from South Africa, 18:48.400 --> 18:49.233 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% and I was just thinking about that, 18:49.233 --> 18:51.033 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and we talked about Mexico. 18:51.033 --> 18:53.966 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Nationally, Mexico is a major supplier of labor 18:53.966 --> 18:56.000 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% to the United States, but here in Montana 18:56.000 --> 19:00.066 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and in North Dakota, we see some H-2 workers, H-2A workers 19:00.066 --> 19:03.600 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% from South Africa, which is, seems like a long ways away, 19:03.600 --> 19:06.533 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% but if you're putting those workers on a combine, 19:06.533 --> 19:09.933 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% imagine all the work that that person can do. 19:09.933 --> 19:13.100 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% So we can amortize that cost of bringing them over 19:13.100 --> 19:16.300 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% from South Africa over all that they produce, 19:16.300 --> 19:18.766 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and so when we have these more mechanized jobs, 19:18.766 --> 19:23.366 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% they can be higher paying jobs and that won't necessarily 19:23.366 --> 19:27.366 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% bring a big change in terms of what 19:27.366 --> 19:29.633 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% consumers pay for their produce. 19:29.633 --> 19:32.733 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% Also have to keep in mind that our producers are competing 19:32.733 --> 19:35.966 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% with imports from other countries as well. 19:35.966 --> 19:38.366 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% So there's a lot of pressure on producers to try 19:38.366 --> 19:40.300 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% to resolve this issue. 19:40.300 --> 19:42.033 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Absolutely, yeah. 19:42.033 --> 19:44.200 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% We see, I mean, a huge amount of our fruits and vegetables, 19:44.200 --> 19:48.333 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% especially in the winter are coming from Mexico and Chile 19:48.333 --> 19:51.833 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and you know, other countries in South America. 19:51.833 --> 19:54.000 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% It's pretty amazing when you think of being able 19:54.000 --> 19:56.633 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% to actually pick something up in the grocery store 19:56.633 --> 20:00.766 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% that has been transported that many miles away. 20:00.766 --> 20:03.700 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - And some of the producers that are producing down there 20:03.700 --> 20:06.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% in Mexico are actually US producers as well. 20:06.233 --> 20:09.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% So there's a big international network here. 20:09.500 --> 20:11.633 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - So do you think that the incentive for them 20:11.633 --> 20:14.600 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% to produce in Mexico is because of labor costs? 20:14.600 --> 20:16.266 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - That is part of it. 20:16.266 --> 20:17.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% That's what producers have told me. 20:17.966 --> 20:23.000 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% So, you know, US wages versus a daily wage in Mexico, 20:24.233 --> 20:29.333 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% United States wages are much higher and workers are still 20:29.333 --> 20:32.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% more available in Mexico than in the United States, 20:32.033 --> 20:37.033 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% but I think when I started working in 20:38.333 --> 20:42.300 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% shortly after I started doing some research on Mexico 20:42.300 --> 20:44.900 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% transitioning out of farm work, there was a big story 20:44.900 --> 20:48.633 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% in the "LA Times" about how there was this two week strike 20:48.633 --> 20:53.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% in Baja California, that workers were not coming to work, 20:53.200 --> 20:54.966 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% demanding higher wages, more benefits, 20:54.966 --> 20:57.833 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and they actually held out for an entire two weeks, 20:57.833 --> 20:59.966 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% which is just consistent with this story 20:59.966 --> 21:01.700 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% of people moving out of agriculture. 21:01.700 --> 21:03.066 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% Usually other people would move in 21:03.066 --> 21:04.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% if somebody tried to hold a strike. 21:04.900 --> 21:08.000 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% So that labor supply in both Mexico and the United States 21:08.000 --> 21:09.800 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% is getting tighter where, we are feeling that, 21:09.800 --> 21:13.533 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% but some producers are moving into Mexico 21:13.533 --> 21:14.733 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% if they're able to. 21:14.733 --> 21:16.366 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% - Yeah, that's very interesting. 21:16.366 --> 21:19.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% So Mary, this is a question that just came in 21:19.933 --> 21:21.400 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% today from Bridger Canyon. 21:21.400 --> 21:24.800 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:52.5% This person has tulip leaves that have really scorched tips, 21:24.800 --> 21:27.066 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and also the flowers are kind of burning back. 21:27.066 --> 21:28.700 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Is this from the frost? 21:28.700 --> 21:30.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% - Well, it could be, but we did get a sample 21:30.966 --> 21:35.133 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% in diagnostic lab this week of a Botrytis, so a gray mold 21:35.133 --> 21:37.333 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% that was causing some leaf scorching 21:37.333 --> 21:40.100 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% and it's called tulip fire disease, 21:40.100 --> 21:42.000 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and they could Google some images of that 21:42.000 --> 21:43.266 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and they can always submit a sample 21:43.266 --> 21:45.633 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% to their county agent to get it diagnosed. 21:45.633 --> 21:46.833 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - Okay, yeah. 21:46.833 --> 21:50.033 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% Well, and yeah, if it's a Botrytis, it's 21:50.033 --> 21:53.733 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - The sclerotia and been in the soil a long time. 21:53.733 --> 21:57.566 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% So just some sanitation to get rid of those leaves 21:57.566 --> 21:59.900 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% so they don't reinfect, you know, throw 'em away. 21:59.900 --> 22:01.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% Don't just compost them. 22:01.400 --> 22:02.366 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% - Yeah, yeah, it's interesting. 22:02.366 --> 22:05.000 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% It's something that I have never seen before 22:05.000 --> 22:06.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% at the diagnostic lab. 22:06.566 --> 22:08.100 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - We've had enough moisture lately, then. 22:08.100 --> 22:09.866 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% There actually is. - Yeah exactly. 22:09.866 --> 22:11.766 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% You get a moist year, you get diseases exactly. 22:11.766 --> 22:14.800 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Years that are good for producing crops and flowers 22:14.800 --> 22:17.466 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and vegetables can also be very good 22:17.466 --> 22:19.733 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% for producing diseases so. 22:19.733 --> 22:24.833 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% So Abi, from Polson, this person has, is wanting 22:24.833 --> 22:26.733 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% to plant a pear tree and they're wondering, 22:26.733 --> 22:29.700 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% how far does it need to be from another or how close 22:29.700 --> 22:32.500 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% does it need to be to another tree to get crosspollination? 22:32.500 --> 22:36.466 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% - Yeah, so for crosspollination, I've read, 22:36.466 --> 22:40.033 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% usually you wanna be within, between 50 to 100 feet 22:40.033 --> 22:43.633 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% away from each other, definitely less than 100 feet. 22:43.633 --> 22:45.033 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% You don't wanna go beyond that. 22:45.033 --> 22:48.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% That's the best for like optimal, pollen transfer 22:48.233 --> 22:49.800 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% for your fruit set. 22:49.800 --> 22:53.166 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% So, between 50 to 100 feet from the original tree 22:53.166 --> 22:54.666 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% for your different variety. 22:54.666 --> 22:55.500 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% - Okay, great. 22:55.500 --> 22:57.900 align:start position:35% line:10% size:26.25% Thank you, and finally for Laurie, 22:57.900 --> 23:00.700 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% getting her back on her favorite home ground, 23:00.700 --> 23:03.200 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% a question from Kalispell. 23:03.200 --> 23:05.600 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% Do we have brown recluse spiders in this state 23:05.600 --> 23:08.433 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and how are they similar to the hobo spider? 23:08.433 --> 23:09.266 align:start position:40.62% line:10% size:18.75% - Oh yeah. 23:09.266 --> 23:11.900 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% I haven't had a question about the spider in a while. 23:11.900 --> 23:13.633 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% Yeah, we do not have the brown recluse here. 23:13.633 --> 23:15.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% It is not, we say it's not established here. 23:15.800 --> 23:18.566 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% We've never had a brown recluse identified here 23:18.566 --> 23:22.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% and it is, it could show up here if someone brings 23:22.966 --> 23:24.833 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% a shipment in from Mississippi or Kansas, 23:24.833 --> 23:28.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% where they're native and a very large part 23:28.433 --> 23:29.633 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% of the United States where they're native, 23:29.633 --> 23:32.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% but we haven't found it here, and the hobo spider 23:32.200 --> 23:35.166 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% we do have, and Kalispell, you have a lot of hobo spiders. 23:35.166 --> 23:37.300 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:52.5% They've dropped off a little bit in the last couple years, 23:37.300 --> 23:40.066 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% but the hobo spider is a funnel web spider, 23:40.066 --> 23:42.733 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and it doesn't cause any necrosis in the skin. 23:42.733 --> 23:44.600 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% It doesn't have any compounds in its venom 23:44.600 --> 23:46.466 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% to cause necrosis in the skin. 23:46.466 --> 23:49.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% So we call the hobo spider a harmless spider, 23:49.633 --> 23:53.500 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% a spider that is not of medical importance to humans. 23:53.500 --> 23:55.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - But it still gets a lot of bad press. 23:55.133 --> 23:57.100 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - It gets a lot of bad press, but we're working on that. 23:57.100 --> 23:57.933 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Good. 23:59.166 --> 24:00.766 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% You, yeah, love your spiders. 24:00.766 --> 24:02.166 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% - [Laurie] I do love my spiders. 24:02.166 --> 24:03.800 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - Okay, to Diane. 24:03.800 --> 24:05.300 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% Back to labor. 24:05.300 --> 24:07.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% This is a question that came in from Stevensville, 24:07.266 --> 24:10.166 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% and I know there's been just, you know, a lot of rhetoric 24:10.166 --> 24:12.833 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% in the public about seasonal farm workers and crime. 24:12.833 --> 24:15.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% Is there any evidence be, or of a relationship 24:15.700 --> 24:19.200 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% between seasonal crime workers and crime rates, 24:19.200 --> 24:21.700 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% or seasonal farm workers and crime rates? 24:21.700 --> 24:26.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Yeah, actually my colleague, Brock Smith and I, 24:26.100 --> 24:28.400 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% along with another colleague from University of Alaska, 24:28.400 --> 24:33.033 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% Alex James, we looked at the association 24:33.033 --> 24:38.033 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% between seasonal variation in fruit, vegetable, 24:38.500 --> 24:41.666 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and horticultural employment within US counties 24:41.666 --> 24:43.433 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and crime rates, and we actually found 24:43.433 --> 24:47.400 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% a negative impact within a county year. 24:47.400 --> 24:49.466 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% We looked from 1990 to 2016. 24:49.466 --> 24:52.066 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% So we honestly, we looked at this thinking 24:52.066 --> 24:54.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% we might find zero impact. 24:54.133 --> 24:55.366 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% We were kind of surprised to find 24:55.366 --> 24:58.766 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% a statistically significant negative association. 24:58.766 --> 25:02.966 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% So, you know, we, you know, can't really tell what 25:02.966 --> 25:07.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% the causal story is, but our best guess at this 25:07.666 --> 25:11.633 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% is that we think that the additional economic activity 25:11.633 --> 25:16.066 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% during harvest and maybe labor intensive seasons 25:16.066 --> 25:19.066 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% leading up to harvest provides so many opportunities 25:19.066 --> 25:21.500 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% for people that crime rates actually decrease. 25:21.500 --> 25:24.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% So when you see stories of people trying to resist 25:24.400 --> 25:27.533 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% seasonal workers from living in their communities, 25:27.533 --> 25:31.666 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% crime rate, we, isn't really a, there isn't evidence 25:31.666 --> 25:33.433 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% to support that they would increase crime rates. 25:33.433 --> 25:36.400 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% Actually, evidence would suggest that crime rates decrease 25:36.400 --> 25:40.966 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% during those seasonally labor-intensive periods. 25:40.966 --> 25:42.400 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - That's good to know. 25:42.400 --> 25:44.600 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% So Mary, question from Manhattan, 25:44.600 --> 25:49.400 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% do you need to worry about Aphanomyces in peas this year? 25:49.400 --> 25:53.233 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - I think with increasing temperatures and moisture, 25:53.233 --> 25:54.900 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% Aphanomyces might be a concern, 25:54.900 --> 25:57.300 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% but we have not found Aphanomyces 25:57.300 --> 26:00.900 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% to my knowledge in that area. 26:00.900 --> 26:03.033 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% So I wouldn't be super concerned about it. 26:03.033 --> 26:05.033 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% It's more in the northeast corner and then down 26:05.033 --> 26:07.966 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% into the Triangle where pea production has been 26:07.966 --> 26:10.433 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% very intensive for many, many years. 26:10.433 --> 26:12.800 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% In the Gallatin Valley, we did have a canning industry 26:12.800 --> 26:15.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% for fresh peas, right around World War II, 26:15.466 --> 26:18.800 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and it did decline because of a root rat disease 26:18.800 --> 26:22.300 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% called fusarium wilt, but that is a different disease, 26:22.300 --> 26:24.566 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% but as we get more intensive pulse production, 26:24.566 --> 26:26.566 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% we will get Aphanomyces. 26:26.566 --> 26:27.400 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:22.5% - Of course. 26:27.400 --> 26:30.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% Okay, so this is from Helena and this is 26:30.433 --> 26:31.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% a shout out to Laurie. 26:31.733 --> 26:33.000 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - [Laurie] All right. 26:33.000 --> 26:35.866 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% - Please thank her for connecting her with, to a group 26:35.866 --> 26:38.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% of certified arborists who came to help with 26:38.566 --> 26:42.133 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% her elm leaf beetle problems in which are now solved 26:42.133 --> 26:46.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% because Laurie's wonderful help, so thank you. 26:46.933 --> 26:48.133 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - That's great to hear. 26:48.133 --> 26:48.966 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Yeah. 26:48.966 --> 26:50.066 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - Very happy. 26:50.066 --> 26:51.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - That's good to know that you're actually 26:51.433 --> 26:52.733 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - Yeah, it's very nice. 26:52.733 --> 26:57.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - So Abi, a question. 26:57.433 --> 26:59.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% This is kind of an interesting question, 26:59.100 --> 27:00.566 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and we're gonna throw this out to the whole panel 27:00.566 --> 27:02.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% because I don't think any of us are a specialist, 27:02.933 --> 27:07.100 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% but their flower garden has garter snakes. 27:07.100 --> 27:09.133 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% Is there a way to get rid of them and are they 27:09.133 --> 27:11.033 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% creating any damage to plants? 27:11.033 --> 27:12.533 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% This is a unique one. 27:12.533 --> 27:13.800 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Yeah. 27:13.800 --> 27:15.133 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% I have never heard of garter snakes 27:15.133 --> 27:17.766 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% doing any damage to plants personally. 27:17.766 --> 27:20.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% I think it would be a beneficial sign of a healthy 27:20.100 --> 27:22.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% flower garden if you have garter snakes. 27:22.400 --> 27:25.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% They're probably eating some small insects in there too 27:25.233 --> 27:29.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% that could potentially be pests, but I would say 27:29.233 --> 27:31.300 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% having garter snakes would be a badge of honor 27:31.300 --> 27:34.833 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% that you have a really nice hospitable environment. 27:34.833 --> 27:35.866 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% (panel laughing) 27:35.866 --> 27:37.166 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - Is it possible they might have some rodent infestation. 27:37.166 --> 27:38.833 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - It could be, it could be. 27:38.833 --> 27:41.800 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - I don't know, do garter snakes eat insects too? 27:41.800 --> 27:42.600 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% They probably do. 27:42.600 --> 27:43.433 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - They, yeah. 27:43.433 --> 27:45.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% I think that they eat a variety of things. 27:45.966 --> 27:47.666 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% Yeah, whatever they can find probably. 27:47.666 --> 27:49.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Pretty small and harmless, so I don't think 27:49.266 --> 27:50.866 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% that they would be hurting anything, yeah, so. 27:50.866 --> 27:53.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - I've never heard of anything like that. 27:53.166 --> 27:54.466 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% Very interesting. - Yeah, kind of like spiders. 27:54.466 --> 27:56.033 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% (panel laughing) 27:56.033 --> 27:58.633 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% So for Laurie, out of Livingston, 27:58.633 --> 28:00.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% a lot of their pine trees have brown tips 28:00.633 --> 28:01.700 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% at the tops of the trees. 28:01.700 --> 28:03.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% Will this kill the tree? 28:03.833 --> 28:06.200 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - Well, we started seeing brown tips in pines, 28:06.200 --> 28:09.400 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% maybe even starting around the pandemic in 2020, 28:09.400 --> 28:12.300 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% just a lot of Austrian pines with brown tips, 28:12.300 --> 28:15.333 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% and mostly that was environmental. 28:15.333 --> 28:17.900 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% So we had, a lot of that was winter kill. 28:17.900 --> 28:20.000 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% So we saw a lot of die back in the top. 28:20.000 --> 28:22.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% We did see some, had some samples come into 28:22.133 --> 28:25.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% the diagnostic lab that some had bark beetles, 28:25.400 --> 28:27.666 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% some twig beetles, and another type of bark beetle, 28:27.666 --> 28:30.066 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% but that was in Great Falls and just kind of, 28:30.066 --> 28:32.233 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% one was in Stillwater so, but mostly that was environmental, 28:32.233 --> 28:34.500 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and I've been kind of watching an Austrian pine 28:34.500 --> 28:38.233 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% across the street from me, which is still doing fine. 28:38.233 --> 28:39.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% I would just keep an eye on it that, I mean, 28:39.966 --> 28:43.033 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% that the top part of that is still brown 28:43.033 --> 28:45.566 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% and kind of died back, but then just make sure 28:45.566 --> 28:46.633 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% that doesn't progress down the tree, 28:46.633 --> 28:48.266 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% but if you're working with a certified arborist 28:48.266 --> 28:49.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% or you could reach that top of the tree, 28:49.500 --> 28:52.333 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% and it's not gonna disfigure any part of that, 28:52.333 --> 28:53.700 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% then you could maybe prune that out 28:53.700 --> 28:55.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% if it's, you know, just for aesthetic reasons, 28:55.666 --> 28:57.300 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% but most of the time it's hard 28:57.300 --> 28:59.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% to get up there to your tree to see it. 28:59.266 --> 29:02.733 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - Well, and that's one of the things that always, I mean, 29:02.733 --> 29:04.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% confused me in the very beginning is because, you know, 29:04.833 --> 29:07.766 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% the problem that happens at the tips of our spruce trees 29:07.766 --> 29:09.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% is the white pine weevil. 29:09.966 --> 29:10.800 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - [Laurie] Yeah, right. 29:10.800 --> 29:13.233 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - And I don't ever recall when I worked 29:13.233 --> 29:15.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% in the diagnostic lab getting like a white pine 29:15.700 --> 29:20.666 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% that came in with pine weevil damage and it, 29:20.666 --> 29:23.733 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% so does it kind of look similar to what you might see 29:23.733 --> 29:26.000 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% on a spruce tree except where it's just taking 29:26.000 --> 29:27.400 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% the leader of the tree out? 29:27.400 --> 29:29.433 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% - Yeah, I'm glad you brought that up because it doesn't, 29:29.433 --> 29:31.833 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% it's, you would think that it would hit that pine 29:31.833 --> 29:33.700 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% would be a host for that, but it's, it is 29:33.700 --> 29:35.600 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% a little bit different just because it's, it doesn't, 29:35.600 --> 29:38.100 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% you don't see any of this big holes in the tree, 29:38.100 --> 29:39.633 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and then you still see the needles. 29:39.633 --> 29:43.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% The needles are still on there, and so basically 29:43.266 --> 29:46.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% it just looks brown instead of bare, 29:46.100 --> 29:47.466 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% like the white pine weevil. 29:47.466 --> 29:49.233 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% I mean, you'll, the white pine weevil just looks 29:49.233 --> 29:51.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% stripped of all its needles. 29:51.233 --> 29:54.800 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% So, but different pests and different situations, yeah. 29:54.800 --> 29:57.200 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - Okay, yeah. 29:57.200 --> 29:59.100 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% Very interesting. 29:59.100 --> 30:01.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% So, Diane, here's a question from Lewistown. 30:01.466 --> 30:04.566 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% During the pandemic, they heard a lot about 30:04.566 --> 30:06.766 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% the extreme labor disruptions in the meat processing, 30:06.766 --> 30:09.966 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and I know we saw that they were horrible centers for COVID 30:09.966 --> 30:12.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and a lot of plants got shut down. 30:12.166 --> 30:15.500 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% Has this particular labor issue resolved itself 30:15.500 --> 30:17.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% or is it still ongoing? 30:17.400 --> 30:20.300 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Yeah, this is, to my understanding, 30:20.300 --> 30:22.433 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% it's still an ongoing issue. 30:22.433 --> 30:25.800 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% So, the last I heard was, it was a few months ago, 30:25.800 --> 30:29.833 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% but workers have not returned to the meat processing plants 30:29.833 --> 30:31.566 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% in the same numbers that were working there 30:31.566 --> 30:34.633 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% prior to the pandemic, much like other industries 30:34.633 --> 30:37.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% are experiencing those difficulties right now. 30:37.233 --> 30:40.900 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% So a lot of those plants are operating at reduced capacity, 30:40.900 --> 30:45.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% and many of them are looking into increasing use 30:45.433 --> 30:47.266 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% of robots in those processes. 30:47.266 --> 30:51.366 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% So a lot of demand for engineers right now, 30:51.366 --> 30:55.866 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% as fewer and fewer workers are willing to do those jobs, 30:55.866 --> 30:58.833 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and I think as most people are probably aware, 30:58.833 --> 31:01.533 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% like it's a lot of those refrigerated areas 31:01.533 --> 31:05.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% during peak COVID times was just conducive 31:05.400 --> 31:09.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% to spreading viruses, so particularly difficult place 31:09.033 --> 31:12.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% to work during the pandemic and people 31:12.466 --> 31:14.366 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% have not returned in the same numbers. 31:14.366 --> 31:16.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% - It's also has to put a lot of pressure on breeders too, 31:16.500 --> 31:19.133 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% to make like, a more homogenous crop so that 31:19.133 --> 31:22.066 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% they can be harvested uniformly by robots. 31:22.066 --> 31:24.500 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% - Oh, in terms of like plant production as well? 31:24.500 --> 31:25.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - Yeah, and livestock. 31:25.333 --> 31:26.533 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Yeah, livestock. 31:26.533 --> 31:27.366 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% Yeah, they have a uniform. 31:27.366 --> 31:28.800 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:20.63% - Size and. 31:28.800 --> 31:31.600 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - Yeah, and I think I just saw something in the news, 31:31.600 --> 31:33.800 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% a plant in South Dakota, a huge plant that I think 31:33.800 --> 31:36.866 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% is going to be employing a very significant amount 31:36.866 --> 31:38.533 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% of robotics for meat cutting. 31:38.533 --> 31:41.033 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% So it probably is gonna be. 31:41.033 --> 31:41.966 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - Changing the industry. 31:41.966 --> 31:42.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - Wave of the future. 31:42.800 --> 31:44.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Yeah, definitely. 31:44.633 --> 31:47.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - So Mary, and this is something that Abi 31:47.133 --> 31:49.466 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% might be able to comment on too. 31:49.466 --> 31:51.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% This is a question that came in from Billings. 31:51.333 --> 31:54.966 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% They have an old, very sick looking arbor vitae. 31:54.966 --> 31:57.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% The neighbor's arbor vitaes are green, 31:57.100 --> 31:58.633 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% but hers have gone from green to brown. 31:58.633 --> 32:00.200 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% It appears to be frostbite. 32:00.200 --> 32:04.233 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% If not, what could it be, and do you have tips to help this? 32:04.233 --> 32:05.300 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - I'll let Abi take that one. 32:05.300 --> 32:07.100 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% - Yeah, so we're seeing a lot of, 32:07.100 --> 32:10.866 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% our Schutter Diagnostic Lab is seeing a lot of samples 32:10.866 --> 32:13.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% of winter injury in a lot of our evergreens 32:13.700 --> 32:14.900 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% just across the state. 32:14.900 --> 32:16.966 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% We're seeing so much of this right now. 32:16.966 --> 32:20.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% So I would say, give it time, take a look at it, 32:20.400 --> 32:23.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% give it some TLC, make sure it's getting 32:23.566 --> 32:27.533 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% enough moisture right now, but a lot of our evergreens 32:27.533 --> 32:29.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% are showing a lot of that winter injury and are, 32:29.966 --> 32:31.033 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% have that browning in there. 32:31.033 --> 32:33.366 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - [Mary] Arbor vitae in particular seems to age. 32:33.366 --> 32:34.766 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - They're, yes. 32:34.766 --> 32:38.000 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% I've seen very few really excellent looking 32:38.000 --> 32:40.900 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% arbor vitae around, so yeah, I think they're pretty 32:40.900 --> 32:44.466 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% susceptible to some of these environmental conditions. 32:44.466 --> 32:48.000 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% - And I would say too, that, you know, she's comparing, 32:48.000 --> 32:50.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% or they're comparing theirs to their neighbors 32:50.333 --> 32:52.533 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and their neighbors might be in a little bit more 32:52.533 --> 32:55.400 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% protected location, might not have as intensive 32:55.400 --> 32:57.233 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% a southern exposure, you know? 32:57.233 --> 32:59.100 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% 'Cause I know some people will actually put burlap 32:59.100 --> 33:01.733 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% on the southern side of the arbor vitae in the winter 33:01.733 --> 33:04.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% to kind of give it a little bit of a sunscreen. 33:04.166 --> 33:07.333 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% So yeah, probably definitely a winter desiccation issue. 33:07.333 --> 33:08.933 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% - Yeah, that's what I would say. 33:08.933 --> 33:12.100 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - Also, what does boll damage look like on arbor vitae? 33:12.100 --> 33:14.433 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% Is there a specific pattern that you see? 33:15.700 --> 33:18.000 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% - I think in general, if you get significant boll damage, 33:18.000 --> 33:20.300 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% the whole plant or the whole tree will die, 33:20.300 --> 33:22.233 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% because it'll girdle them. - [Laurie] Okay. 33:22.233 --> 33:23.500 align:start position:44.38% line:10% size:9.38% Okay. 33:23.500 --> 33:24.500 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% - That's what, yeah, I would say. 33:24.500 --> 33:26.233 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% I don't know if there's a pattern other than seeing the. 33:26.233 --> 33:28.066 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - [Mary] The teeth marks. 33:28.066 --> 33:29.533 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - Yeah, yeah. 33:29.533 --> 33:31.000 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. 33:31.000 --> 33:35.033 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% - Okay, Laurie, from Billings, all of their plants this year 33:35.033 --> 33:38.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% are late and they've noticed very few bumblebees. 33:38.100 --> 33:41.766 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% Should he be concerned about the lack of bees? 33:41.766 --> 33:44.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% - Gosh, I think that might be a better question for Abi. 33:44.500 --> 33:46.166 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% Sorry to pass this over. 33:46.166 --> 33:47.000 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - Oh, what am I thinking? 33:47.000 --> 33:49.000 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% Abi really is kind of a bee specialist. 33:49.000 --> 33:50.133 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - Bee specialist here. 33:50.133 --> 33:52.533 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - So I would say, yeah, it's hard to say. 33:52.533 --> 33:56.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% There is a concern because the bumblebees, the queen bees 33:56.133 --> 33:59.200 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% right now are working on starting their new nests, 33:59.200 --> 34:02.300 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% starting their new colonies and with the seasons 34:02.300 --> 34:05.333 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% being so slow, there aren't that many flowering plants. 34:05.333 --> 34:09.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% So I would say it's hard to say it, how this is 34:09.666 --> 34:12.433 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% gonna affect bees, but it is something I was thinking 34:12.433 --> 34:15.933 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% about too, this season, wondering about food sources 34:15.933 --> 34:18.300 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% for bees right now, 'cause we were talking about 34:18.300 --> 34:20.400 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% hummingbirds earlier as well. 34:20.400 --> 34:22.600 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% People were seeing some hummingbirds and wondering 34:22.600 --> 34:26.266 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% if there's enough nectar out there for them to consume. 34:26.266 --> 34:28.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% So it's hard to say. 34:28.500 --> 34:31.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - My crab apple was just buzzing the other day. 34:31.666 --> 34:33.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% So there was at least some in my yard. 34:33.966 --> 34:35.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - That's fantastic. 34:35.500 --> 34:38.500 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - So probably, honeybees more on a crab apple or? 34:38.500 --> 34:40.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - I would say it, it all kinds of bees 34:40.566 --> 34:41.900 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% will visit crab apples. - All kinds of bees. 34:41.900 --> 34:42.733 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Yeah. 34:44.000 --> 34:45.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - Wonderful, wonderful. 34:45.033 --> 34:45.866 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% Well, I am excited because a question 34:45.866 --> 34:48.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% came in from Anaconda about potatoes. 34:48.566 --> 34:49.566 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% (Diane laughing) 34:49.566 --> 34:50.700 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% So they have heard that the, that potato plants 34:50.700 --> 34:52.433 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% stop growing after they bloom. 34:52.433 --> 34:56.600 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% Does this mean that only the aboveground plant does or, 34:56.600 --> 34:59.033 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% does quit growing or does it affect the tuber as well? 34:59.033 --> 35:02.433 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% Well, actually, after they bloom is when they really 35:02.433 --> 35:04.800 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% start bulking up and putting energy into the tubers. 35:04.800 --> 35:08.633 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% So usually if you're just going to be picking some, 35:08.633 --> 35:10.700 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% or digging some new potatoes for your garden, 35:10.700 --> 35:13.433 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% you'll start digging probably a week or two 35:13.433 --> 35:16.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% after the potatoes are blooming, but then as 35:16.700 --> 35:19.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% the summer progresses and later in the season, 35:19.800 --> 35:22.300 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% that's, you know, the vines will even start to kind of 35:22.300 --> 35:23.800 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% lay down and go down a little bit, 35:23.800 --> 35:25.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% but that's when the tubers are really, 35:25.100 --> 35:26.266 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% or the plants are really putting 35:26.266 --> 35:28.366 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% all of those carbohydrates down into the tubers. 35:28.366 --> 35:30.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% So they're absolutely still growing. 35:30.466 --> 35:33.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% So, just a lot more is going on underground 35:33.100 --> 35:34.666 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% than what you see above ground. 35:35.566 --> 35:38.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% So, back to Laurie. 35:38.166 --> 35:40.466 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% Wasps, are they active right now? 35:40.466 --> 35:42.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% This is a question that came in from Three Forks. 35:42.833 --> 35:43.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - Oh yes, they are active. 35:43.966 --> 35:48.566 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% So I've seen a European paper wasp and then actually 35:48.566 --> 35:52.300 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% I put my Western yellowjacket traps out about a week ago 35:52.300 --> 35:55.433 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and, maybe a week and a half ago, and June third was 35:55.433 --> 35:59.700 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% when I caught my first queen, Western yellowjacket queen, 35:59.700 --> 36:02.166 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% in Bozeman, so I figure that most other areas 36:02.166 --> 36:03.966 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% probably have queens active already. 36:03.966 --> 36:05.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% I haven't seen any bald faced hornets yet, 36:05.500 --> 36:07.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% but I think most people are concerned about 36:07.333 --> 36:09.333 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:20.63% the Western yellowjackets and not 36:09.333 --> 36:10.966 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% having those nests established. 36:10.966 --> 36:12.300 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% So yes, they're out. 36:12.300 --> 36:13.566 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. 36:13.566 --> 36:14.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - So putting out traps, 36:14.400 --> 36:16.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% would now still be a good time to do that, or? 36:16.700 --> 36:19.800 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - If you haven't put 'em out, you can still put 'em out now, 36:19.800 --> 36:21.300 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% and they'll still trap workers. 36:21.300 --> 36:22.666 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% So it'll cut down the population, 36:22.666 --> 36:25.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% but you really wanna try to get them out there. 36:25.200 --> 36:27.166 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% There's, the Queens are active, still active right now. 36:27.166 --> 36:30.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% So you will prevent them from starting new nests, 36:30.200 --> 36:32.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% but yeah, you could still put them out, 36:32.100 --> 36:35.866 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% but think about Memorial Day or a little bit sooner 36:35.866 --> 36:38.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% next year if you haven't put your traps out yet. 36:38.400 --> 36:43.066 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - Okay, so this is just a comment, again for Laurie, 36:43.066 --> 36:44.433 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% that came in from Missoula. 36:44.433 --> 36:46.600 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% Their Austrian pine started with brown tip 36:46.600 --> 36:48.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% three years ago and now it's nearly dead. 36:48.466 --> 36:49.300 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - [Laurie] Oh really? 36:49.300 --> 36:50.700 align:start position:44.38% line:10% size:9.38% Okay. 36:50.700 --> 36:51.700 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:20.63% - Yeah, so. 36:51.700 --> 36:53.000 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - Yeah, it's good if you're really worried about your tree, 36:53.000 --> 36:55.400 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% if you can get a sample from the top, we're more than happy 36:55.400 --> 36:57.533 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% to look at it at the Schutter Diagnostic Lab. 36:57.533 --> 36:59.866 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% So it's just been a case by case basis, 36:59.866 --> 37:03.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and if it is a bark beetle, that will kill your tree, 37:03.500 --> 37:05.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% but it's just been all across the board 37:05.500 --> 37:08.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% as far as environmental conditions, but yeah, 37:08.033 --> 37:10.300 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% if you're worried about your tree, please send it in. 37:10.300 --> 37:11.633 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. 37:11.633 --> 37:13.133 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% Okay, very good. 37:13.133 --> 37:17.166 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% For Diane, from Bozeman, there have been a lot of stories 37:17.166 --> 37:20.466 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% again in the news about unemployment and then also 37:20.466 --> 37:23.200 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% about labor force participation. 37:23.200 --> 37:24.566 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% Can you tell us what the difference is 37:24.566 --> 37:27.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% between unemployment and labor force participation? 37:27.666 --> 37:29.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - Yeah, it is a little bit confusing because the way 37:29.933 --> 37:32.066 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% we measure the unemployment rate, 37:32.066 --> 37:37.100 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% it's based on workers who are actually actively looking 37:37.400 --> 37:39.866 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% for a job, but not employed. 37:39.866 --> 37:43.700 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% So if someone has left the labor force entirely, 37:43.700 --> 37:46.633 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% they would not be counted in the unemployment rate. 37:46.633 --> 37:48.266 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% So if they quit looking for a job, 37:48.266 --> 37:50.066 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% they just leave the labor force. 37:50.066 --> 37:52.433 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% So we could have a very low unemployment rate 37:52.433 --> 37:55.766 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% as we do right now have a low unemployment rate, 37:55.766 --> 37:59.100 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% but labor force participation rate is also low. 37:59.100 --> 38:01.100 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% So there are many people who dropped out of 38:01.100 --> 38:04.300 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% the workforce entirely during the pandemic. 38:04.300 --> 38:07.600 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Some of these were, you know, people who were close 38:07.600 --> 38:10.566 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% to retirement age and decided to retire a little bit earlier 38:10.566 --> 38:14.366 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% than they planned, and some of them are people, you know, 38:14.366 --> 38:16.800 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% a lot of people have termed it the Great Reassessment, 38:16.800 --> 38:20.766 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% so quitting their jobs, thinking about what they want to do 38:20.766 --> 38:24.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% with their future, more career path oriented, perhaps, 38:24.833 --> 38:29.366 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% and then there's another term that I heard some economists 38:29.366 --> 38:33.066 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% talking about recently, a Great Reshuffle, in which 38:33.066 --> 38:34.933 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% they noticed that there are a lot of people 38:34.933 --> 38:38.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% who quit their jobs, but other people who are joining 38:38.200 --> 38:40.366 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% and just a high turnover rate. 38:40.366 --> 38:43.166 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% So if you think about in terms of productivity, 38:43.166 --> 38:46.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% if people are staying in a job for just a few months, 38:46.966 --> 38:49.033 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% it's about how long it takes to train them 38:49.033 --> 38:50.266 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and then they might be leaving again. 38:50.266 --> 38:52.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% So we have, you know, early retirement, 38:52.966 --> 38:55.833 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% we have people just reassessing their futures 38:55.833 --> 38:57.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% and maybe not back in the workforce yet, 38:57.633 --> 39:00.300 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and then we have this reshuffling and all of these 39:00.300 --> 39:02.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% are reducing total economic output. 39:02.266 --> 39:06.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% So there is some concern and in terms of how much 39:06.333 --> 39:09.000 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% we're actually producing, it's gonna be challenging 39:09.000 --> 39:11.000 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% to get these supply chains straightened out. 39:11.000 --> 39:11.833 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% - Yeah, exactly. 39:11.833 --> 39:12.966 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - [Diane] While we have this lower 39:12.966 --> 39:14.866 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% labor force participation rate. 39:14.866 --> 39:18.766 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - Yeah, because where are the workers going to come from? 39:18.766 --> 39:21.500 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% Yeah, it's definitely a big question. 39:21.500 --> 39:26.033 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% From Hardin, this grower has spots 39:26.033 --> 39:27.433 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% on the leaves of their barley. 39:27.433 --> 39:30.133 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% Should they spray a fungicide? 39:30.133 --> 39:34.533 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - Fungicide recommendations generally depend on 39:34.533 --> 39:37.166 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% what your potential yield is. 39:37.166 --> 39:40.133 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% So assess what the cost of the application is, 39:40.133 --> 39:42.566 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% what your potential yield is, and then see if 39:42.566 --> 39:44.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% it's gonna pencil, and what you expect 39:44.500 --> 39:48.866 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% your yield savings to be from application. 39:48.866 --> 39:52.533 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% Early in the growing season, sometimes it doesn't pay 39:52.533 --> 39:56.133 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% directly, but that flag leaf is what you wanna protect. 39:56.133 --> 39:59.600 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% That said, if it's really severe, you probably wanna put 39:59.600 --> 40:00.866 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% a fungicide on it, probably when, 40:00.866 --> 40:02.833 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% with your herbicide application. 40:02.833 --> 40:04.033 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. 40:04.033 --> 40:08.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% Okay, a question about hostas from Fort Benton. 40:08.100 --> 40:10.000 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% They have three hostas on the west, 40:10.000 --> 40:12.333 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% southwest side of their house. 40:12.333 --> 40:17.333 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% Can you tell them why their hostas are not doing well 40:18.500 --> 40:21.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% on the south or the west side of their house? 40:21.333 --> 40:23.266 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - It would, I'd say it's hard to say. 40:23.266 --> 40:25.633 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% If they've been healthy for a while 40:25.633 --> 40:28.233 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% and they're just starting to decline now, 40:28.233 --> 40:30.300 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% it could be a few things. 40:30.300 --> 40:34.033 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% Usually my hostas do better in the shady environment. 40:34.033 --> 40:37.333 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% So if they're facing that west, southwest side, you know, 40:37.333 --> 40:39.300 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% maybe they're drying out a little bit more. 40:39.300 --> 40:41.066 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% Maybe they need a little bit more moisture 40:41.066 --> 40:43.766 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% or maybe they're just slow, like a lot of our plants. 40:43.766 --> 40:47.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% My hosts just started to spring back up 40:47.100 --> 40:49.633 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% right now this past weekend. 40:49.633 --> 40:54.666 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% So I would say maybe reach out to your local extension agent 40:55.033 --> 40:57.733 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and see if you can work with them to get to the bottom 40:57.733 --> 40:59.266 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% of what might be going on there. 40:59.266 --> 41:01.033 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% - Right, and just probably try 41:01.033 --> 41:05.200 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% a shadier aspect of the house too. 41:05.200 --> 41:06.333 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - Yeah, yeah. 41:06.333 --> 41:09.366 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - Yeah, I think that would be a good recommendation. 41:09.366 --> 41:14.366 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% So from Great Falls, Laurie, what would you use as 41:14.366 --> 41:17.200 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% an attractant in your was traps? 41:17.200 --> 41:21.066 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - Oh, if you buy the wasp trap, it's a yellow trap 41:21.066 --> 41:23.700 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and the attractant comes with the trap and it's, 41:23.700 --> 41:27.533 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% the chemical's called heptyl butyrate and that's, 41:27.533 --> 41:31.466 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% it's, that's it just, you, I think you just squeeze it 41:31.466 --> 41:34.100 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% onto a cotton ball and that'll attract the wasp. 41:34.100 --> 41:36.500 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% It doesn't attract bees or any other species. 41:36.500 --> 41:39.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% It does do another Vespula species and, 41:39.933 --> 41:42.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% but it's not something that's common in Montana, so. 41:42.200 --> 41:44.366 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% It comes with the trap. 41:44.366 --> 41:45.500 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. 41:45.500 --> 41:49.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Okay, Diane, so we hear a lot of talk about how 41:49.666 --> 41:53.866 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% supply chain issues are affecting us as consumers. 41:53.866 --> 41:57.500 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% How are supply chain issues affecting producers? 41:57.500 --> 42:00.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - Sure, I think one of the classic examples right now 42:00.966 --> 42:03.366 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% has been the fertilizer supply. 42:03.366 --> 42:06.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% We just don't have as much fertilizer this year, 42:06.233 --> 42:08.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% so it's been more expensive. 42:08.233 --> 42:10.133 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% So as things are less available, 42:10.133 --> 42:14.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% the price goes up, but also equipment. 42:14.500 --> 42:17.933 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% A lot of equipment we might import from abroad 42:17.933 --> 42:20.200 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% or the supply chains just might be kind of 42:20.200 --> 42:21.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% in disorder right now. 42:21.233 --> 42:26.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% So for producers, this can be very frustrating. 42:26.600 --> 42:28.800 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% Sometimes if it's essential input, 42:28.800 --> 42:32.866 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% we might see less, less production. 42:32.866 --> 42:34.833 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% So we're definitely hoping for the best here, 42:34.833 --> 42:38.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% but this is definitely a huge difficulty 42:38.233 --> 42:40.700 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% in all industries, including agriculture. 42:40.700 --> 42:42.466 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:20.63% - For sure. 42:42.466 --> 42:45.866 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% This could be a question for Mary or Abi. 42:45.866 --> 42:48.033 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% This is a question for, from Wolf Point. 42:48.033 --> 42:50.500 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% They have a Ponderosa pine that is starting to leak 42:50.500 --> 42:53.366 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% a lot of clear sap along the bottom half of the tree, 42:53.366 --> 42:55.900 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% but they don't see any signs of in insect damage. 42:55.900 --> 42:58.200 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% Do you have any idea why this tree 42:58.200 --> 42:59.833 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% would be losing a lot of sap? 43:00.800 --> 43:04.366 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - I would, usually when they're losing sap, 43:04.366 --> 43:07.166 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% there's some sort of a physical injury, whether that's 43:07.166 --> 43:09.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% through insects or some other mechanical damage. 43:09.833 --> 43:12.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% - [Mary] High winds, like, sand, soil blowing. 43:12.966 --> 43:14.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - Yeah, that's possible. 43:14.033 --> 43:15.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% Yeah, high winds. 43:15.266 --> 43:16.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - Especially if it's the lower part of the tree. 43:16.233 --> 43:18.866 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Yeah, so it's, it would be hard to say. 43:18.866 --> 43:19.800 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - They could check if it was more on 43:19.800 --> 43:21.533 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% the western side of the tree. 43:21.533 --> 43:22.866 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - Yeah, yeah. 43:22.866 --> 43:24.466 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% It is interesting that they're not really seeing 43:24.466 --> 43:26.866 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% any signs of injury, I mean, and this is the time of year 43:26.866 --> 43:30.300 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% where the sap is kind of like rising in the tree, so. 43:31.433 --> 43:33.233 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - At least they got enough water to get sap. 43:33.233 --> 43:36.466 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - Yeah, I guess, I guess that's a good thing. 43:36.466 --> 43:40.100 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:22.5% So Laurie, a question from Denton. 43:40.100 --> 43:42.666 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% Can you talk about the outlook for grasshoppers this year? 43:42.666 --> 43:44.500 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - Whew, yeah. 43:44.500 --> 43:46.766 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% I'm not a very good grasshopper predictor at all. 43:46.766 --> 43:48.800 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% So I'll just throw that out there, 43:48.800 --> 43:50.766 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% but we have had a really wet spring and when we have 43:50.766 --> 43:53.466 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% a consistently wet spring, that will often create a lot 43:53.466 --> 43:58.633 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% of natural fungi that will, that are, 43:58.633 --> 44:00.300 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% that will attack the grasshoppers. 44:00.300 --> 44:04.266 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% So I think it looks better that we had 44:04.266 --> 44:07.200 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% an extended rain season in most areas in Montana for the, 44:07.200 --> 44:08.966 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% it just depends on what you're talking about. 44:08.966 --> 44:11.433 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% Oh, Denton, I don't know how much rain Denton's had, 44:11.433 --> 44:14.200 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% but if it's, if they've had a wet spring, like we've had, 44:14.200 --> 44:16.300 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% then it it'll look a little bit better 44:16.300 --> 44:18.066 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% for the grasshopper situation, but we also had 44:18.066 --> 44:20.200 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% so many grasshoppers over wintering that. 44:20.200 --> 44:21.633 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - [Nina] Right. 44:21.633 --> 44:22.700 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - We're still gonna have some grasshopper pressure, but. 44:22.700 --> 44:24.633 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - From watching the weather maps, 44:24.633 --> 44:26.133 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% my family is from central Montana. 44:26.133 --> 44:27.833 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% It seems like they're kind of on the edge 44:27.833 --> 44:28.866 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% of getting this rain. 44:28.866 --> 44:30.833 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% They're, they've been getting a little bit. 44:30.833 --> 44:32.100 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. 44:32.100 --> 44:33.366 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - But not, not in, not a lot. 44:33.366 --> 44:34.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% They haven't been really nice and wet. 44:34.933 --> 44:37.400 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - Yeah, it'll probably be, there will probably be 44:37.400 --> 44:40.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% some grasshopper pressure there, unfortunately. 44:40.133 --> 44:41.866 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:20.63% - So, okay. 44:41.866 --> 44:46.866 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% Okay, so Abi, let's see. 44:51.433 --> 44:53.366 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% Yes, oh, how to preserve honeybees. 44:53.366 --> 44:55.433 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% They are getting into their basement. 44:55.433 --> 44:57.733 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% This is from Butte, probably because it's cool and wet. 44:57.733 --> 45:00.166 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% How they, how can they save them safely, 45:00.166 --> 45:02.700 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% but also get them out of their home? 45:02.700 --> 45:04.300 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - That's a good question. 45:04.300 --> 45:06.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% I would say contact a local beekeeper. 45:06.500 --> 45:10.200 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% A lot of local beekeepers will come and take 45:10.200 --> 45:14.066 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% those honey bees and rehome them, or you can reach out 45:14.066 --> 45:17.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% to like a local beekeeping club if you know one. 45:17.933 --> 45:20.733 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% There are a few beekeeping clubs across the state 45:20.733 --> 45:25.133 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% that are pretty active, but in, from what I know, 45:25.133 --> 45:28.533 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% beekeepers would be happy to take those bees off 45:28.533 --> 45:33.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% someone's hands and just take them and put them 45:33.333 --> 45:37.166 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% in a new hive and try to get them established over there. 45:37.166 --> 45:38.533 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. 45:38.533 --> 45:43.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% This is a question for Diane that came in from Great Falls, 45:43.500 --> 45:48.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% like, relative to inflation, how much do you see 45:49.533 --> 45:54.500 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% wage and salary increases in, 45:54.500 --> 45:57.166 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% changing for agriculture workers over time? 45:57.166 --> 45:59.766 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% Do you think that they're going to be able 45:59.766 --> 46:02.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% to keep pace with inflation or are they 46:02.500 --> 46:05.100 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% gonna be a little bit disconnected? 46:05.100 --> 46:09.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - Yeah, so I think that the past couple decades 46:09.033 --> 46:11.633 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:18.75% we've seen agricultural wages rise 46:11.633 --> 46:13.433 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% more quickly than inflation. 46:13.433 --> 46:17.866 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% However, obviously inflation is going at a much more 46:17.866 --> 46:20.600 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% rapid pace right now than it has the past couple decades. 46:20.600 --> 46:25.600 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% So the, for H-2A workers, those workers have to be paid 46:27.333 --> 46:29.633 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% what's called the adverse effect wage rate, 46:29.633 --> 46:31.333 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% which is set by the Department of Labor, 46:31.333 --> 46:35.200 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and it's based on the agricultural worker 46:35.200 --> 46:39.800 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and so that will probably rise similar to inflation 46:39.800 --> 46:43.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and increasing wage rates in similar jobs. 46:43.100 --> 46:48.100 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% So we, I think we can expect farm wages to rise similar 46:50.033 --> 46:55.033 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% with the wages of all the other similar jobs of, you know, 46:55.033 --> 46:57.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% being similar jobs, probably construction 46:57.466 --> 47:00.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and service industries, jobs that don't require 47:00.033 --> 47:02.333 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% high levels of education. 47:02.333 --> 47:03.966 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. 47:03.966 --> 47:07.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% Mary, also coming in from central Montana, 47:07.233 --> 47:10.700 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:45% what is the wheat streak mosaic outlook for this year? 47:10.700 --> 47:13.566 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - We've had a couple of samples come into the clinic, 47:13.566 --> 47:17.033 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% but mostly from situations where they had grazed it 47:17.033 --> 47:18.400 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and they knew they had a problem, 47:18.400 --> 47:23.133 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% and then the crop this spring showed symptoms. 47:23.133 --> 47:24.800 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% We've had three years of drought, 47:24.800 --> 47:27.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% so we don't have much of the vector. 47:27.266 --> 47:30.366 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% So unless you've kind of created a green bridge situation, 47:30.366 --> 47:33.400 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% I don't see much wheat streak. 47:33.400 --> 47:35.000 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. 47:35.000 --> 47:39.100 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% There's a fairly recent publication that's been put out 47:39.100 --> 47:44.100 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% by Extension, and Abi's got a copy of it here right now, 47:44.433 --> 47:47.133 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% and I actually have a copy of this on my coffee table, 47:47.133 --> 47:49.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and it's really, really a wonderful resource 47:49.200 --> 47:53.366 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% for pest problems on ornamentals. 47:53.366 --> 47:55.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Yeah, so this is put together by Laurie 47:55.566 --> 47:58.200 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and the other ladies at the Schutter Diagnostic Lab, 47:58.200 --> 48:01.166 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and it's really, really nice publication that goes 48:01.166 --> 48:04.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% through pest problems and just identifying 48:04.166 --> 48:06.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% plants here in Montana. 48:06.533 --> 48:08.933 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% This is available at the MSU Extension store. 48:08.933 --> 48:12.133 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% So this is not available at those local Extension offices. 48:12.133 --> 48:14.200 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:30% So if you want a copy, they're free. 48:14.200 --> 48:18.100 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% you go to the MSU Extension bookstore and you can just 48:18.100 --> 48:20.000 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:33.75% order it there and then pay for shipping 48:20.000 --> 48:21.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and it'll come to you, or you can pick it up 48:21.966 --> 48:24.166 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% in person as well from Bozeman. 48:24.166 --> 48:25.633 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - [Mary] And there's a PDF available as well. 48:25.633 --> 48:27.600 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% - There is the PDF available online as well, if you want, 48:27.600 --> 48:29.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% if you don't want, but I have one in my car, 48:29.700 --> 48:32.133 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% I have one in my house and one in my office, and. 48:32.133 --> 48:33.633 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - Yeah, it's an amazing resource, 48:33.633 --> 48:35.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% especially when you consider the price, so. 48:35.466 --> 48:36.366 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - Absolutely. 48:37.200 --> 48:38.300 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - It's the best deal in town. 48:38.300 --> 48:40.933 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% So, Laurie, I think you have another show and tell. 48:40.933 --> 48:42.333 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - I do, yeah. 48:42.333 --> 48:47.466 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% I, this came in from Gallatin Gateway and this is actually, 48:47.466 --> 48:51.866 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% I, the phone call came in and he was saying that 48:51.866 --> 48:55.700 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% he had a bunch of beetles and some frass and things 48:55.700 --> 48:58.933 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% of that sort, insect excrement coming in, 48:58.933 --> 49:02.766 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% and he's has an 1890s home in Gallatin Gateway, 49:02.766 --> 49:06.600 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% and I'm trying to get this even here. 49:06.600 --> 49:09.933 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% So the spider beetle on this, the cause from this, 49:09.933 --> 49:13.033 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% this spider beetle, which you see in this, 49:13.033 --> 49:16.066 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% in the white container here, these spider beetles 49:16.066 --> 49:17.233 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% were burrowing into the wood and creating 49:17.233 --> 49:20.966 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:56.25% all this insect excrement, and this home had been abandoned 49:20.966 --> 49:24.033 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% for quite a while and not really doing too much 49:24.033 --> 49:26.000 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:45% structural damage to the wood, but he said the beetles 49:26.000 --> 49:29.566 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% were pretty much everywhere and the insect excrement 49:29.566 --> 49:33.266 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% and the sawdust was everywhere too, and then also 49:33.266 --> 49:35.333 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% in addition to this, there were a bunch of another beetle 49:35.333 --> 49:37.866 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% called the carpet beetle, and so not something 49:37.866 --> 49:41.366 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% that we typically see in our, as for, 49:41.366 --> 49:44.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% it's not really considered that much of a wood borer, 49:44.133 --> 49:46.733 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% but it does, it is kind of excavating in the wood 49:46.733 --> 49:49.400 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and for a home that's abandoned like that, 49:49.400 --> 49:51.700 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% the spider beetles just completely took over. 49:51.700 --> 49:55.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - So I did not think of this until now, 49:55.100 --> 49:58.366 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% but I knew somebody that in their basement, 49:58.366 --> 50:00.533 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% the people that had built the basement had actually put 50:00.533 --> 50:04.500 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% carpeting like, up the walls and onto the ceiling, 50:04.500 --> 50:07.633 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% and I think they might have gotten those like, 50:07.633 --> 50:09.866 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% into the studs and everything, I mean, and created, 50:09.866 --> 50:14.866 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% like they got hundreds of pounds of like, frass and wood 50:16.200 --> 50:18.700 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and chips and things like that that came out of it. 50:18.700 --> 50:19.866 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Yeah. 50:19.866 --> 50:20.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - I'm wondering if that's the same thing. 50:20.733 --> 50:21.766 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - Yeah, this, they're scavengers. 50:21.766 --> 50:26.766 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% So they feed on lint, carpet, pet fur, other insects, 50:27.566 --> 50:30.166 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and yeah, they can really. - [Nina] Yeah. 50:30.166 --> 50:31.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - They can really build up. 50:31.233 --> 50:32.566 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% That's the first time I've seen a sample like that, 50:32.566 --> 50:33.966 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% where they've been that heavy and then the whole 50:33.966 --> 50:35.866 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% insect world comes in and they decompose. 50:35.866 --> 50:36.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - Right, exactly. 50:36.933 --> 50:39.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% Yeah, it was a huge, huge issue and yeah, 50:39.633 --> 50:43.066 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% it was yeah, pretty almost terrifying to hear about 50:43.066 --> 50:45.333 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% an infestation like that, that could happen in your home. 50:45.333 --> 50:48.566 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - Yeah, yeah, and I think this person will be okay 50:48.566 --> 50:49.400 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% because they're doing a remodel. 50:49.400 --> 50:52.566 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% So it's getting rid of the source and putting new wood in 50:52.566 --> 50:54.966 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% will be very helpful in this situation, 50:54.966 --> 50:57.766 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% and I think they will call a pest control professional 50:57.766 --> 50:59.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% to kind of really target those areas 50:59.900 --> 51:01.000 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% to get rid of the beetles and make sure 51:01.000 --> 51:01.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% they're not gonna have a problem, 51:01.933 --> 51:03.566 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% but they're not boring into the woods. 51:03.566 --> 51:06.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% So they're not causing any structural damage but they will 51:06.500 --> 51:10.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% be around if they're not taken care of properly. 51:10.233 --> 51:11.500 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:22.5% - Wow, yeah. 51:11.500 --> 51:12.333 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:22.5% Interesting. 51:12.333 --> 51:15.600 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% From Ronan, for Diane, can you think of any other time 51:15.600 --> 51:18.666 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% in history where agriculture has had a labor shortage 51:18.666 --> 51:22.066 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% like this and how it has been creatively handled? 51:22.066 --> 51:23.466 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% Is there any precedent for what 51:23.466 --> 51:25.200 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% we're going through right now? 51:25.200 --> 51:28.900 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - Well, I think these times seem somewhat unique, 51:28.900 --> 51:32.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% particularly as in our, the country that supplies 51:32.233 --> 51:34.833 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% our farm labor is transitioning out of farm work. 51:34.833 --> 51:38.166 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% So I think kind of taking a more global context, you said, 51:38.166 --> 51:40.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% like the United States imports workers from Mexico. 51:40.800 --> 51:43.700 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% If we go to Europe, the UK brings in farm workers 51:43.700 --> 51:45.700 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% from Poland and eastern Europe, 51:45.700 --> 51:49.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and New Zealand brings workers from other 51:49.966 --> 51:52.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% south Pacific islands, so this is sort of 51:52.233 --> 51:56.433 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:52.5% a normal phenomenon, but now we're reaching this new phase 51:56.433 --> 51:59.566 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% where our source country's transitioning out of farm work, 51:59.566 --> 52:02.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and then we have the pandemic on top of that, 52:02.100 --> 52:05.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:33.75% which makes things pretty complicated. 52:05.133 --> 52:10.133 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% Back in the 1960s, in 1964, the Bracero guest worker program 52:11.466 --> 52:14.333 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% between Mexico and the United States was actually terminated 52:14.333 --> 52:19.500 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% kind of abruptly, and so farm employers were very, you know, 52:19.500 --> 52:21.266 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:37.5% stressed about this, of what would they do 52:21.266 --> 52:25.466 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% to actually harvest their crops if they couldn't bring in 52:25.466 --> 52:28.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% workers through the Bracero program, and there were 52:28.500 --> 52:30.300 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% a couple outcomes from this. 52:30.300 --> 52:34.133 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% One of them was the creation of the tomato harvester. 52:34.133 --> 52:36.833 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% So, all of our processing tomatoes used to be 52:36.833 --> 52:41.833 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% picked by hand, but with work from some 52:42.100 --> 52:44.266 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:22.5% agricultural engineers at UC Davis, 52:44.266 --> 52:47.533 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% and along with plant breeders, you were talking about 52:47.533 --> 52:49.800 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% breeding more uniform crops. 52:49.800 --> 52:51.866 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - We learned about this in school. 52:51.866 --> 52:53.066 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% (panel chuckling) 52:53.066 --> 52:54.033 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Yeah, yeah, it's a classic one. 52:54.033 --> 52:56.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% So yeah, they created a tomato harvester, 52:56.466 --> 53:00.033 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% much more efficient, really changed the way 53:00.033 --> 53:03.466 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% that we do tomato processing now, 53:03.466 --> 53:07.166 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% harvesting and processing, really expanded that industry. 53:07.166 --> 53:09.766 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% So one of the major outcomes of the end of 53:09.766 --> 53:11.966 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% the Bracero program was this mechanization, 53:11.966 --> 53:14.733 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% tomato harvester being a really classic example. 53:14.733 --> 53:17.866 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% Also created a lot of jobs in the processing industry. 53:17.866 --> 53:21.166 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% So I think there's kind of this overall assumption 53:21.166 --> 53:24.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% that when we talk about mechanization and robots 53:24.833 --> 53:27.033 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% that it's taking away jobs, it can also create jobs 53:27.033 --> 53:29.000 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% maybe further down the supply chain 53:29.000 --> 53:32.500 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% or someone who has to operate that machinery. 53:32.500 --> 53:35.566 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% So we're changing maybe the skills that are needed. 53:35.566 --> 53:39.633 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:48.75% So I think that's a really classic example and sort of 53:39.633 --> 53:44.666 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% a helpful example for how innovation can 53:45.033 --> 53:47.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% some of these issues. 53:47.166 --> 53:48.500 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:15% - Great. 53:48.500 --> 53:49.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% Thank you, Diane, and probably just time 53:49.733 --> 53:53.266 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% for one more question, and this is a follow up since 53:53.266 --> 53:56.266 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% we've been talking quite a bit about hornets and wasps. 53:56.266 --> 53:59.733 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% From Lockwood, referring to the previous conversation 53:59.733 --> 54:02.133 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% about hornet traps with pheromones in them, 54:02.133 --> 54:04.700 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% if you've not seen a lot of hornets yet, 54:04.700 --> 54:07.566 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% is it not something that you should put out at this time 54:07.566 --> 54:09.633 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% or should you be proactive and put it out 54:09.633 --> 54:12.333 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:30% before you start seeing the problem? 54:12.333 --> 54:13.433 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% - Yeah, I'd put 'em out now. 54:13.433 --> 54:15.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% Yeah, so, and again, it's just gonna trap 54:15.400 --> 54:16.333 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% the Western yellow jacket. 54:16.333 --> 54:18.033 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% So it's not gonna trap bald faced hornets. 54:18.033 --> 54:20.300 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% It's not gonna trap the European paper wasp. 54:20.300 --> 54:22.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Those are the two other really common ones, but yeah. 54:22.266 --> 54:24.733 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% Get it out now and that'll keep any nest from forming 54:24.733 --> 54:27.533 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% around your property and probably 54:27.533 --> 54:28.600 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% your neighbor's property too. 54:28.600 --> 54:30.133 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% So it's not too late. 54:30.133 --> 54:32.300 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% Don't wait and you just might not, 54:32.300 --> 54:34.900 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% they might not be attracted to anything on your yard, 54:34.900 --> 54:38.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% but then if you put the trap out, it'll get 'em, so. 54:38.833 --> 54:40.133 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - That's great. 54:40.133 --> 54:41.200 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% That's good to know. 54:41.200 --> 54:42.800 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% So we just have a tiny bit of time left. 54:42.800 --> 54:45.900 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% Diane, anything that you can add in just a few seconds 54:45.900 --> 54:48.866 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% about what we haven't talked about today. 54:48.866 --> 54:50.800 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Oh, we've covered some good topics. 54:50.800 --> 54:54.300 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% No, I love thinking about farm labor markets. 54:54.300 --> 54:57.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% You know, agriculture is really unique, 54:57.166 --> 54:58.800 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% particularly in the sense that there's 54:58.800 --> 55:00.366 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% a lot of uncertainty and risk. 55:00.366 --> 55:03.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% I think everybody here can agree with that, 55:03.166 --> 55:05.366 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and then it does create some interesting challenges 55:05.366 --> 55:07.866 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% with labor as well, because farmer doesn't necessarily know 55:07.866 --> 55:10.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% exactly how many workers they will need and when 55:10.533 --> 55:13.200 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% they will need them, and from the workers' perspective, 55:13.200 --> 55:14.833 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% that also creates some uncertainty. 55:14.833 --> 55:18.066 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% So interesting challenges and interesting and challenges, 55:18.066 --> 55:19.500 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% challenges with agriculture overall 55:19.500 --> 55:21.600 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% with all of their inputs. 55:21.600 --> 55:23.133 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - Okay, thank you so much, Diane. 55:23.133 --> 55:25.233 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% Please tune in with us next week. 55:25.233 --> 55:27.966 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% Our show is gonna be on the beef industry in Montana 55:27.966 --> 55:31.633 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:41.25% and Chaley Harney, who is the executive director 55:31.633 --> 55:34.066 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% of the Montana Beef Council will be the special guest. 55:34.066 --> 55:35.100 align:start position:40.62% line:10% size:18.75% Thank you. 55:36.700 --> 55:40.566 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% - [Narrator] Visit MontanaPBS.org/AgLive. 55:40.566 --> 55:43.133 align:start position:36.88% line:84.67% size:26.25% (folksy music) 56:10.700 --> 56:12.566 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% - [Announcer] "Montana Ag Live" is made possible by 56:12.566 --> 56:15.833 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% the Montana Department of Agriculture, 56:15.833 --> 56:19.933 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% the MSU Extension service, 56:19.933 --> 56:22.500 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% the MSU Ag Experiment Stations 56:22.500 --> 56:24.000 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% of the College of Agriculture, 56:25.300 --> 56:27.600 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% the Montana Wheat & Barley Committee, 56:27.600 --> 56:30.200 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% Cashman Nursery and Landscaping, 56:31.666 --> 56:34.266 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% the Northern Pulse Growers Association, 56:35.166 --> 56:37.433 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% and the Gallatin Gardeners Club. 56:40.200 --> 56:42.366 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:28.13% (playful music)