WEBVTT 00:00.933 --> 00:03.500 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% - [Announcer] Montana AG live is made possible by 00:04.700 --> 00:07.533 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% the Montana Department of Agriculture, 00:07.533 --> 00:10.133 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% the MSU Extension Service, 00:10.133 --> 00:12.100 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% the MSU AG Experiment Stations 00:12.100 --> 00:13.666 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% of the College of Agriculture, 00:14.533 --> 00:16.500 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% the Montana Wheat and Barley Committee, 00:17.466 --> 00:19.300 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% the Montana Bankers Association, 00:20.300 --> 00:22.133 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% Cashman Nursery and Landscaping, 00:23.066 --> 00:24.900 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% and the Gallatin Gardeners Club. 00:25.966 --> 00:29.133 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:39.38% (smooth guitar music) 00:32.433 --> 00:34.400 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% ♪ If your herbicides and fungicides ♪ 00:34.400 --> 00:36.233 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% ♪ And pesticides are old ♪ 00:36.233 --> 00:39.600 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% ♪ The veggies you are growing in your garden start to mold ♪ 00:39.600 --> 00:43.566 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% ♪ If the ants are attacking and you're having a hard time ♪ 00:43.566 --> 00:47.000 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:45% ♪ Call Montana AG Live ♪ 00:47.000 --> 00:50.466 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% ♪ Knapweed in the ditch and the old bull's got an itch ♪ 00:50.466 --> 00:53.966 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% ♪ Ticks upon my sheep and the wool is really cheap ♪ 00:53.966 --> 00:58.200 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% ♪ The gophers in the pasture are even worse than last year ♪ 00:58.200 --> 01:02.166 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% ♪ Montana AG Live where are you ♪ 01:02.166 --> 01:05.333 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:39.38% (smooth guitar music) 01:11.366 --> 01:14.166 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% - Good evening and welcome to Montana AG Live 01:14.166 --> 01:17.066 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% coming to you from the beautiful studio 01:17.066 --> 01:19.433 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% at Montana State University. 01:19.433 --> 01:21.666 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:39.38% We are a PBS program. 01:21.666 --> 01:24.333 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% This is a call-in program so you guys get the opportunity 01:24.333 --> 01:26.700 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% to drive the agenda of our program. 01:26.700 --> 01:29.133 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% We've assembled a great panel of experts today. 01:29.133 --> 01:30.466 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:39.38% We have Mary Burrows, 01:30.466 --> 01:33.333 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% who is our extension plant pathologist. 01:33.333 --> 01:35.166 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% She works with small grains 01:35.166 --> 01:38.300 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% and is also overseeing the pulse diagnostic lab. 01:38.300 --> 01:41.566 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% So anything in that realm shoot it towards her. 01:41.566 --> 01:44.266 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% Also any garden diseases things like that. 01:44.266 --> 01:47.666 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% Anton Bekkerman is our special guest today. 01:47.666 --> 01:49.200 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:39.38% He is an AG economist 01:49.200 --> 01:51.833 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% specializing in agricultural trade issues 01:51.833 --> 01:55.333 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% and he is currently serving as the associate director 01:55.333 --> 01:57.266 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% of the Montana AG Experiment Station. 01:57.266 --> 02:00.800 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% So you can ask him questions about both of those jobs. 02:00.800 --> 02:05.766 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% Laurie Kerzicnik is our extension insect ID person. 02:08.433 --> 02:09.466 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:24.38% And she won't disappoint you today, 02:09.466 --> 02:10.966 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% she'll have some great show and tells 02:10.966 --> 02:14.133 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% and talk to us about insect problems. 02:14.133 --> 02:16.333 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% Toby Day our extension horticulturalist. 02:16.333 --> 02:20.433 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% Everything yard, garden, you can give that to Toby. 02:20.433 --> 02:24.433 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% And I am Director of the Montana Seed Potato Program. 02:24.433 --> 02:27.566 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% So any potato questions that you have for me 02:27.566 --> 02:28.700 align:start position:33.12% line:84.67% size:31.88% please feel free. 02:31.500 --> 02:34.700 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% Our phone panel today is Cheryl Moore-Gough 02:34.700 --> 02:36.733 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% Cheryl Bennett and Don Mathre. 02:36.733 --> 02:38.366 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% So please get those phones ringing 02:38.366 --> 02:39.933 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% and get those questions in. 02:39.933 --> 02:42.366 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% So first we'll go back to Anton. 02:42.366 --> 02:45.666 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% And Anton, can you talk to us a little bit 02:45.666 --> 02:48.066 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% both about your position at MSU AG Econ 02:48.066 --> 02:50.433 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% and then also with the AG Experiment Station? 02:50.433 --> 02:51.633 align:start position:42.5% line:84.67% size:13.13% - Sure. 02:51.633 --> 02:52.766 align:start position:36.88% line:84.67% size:24.38% Thanks, yeah. 02:52.766 --> 02:54.766 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% So I'm in the agricultural economics 02:54.766 --> 02:57.133 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% in the economics department, that's my home department. 02:57.133 --> 02:59.100 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% I've been there about 10 years. 02:59.100 --> 03:03.700 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% My research focuses on marketing issues. 03:03.700 --> 03:06.733 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% So why do prices do what they do? 03:07.900 --> 03:09.000 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% Why do they go up? 03:09.000 --> 03:10.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% Why do they become more volatile? 03:10.733 --> 03:14.500 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% Why do producers decide to sell to some grain elevators, 03:14.500 --> 03:15.433 align:start position:38.75% line:84.67% size:20.63% not others? 03:16.400 --> 03:18.433 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% I look particularly at grain markets, 03:18.433 --> 03:19.733 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:45% and so trade, of course, 03:19.733 --> 03:24.200 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% which is one of the bigger issues on the docket recently, 03:24.200 --> 03:27.266 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% is certainly a part of that research. 03:27.266 --> 03:31.233 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% And recently, in July I was appointed the associate director 03:31.233 --> 03:33.933 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:56.25% of the Agricultural Experiment Station here in Montana. 03:33.933 --> 03:36.900 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% And that's a very exciting job for me. 03:36.900 --> 03:41.933 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% It's particularly looking at the day-to-day operations 03:42.833 --> 03:44.400 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:54.38% of the AG Experiment Station, 03:44.400 --> 03:49.400 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% which it facilitates all of the publicly funded 03:49.400 --> 03:51.800 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% agricultural research here in the state. 03:51.800 --> 03:56.800 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% And so it's very exciting to help facilitate the research 03:57.133 --> 04:00.333 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% that goes here at Montana state and all around the state, 04:00.333 --> 04:03.833 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% as well as getting that research to stakeholders 04:03.833 --> 04:05.566 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% and bringing ideas from stakeholders 04:05.566 --> 04:07.000 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% back to Montana's researchers, 04:07.000 --> 04:10.066 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% so we can help solve some of the more important problems 04:10.066 --> 04:11.166 align:start position:36.88% line:84.67% size:24.38% in the state. 04:11.166 --> 04:12.400 align:start position:42.5% line:84.67% size:15% - Great. 04:12.400 --> 04:13.900 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:30% Thank You Anton. 04:13.900 --> 04:17.300 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% So Mary, this is a question that came in from Glasgow. 04:17.300 --> 04:19.833 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% This person is interested in two new crops 04:19.833 --> 04:23.800 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% that are gaining interest in Montana, hemp and teff. 04:23.800 --> 04:24.633 align:start position:36.88% line:84.67% size:24.38% First of all, 04:24.633 --> 04:26.666 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% could you explain a little bit about what those crops are 04:26.666 --> 04:28.066 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:46.88% and what they're used for 04:28.066 --> 04:31.766 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% and then what diseases might they expect on these new crops? 04:31.766 --> 04:34.133 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - So those are two of what we call minor crops 04:34.133 --> 04:36.400 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% that are below a certain acreage 04:36.400 --> 04:38.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And so I am the IR-4 coordinator for the state 04:38.633 --> 04:41.533 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and we work for pesticide applications on minor crops. 04:41.533 --> 04:44.600 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% Most of our requests tend to be herbicides (chuckles). 04:44.600 --> 04:46.966 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% And once you can grow the crop, 04:46.966 --> 04:48.833 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% then after you get enough acres, 04:48.833 --> 04:50.500 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% you tend to get more diseases and insects. 04:50.500 --> 04:53.066 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% So right now nothing as far as I know. 04:53.066 --> 04:57.433 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% Hemp is industrial hemp for oil and fiber I think. 04:57.433 --> 05:02.166 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% And then teff is generally in Montana a forage crop. 05:02.166 --> 05:04.666 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% But in like Nevada, they'll grow it to seed 05:04.666 --> 05:08.866 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% and they make a spongy bread, is it Ethiopian bread? 05:08.866 --> 05:09.700 align:start position:44.38% line:84.67% size:9.38% Yeah. 05:12.766 --> 05:14.433 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% - I was just curious what family teff, 05:14.433 --> 05:15.266 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% I've never even heard of this before. 05:15.266 --> 05:16.366 align:start position:33.12% line:84.67% size:31.88% - I have no idea. 05:16.366 --> 05:18.200 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% And every time I look for it on the research station, 05:18.200 --> 05:20.566 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% they say it didn't emerge (laughs). 05:20.566 --> 05:22.500 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% - So it a cereal or is it a dicot? 05:23.866 --> 05:25.733 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% - 240 works on it, I think. 05:25.733 --> 05:27.300 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% - [Nina] Oh, okay, so it must be a dicot. 05:27.300 --> 05:32.300 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:56.25% - Some sort of grass but yeah, I don't know a lot about it. 05:33.266 --> 05:35.900 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% I know one girl had some problems with lentil this year 05:35.900 --> 05:38.833 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% and he replaced with teff and seeded it in mid-July. 05:38.833 --> 05:42.600 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% So it's a warm season for us forage crop. 05:42.600 --> 05:44.333 align:start position:33.12% line:84.67% size:33.75% - Okay, very good. 05:44.333 --> 05:45.833 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:35.63% Toby from Cut Bank, 05:45.833 --> 05:49.366 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% how and when do you plant currant bushes? 05:49.366 --> 05:51.233 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:46.88% - When do you plant them? 05:51.233 --> 05:55.833 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% So currants, you can purchase any time they're in a pot. 05:55.833 --> 05:58.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% Right now, fall is a good time to plant them 05:58.466 --> 06:03.400 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and as is many of our shrubs if you get them out of a pot. 06:03.933 --> 06:04.766 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% If you get them bare-rooted, 06:04.766 --> 06:07.000 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% you're not gonna find those until spring. 06:07.000 --> 06:08.266 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% - And a follow-up question, 06:08.266 --> 06:09.566 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% when's the best time to prune them 06:09.566 --> 06:11.133 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% and how do you prune them? 06:11.133 --> 06:12.233 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:54.38% - The best time to prune them 06:12.233 --> 06:14.733 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% is at the same time you'd bring your apple tree. 06:16.200 --> 06:18.466 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% It's usually late winter, early spring. 06:18.466 --> 06:20.433 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% You can prune them anytime. 06:20.433 --> 06:24.400 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% Currants, flower and fruit on second and third year wood 06:24.400 --> 06:27.566 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% so you don't wanna prune anything that's new 06:27.566 --> 06:29.700 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% and if it's really old and woody and decadent 06:29.700 --> 06:30.533 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% that's what you want to prune out 06:30.533 --> 06:33.800 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% so you can let those new canes produce more fruit. 06:33.800 --> 06:35.733 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% But again they produce fruit 06:35.733 --> 06:37.000 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:26.25% on the two and three year old wood. 06:37.000 --> 06:39.533 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% So it's kind of hard to figure out what that is. 06:39.533 --> 06:40.900 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:58.13% Usually if it's really decadent 06:40.900 --> 06:43.566 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% that's when you want to prune it out, right to the ground. 06:43.566 --> 06:44.933 align:start position:33.12% line:84.67% size:33.75% - Oh, okay, great. 06:44.933 --> 06:46.866 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% Okay, Laurie from Billings. 06:46.866 --> 06:50.400 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% What is the status of emerald ash borer in the state? 06:50.400 --> 06:54.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - Emerald ash borer is a wood-boring beetle. 06:55.466 --> 06:56.933 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% It hasn't made it to Montana yet 06:56.933 --> 06:59.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% or hasn't been detected yet in Montana. 06:59.200 --> 07:02.766 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% So we are very actively looking for the emerald ash borer. 07:02.766 --> 07:05.666 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% It is, I think, now in 33 states. 07:05.666 --> 07:07.766 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:35.63% So it is spreading. 07:07.766 --> 07:09.133 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% - It's in North Dakota, isn't it? 07:09.133 --> 07:11.500 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% - Uh, I can't remember if it's in North Dakota or not 07:11.500 --> 07:15.333 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% but yeah it's a pest that spreads pretty easily 07:15.333 --> 07:16.900 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:45% through human transport. 07:16.900 --> 07:21.900 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% So the closest to us is, I think, Boulder Colorado. 07:22.166 --> 07:26.033 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% And they think that it showed up maybe through pallets. 07:26.033 --> 07:28.900 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% And also it jumps around quite a bit 07:28.900 --> 07:33.300 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% and so I think, firewood and pallets, and things like that 07:33.300 --> 07:36.200 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% are ways that it gets transported. 07:36.200 --> 07:38.666 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% But we are trying to look for it. 07:38.666 --> 07:42.066 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% So we have a lot of dieback on our our ashes, 07:42.066 --> 07:44.466 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% so a lot of things mimic that emerald ash borer, 07:44.466 --> 07:46.100 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% but you could always send me some pictures too, 07:46.100 --> 07:47.400 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:37.5% if you're concerned. 07:48.966 --> 07:49.800 align:start position:40.62% line:84.67% size:16.88% But yeah, 07:49.800 --> 07:52.500 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% to date, we haven't detected it anywhere in Montana. 07:52.500 --> 07:53.333 align:start position:42.5% line:84.67% size:13.13% - Yeah. 07:53.333 --> 07:54.433 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% I know people in Bozeman are always nervous 07:54.433 --> 07:58.300 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% because ash is kind of our predominant Boulevard tree, 07:58.300 --> 08:00.233 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% especially in older areas of town. 08:00.233 --> 08:01.733 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% So if anything would happen, 08:01.733 --> 08:03.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% it would be really serious business. 08:03.933 --> 08:05.166 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - I've often said as soon as we get 08:05.166 --> 08:06.433 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% the emerald ash borer in Bozeman, 08:06.433 --> 08:08.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% the first thing that's gonna show up in front of my house 08:08.500 --> 08:10.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% is a for sale sign. (all laughing). 08:10.166 --> 08:13.500 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Because you lose 80% of the streets in Bozeman, 08:13.500 --> 08:15.000 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and it's not gonna be that cool place 08:15.000 --> 08:17.133 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% that hits all the magazine's anymore. 08:17.133 --> 08:18.466 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% It's a big deal. 08:18.466 --> 08:19.800 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% I know that the city of Bozeman 08:19.800 --> 08:23.366 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% and also other municipalities are doing things about it, 08:23.366 --> 08:25.366 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% and I know that Laurie has been working a lot on that. 08:25.366 --> 08:27.900 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% So it's a good thing that we were out there. 08:27.900 --> 08:29.566 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% - Yeah, the surveillance is very important. 08:29.566 --> 08:32.966 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% - What are ways to prevent it or manage it? 08:32.966 --> 08:33.933 align:start position:36.88% line:84.67% size:26.25% Are there any? 08:33.933 --> 08:35.333 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:54.38% - Well, what we recommend now 08:35.333 --> 08:37.366 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% is just to keep your trees really healthy. 08:37.366 --> 08:38.600 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:54.38% So, if they're healthy enough 08:38.600 --> 08:40.500 align:start position:38.75% line:79.33% size:22.5% to receive a systemic insecticide, 08:40.500 --> 08:42.033 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% that's received through the root system, 08:42.033 --> 08:44.133 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:54.38% then your trees will be like, 08:44.133 --> 08:46.566 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% they can be treated even when it arrives. 08:46.566 --> 08:51.566 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% But in areas where it is present, 08:51.766 --> 08:54.900 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% the extension entomologist recommend treatment 08:54.900 --> 08:58.133 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% only minutes within your 30 mile radius, 08:58.133 --> 09:00.233 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% because the treatment that they have available right now 09:00.233 --> 09:01.500 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:30% are so effective 09:01.500 --> 09:03.900 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% that once it is detected within a certain range, 09:03.900 --> 09:05.800 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% then you could definitely save your trees. 09:05.800 --> 09:06.733 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:43.13% Keep your trees healthy 09:06.733 --> 09:09.933 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% and then think about some alternative trees and. 09:09.933 --> 09:11.333 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:54.38% - And never bring in firewood 09:11.333 --> 09:14.900 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% from an area that has emerald ash borer issues. 09:16.533 --> 09:19.566 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:46.88% Okay Anton, from Glasgow, 09:19.566 --> 09:21.900 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% can you update us on Montana's wheat market? 09:21.900 --> 09:22.733 align:start position:42.5% line:84.67% size:13.13% - Yeah. 09:24.433 --> 09:28.566 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% So the key word is uncertainty 09:28.566 --> 09:30.466 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% and I think that that's been a lot tied 09:30.466 --> 09:33.533 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% to the the global trade negotiations 09:33.533 --> 09:36.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% that the United States is currently in. 09:37.966 --> 09:40.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% We've had a very good year after last year, 09:40.733 --> 09:45.000 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% which was very much affected by drought. 09:45.000 --> 09:47.233 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% This year, we've had a very good production year, 09:47.233 --> 09:48.966 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% especially in spring wheat. 09:48.966 --> 09:53.633 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% So very high productivity in the high quality spring wheat. 09:53.633 --> 09:55.500 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% We have a lot of protein out there, 09:55.500 --> 09:58.466 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% which is great for exporting 09:58.466 --> 10:00.566 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% that high-protein weed to other markets. 10:00.566 --> 10:05.233 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% So I think that that bodes well for Montana. 10:05.233 --> 10:07.666 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% But in general, I think there's a lot of uncertainty 10:07.666 --> 10:09.133 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% in pricing around the world. 10:09.133 --> 10:11.533 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% There's a lot of uncertainty about what Russia, 10:11.533 --> 10:15.200 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% who's the top world exporter, what they're going to do. 10:15.200 --> 10:17.000 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:41.25% They're still debating 10:17.000 --> 10:18.766 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% whether to close some of their exports. 10:18.766 --> 10:21.600 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% And if they do, then you could expect Montana 10:21.600 --> 10:23.766 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:54.38% and US wheat prices to go up. 10:23.766 --> 10:26.733 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% If they decide not to close their exports, 10:26.733 --> 10:30.533 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% we can see probably a similar price remaining 10:30.533 --> 10:31.900 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% throughout the marketing year. 10:31.900 --> 10:36.433 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% There's still some things to work out 10:36.433 --> 10:38.200 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% in the global wheat production sphere, 10:38.200 --> 10:41.066 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% but things are looking either sideways 10:41.066 --> 10:44.133 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% or up for Montana wheat markets. 10:44.133 --> 10:45.766 align:start position:33.12% line:84.67% size:33.75% - Okay, very good. 10:45.766 --> 10:47.933 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:37.5% Mary, from Richland. 10:47.933 --> 10:52.533 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% Their pea seed looks like it has baseball-like lines on it, 10:52.533 --> 10:54.100 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% so I guess they're looking really close 10:54.100 --> 10:55.800 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% and they see some lines on the seed. 10:55.800 --> 10:58.333 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% Do you have any idea what it's causing that? 10:58.333 --> 11:01.566 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - It's highly likely to be pea seed-borne mosaic virus, 11:01.566 --> 11:03.533 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% which is a seed transmitted virus, 11:03.533 --> 11:05.100 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% and it's also spread by aphids. 11:05.100 --> 11:09.100 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% And we have had some reports of it in the Northeast Montana. 11:09.100 --> 11:11.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% So it can be important. 11:11.233 --> 11:13.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% They can sure call us and get a seed test. 11:13.466 --> 11:14.766 align:start position:42.5% line:84.67% size:13.13% - Okay. 11:14.766 --> 11:17.433 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% So that seed is it likely to germinate 11:17.433 --> 11:19.400 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% and produce a diseased plant the next year, 11:19.400 --> 11:20.933 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% or is it kind of self eliminating? 11:20.933 --> 11:22.166 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% - It depends on the variety. 11:22.166 --> 11:24.733 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% So there's some varieties that will transmit it, 11:24.733 --> 11:25.933 align:start position:36.88% line:84.67% size:26.25% like 60% rate, 11:25.933 --> 11:28.800 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% but most of them are much much lower than that. 11:28.800 --> 11:30.733 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% Right now if you do have a positive test, 11:30.733 --> 11:32.333 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% we just recommend you get rid of the seed 11:32.333 --> 11:33.866 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:46.88% and feed it or something, 11:33.866 --> 11:36.500 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% 'cause we don't want to perpetuate the problem. 11:36.500 --> 11:37.866 align:start position:42.5% line:84.67% size:13.13% - Okay. 11:37.866 --> 11:41.733 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:58.13% From Belt, Toby, is it possible to transplant quaking aspen 11:41.733 --> 11:45.033 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% on their property and what's the best way to do it? 11:45.033 --> 11:47.500 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% - So they have quaking aspen on their property, 11:47.500 --> 11:48.766 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% it sounds like it. - I would assume maybe 11:48.766 --> 11:51.433 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% they're thinking about transplanting 11:51.433 --> 11:52.233 align:start position:42.5% line:84.67% size:13.13% - Yeah. 11:52.233 --> 11:54.966 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% So, first of all, I don't usually recommend that, 11:56.500 --> 11:59.600 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% especially if you bring it into urban type situation. 11:59.600 --> 12:03.400 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% A lot of the old stands of aspen have disease issues 12:03.400 --> 12:04.500 align:start position:33.12% line:84.67% size:33.75% and insect issues, 12:04.500 --> 12:07.100 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% so you could be bringing that into an urban situation. 12:07.100 --> 12:08.933 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% However, if you just wanna transplant them, 12:08.933 --> 12:10.666 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% to move some of those seedlings around 12:10.666 --> 12:14.100 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% to start new quaking aspen groves, 12:14.100 --> 12:16.933 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% you wanna do that after the leaves have fallen. 12:16.933 --> 12:20.700 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:56.25% This year, if you can get into the ground, so very soon now. 12:21.566 --> 12:24.066 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% That way that plant is completely dormant. 12:24.066 --> 12:26.533 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% Either that or first thing in the spring before it buds out. 12:26.533 --> 12:29.633 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% So those are gonna be the two best times to try to do that. 12:29.633 --> 12:33.100 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% When you do move those in the fall, 12:33.100 --> 12:36.666 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% you can treat them kind of like a bare root plant. 12:36.666 --> 12:37.866 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:58.13% If you move them in the spring, 12:37.866 --> 12:40.566 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% you wanna get the biggest root ball you can with them. 12:40.566 --> 12:42.433 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% So there's kind of two ways to look at it. 12:42.433 --> 12:44.366 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% Actually fall is probably the best time. 12:44.366 --> 12:45.400 align:start position:36.88% line:84.67% size:26.25% - Okay, great. 12:46.300 --> 12:48.700 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% This is a question that actually came in on potatoes, 12:48.700 --> 12:49.866 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:37.5% so I will answer it. 12:49.866 --> 12:50.966 align:start position:33.12% line:84.67% size:33.75% It's from Bozeman. 12:51.900 --> 12:53.433 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% This person is wondering where they can buy 12:53.433 --> 12:55.633 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% large baking potatoes that are locally grown 12:55.633 --> 12:57.733 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% and don't have scab or other skin lesions. 12:58.766 --> 13:02.500 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% So what I can tell you is right now our potato producers 13:02.500 --> 13:04.533 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% are harvesting, some of them are actually done, 13:04.533 --> 13:05.400 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:28.13% the lucky ones. 13:05.400 --> 13:07.300 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% Some of them are gonna be fighting with some mud 13:07.300 --> 13:09.100 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% and a little bit of frost, 13:09.100 --> 13:10.966 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% but after they're done with their harvest, 13:10.966 --> 13:14.233 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% what they will be doing is grading off the potatoes 13:14.233 --> 13:16.266 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% that are too large to sell for seed potatoes 13:16.266 --> 13:17.600 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% and a lot of those do end up 13:17.600 --> 13:19.700 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% in our locally owned grocery stores. 13:19.700 --> 13:22.566 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% So after about the middle of November, 13:22.566 --> 13:24.766 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% take a look in our locally owned grocery stores, 13:24.766 --> 13:26.066 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% and you should probably see 13:26.066 --> 13:28.900 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% some nice large baking potatoes showing up. 13:28.900 --> 13:30.400 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:39.38% - How big is a potato 13:30.400 --> 13:32.966 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% that you want to plant for seed potato? 13:32.966 --> 13:36.066 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% - The optimal size for seed potatoes is six to eight ounces. 13:36.066 --> 13:38.433 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% And you can have a certain amount 13:38.433 --> 13:40.100 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% in the 10 to 12 ounce range. 13:40.100 --> 13:41.566 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% But once you get over 12 ounces, 13:41.566 --> 13:43.433 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% those are definitely considered oversized 13:43.433 --> 13:45.000 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% in those do need to be graded off. 13:45.000 --> 13:46.100 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% - Wow, I didn't know that. 13:46.100 --> 13:47.566 align:start position:38.75% line:84.67% size:20.63% - Yeah, so. 13:47.566 --> 13:49.666 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% So yeah, but they make wonderful baking potatoes. 13:49.666 --> 13:50.833 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% And if you're making mashed potatoes, 13:50.833 --> 13:53.000 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% it's a lot less to peel. (everyone laughs) 13:53.000 --> 13:57.066 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% I really like those baking potatoes. 13:58.500 --> 14:01.800 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% Laurie, from Hamilton, they have a snowball bush 14:01.800 --> 14:03.733 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% and the aphids are attacking it. 14:03.733 --> 14:05.433 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% What is the best treatment, 14:05.433 --> 14:08.066 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% and when should the treatment be applied? 14:08.066 --> 14:10.500 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% - If it's snowball I think those aphids, 14:11.966 --> 14:13.533 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:58.13% they'd cause some leaf curling. 14:13.533 --> 14:17.166 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% So the best time to actually apply anything 14:17.166 --> 14:20.233 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% would be in the spring before the leaf curling happens, 14:20.233 --> 14:22.833 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% if you're gonna do a contact insecticide. 14:22.833 --> 14:24.700 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:26.25% Otherwise, you could probably do it 14:24.700 --> 14:26.966 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% systemic kind of early in the spring as well, 14:26.966 --> 14:30.700 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% but the snowball bushes could get really curled 14:30.700 --> 14:34.200 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% and they also tend to get area Fayyad mites, 14:34.200 --> 14:36.066 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% which are small microscopic mite 14:36.066 --> 14:37.800 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% that I'll talk about in a little bit too at the sample, 14:37.800 --> 14:41.733 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% but they also will turn part of the snowball 14:41.733 --> 14:43.233 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:41.25% a little purplish too, 14:43.233 --> 14:46.166 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% but the aphids could cause some really bad curling there. 14:46.166 --> 14:47.633 align:start position:36.88% line:84.67% size:26.25% But spring so. 14:47.633 --> 14:48.466 align:start position:42.5% line:84.67% size:13.13% - Okay. 14:50.133 --> 14:53.266 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% Anton this is a question that just came in from Lewistown. 14:53.266 --> 14:56.100 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% Is the government planning any new cheese programs 14:56.100 --> 14:57.233 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:46.88% as they have in the past? 14:57.233 --> 14:59.366 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% Do you know anything about cheese programs? 15:01.000 --> 15:03.133 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% - I'm less familiar about cheese. 15:03.133 --> 15:07.366 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% I do know that the new trade agreement 15:07.366 --> 15:10.300 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% between the United States, Mexico and Canada 15:10.300 --> 15:12.366 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% that has been signed by the three leaders 15:12.366 --> 15:13.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% of the three countries, 15:13.666 --> 15:15.833 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% but is yet to be approved by Congress, 15:15.833 --> 15:20.633 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% has definitely worked to prop up the dairy program 15:20.633 --> 15:25.633 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% and create inroads for marketing dairy to Canada. 15:26.066 --> 15:30.700 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% So part of that could include some of the cheese production. 15:30.700 --> 15:33.633 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% And I know that with the farm bill, 15:33.633 --> 15:36.866 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% that's the 2018, but we'll see what happens 15:36.866 --> 15:41.400 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% in the next several month, whether it's going to be 2018, 15:41.400 --> 15:44.833 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% or potentially be actually passed in 2019, 15:44.833 --> 15:47.133 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% there are going to be some changes 15:47.133 --> 15:50.533 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% that are still ongoing with the dairy program 15:50.533 --> 15:52.966 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:58.13% that could also include cheese. 15:52.966 --> 15:55.033 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% Again, with those two pieces of legislation 15:55.033 --> 15:56.300 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:37.5% still up in the air, 15:57.400 --> 15:58.733 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:24.38% I don't wanna comment on anything 15:58.733 --> 16:00.833 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% because there's still quite a bit of uncertainty. 16:00.833 --> 16:01.666 align:start position:42.5% line:84.67% size:13.13% - Sure. 16:01.666 --> 16:04.000 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% Yeah, one of the things that I've heard recently 16:04.000 --> 16:06.500 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% is that with milk surpluses, 16:07.966 --> 16:10.666 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% cheese producers that tend to produce a lot more cheese 16:10.666 --> 16:14.366 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% so that we actually do have a really big cheese surplus, 16:14.366 --> 16:15.200 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:54.38% which is kind of interesting. 16:15.200 --> 16:18.233 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% And I've actually noticed some great sales (laughs) 16:18.233 --> 16:19.633 align:start position:33.12% line:84.67% size:31.88% on cheese lately. 16:19.633 --> 16:24.600 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% - And one of the things with the recent, 16:24.600 --> 16:28.000 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:54.38% so there's some trade tariffs 16:28.000 --> 16:29.600 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% and retaliatory tariffs from China, 16:29.600 --> 16:32.033 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:58.13% and so the USDA has been tasked 16:32.033 --> 16:36.800 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% to provide some assistance to US producers 16:36.800 --> 16:41.566 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% and US AG industry in terms of promoting trade. 16:41.566 --> 16:43.700 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% Some is gonna be a direct assistants to producers, 16:43.700 --> 16:45.866 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% and some is going to be for programs 16:45.866 --> 16:49.733 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% that are intended to promote trade to other countries. 16:49.733 --> 16:54.700 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% And cheese has been one of the a major export item 16:54.700 --> 16:55.766 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:41.25% for the United States. 16:55.766 --> 16:59.266 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% And so, if these promotional programs 16:59.266 --> 17:01.533 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% really focus on some of those items, 17:01.533 --> 17:05.766 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% we can potentially get a boost in cheese production 17:05.766 --> 17:08.033 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% and cheese marketing outside of the United States. 17:08.033 --> 17:11.133 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:24.38% So that could certainly be a benefit 17:11.133 --> 17:13.166 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% of that marketing program. 17:13.166 --> 17:14.000 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:30% - Mm-hmm, great. 17:14.000 --> 17:15.666 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% Yeah, and for the Gallatin Valley, 17:15.666 --> 17:19.133 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% we're kind of like the last real dairy producing area 17:19.133 --> 17:19.966 align:start position:36.88% line:84.67% size:24.38% in the state. 17:19.966 --> 17:22.200 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% So I'm sure they're happy to hear some movement 17:22.200 --> 17:23.933 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:28.13% in those areas. 17:23.933 --> 17:25.133 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:37.5% Mary from Fairfield, 17:25.133 --> 17:29.366 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% they have some wheat with black seeds in their wheat. 17:29.366 --> 17:30.366 align:start position:33.12% line:84.67% size:33.75% Can they plant it? 17:30.366 --> 17:32.700 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% What do you think the disease is that's causing that? 17:32.700 --> 17:34.466 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% - So there's a few things that can happen 17:34.466 --> 17:36.966 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% to cause discoloration the seed. 17:36.966 --> 17:38.466 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% One of those is just sitting mold 17:38.466 --> 17:40.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% if they harvested late and had some moisture. 17:40.466 --> 17:41.766 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% That can discolor the seed 17:41.766 --> 17:45.100 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and we can also get one end of the seed turns black 17:45.100 --> 17:47.100 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% and those are fine to plant. 17:47.100 --> 17:48.233 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:45% There's smuts and bunts, 17:48.233 --> 17:53.000 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% which will actually replace the seed with the pathogen. 17:53.900 --> 17:56.833 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:56.25% And those use a seed treatment and you can plant those. 17:57.766 --> 17:59.600 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:41.25% Arget is the last one, 18:00.900 --> 18:02.233 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:58.13% at very, very, very low levels, 18:02.233 --> 18:05.166 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% you can feed it to cows, its 0.01% as the threshold. 18:05.166 --> 18:06.100 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% So you want to get that one 18:06.100 --> 18:07.833 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% if you think it might be arget diagnosed. 18:07.833 --> 18:11.100 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% And it tends to be a black rind in a white center. 18:11.100 --> 18:12.266 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% - A little longer. - Yes, 18:12.266 --> 18:14.033 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% sometimes a little longer but with wheat and barley 18:14.033 --> 18:16.433 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% it tends to be about the same size as the grain 18:16.433 --> 18:19.833 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% and feel free to send it to us, and we can look at it. 18:19.833 --> 18:22.133 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:24.38% And that one, again you can plant 18:22.133 --> 18:24.266 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% but you're introducing the inoculum. 18:24.266 --> 18:26.300 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% And so, if you do choose to plant it, 18:26.300 --> 18:28.500 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% clean the seed to get rid of as much as possible 18:28.500 --> 18:30.300 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% and make sure you don't leave any on the surface. 18:30.300 --> 18:34.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% So if you bury it, it's fine it won't infect the plant. 18:34.500 --> 18:37.966 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And it tends to come in from the ditches, 18:37.966 --> 18:40.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% so just mow the ditches before they flower 18:40.400 --> 18:42.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and hopefully they'll take care of most of it. 18:42.333 --> 18:44.233 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% - Okay, great. 18:44.233 --> 18:46.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% Toby, from Woods Bay. 18:46.800 --> 18:48.100 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% You have said in the past, 18:48.100 --> 18:50.233 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% - Oh boy, here we go. - So your past is coming back 18:50.233 --> 18:52.066 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:24.38% to haunt you. - Oh, it always does. 18:52.066 --> 18:54.733 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% - Do you use corrugated cardboard around apple trees 18:54.733 --> 18:56.566 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% to keep down coddling moss? 18:56.566 --> 18:59.066 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% But you didn't say if you wrap the trunks 18:59.066 --> 19:01.466 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% or place it on the ground around the tree. 19:01.466 --> 19:03.800 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% How do you use that corrugated cardboard? 19:03.800 --> 19:06.133 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% - So what you're actually doing is you're putting, 19:06.133 --> 19:07.900 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% and Laurie could probably answer this too, 19:07.900 --> 19:10.733 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% you're putting the corrugated cardboard around the tree 19:11.700 --> 19:14.200 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% to protect the trunk from the tangle foot 19:14.200 --> 19:16.100 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% that you would put around 19:16.100 --> 19:18.300 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% so that the coddling moth can't move up and down. 19:18.300 --> 19:19.233 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:30% Is that correct? 19:19.233 --> 19:20.800 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% - Well, you're also mimicking the bark 19:20.800 --> 19:22.966 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% because they will overwinter in the bark. 19:22.966 --> 19:25.466 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% You're giving them little cubby holes 19:27.600 --> 19:29.600 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:35.63% to spend some time. 19:31.466 --> 19:33.700 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% Yeah, it's a double factor there, 19:33.700 --> 19:36.833 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% introducing the tangle foot in, yeah mimicking the bark. 19:36.833 --> 19:38.100 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% - Spending some quality time in cardboard, I like that. 19:38.100 --> 19:41.766 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% - [Mary] And then also protects against sun scald. 19:41.766 --> 19:43.066 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% - Yeah, I mean most of the time, 19:43.066 --> 19:44.866 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% if I'm talking about wrapping a tree, 19:44.866 --> 19:46.300 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:54.38% it's usually about sun scald. 19:46.300 --> 19:48.333 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% And so you would put something around there 19:48.333 --> 19:51.766 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:26.25% to protect the trunk from basically 19:51.766 --> 19:54.433 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% otherwise it would be a desiccation there 19:54.433 --> 19:57.066 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% that you would have from sun lower in the horizon. 19:57.066 --> 19:59.100 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% So that's normally what I've been talking about, 19:59.100 --> 20:01.033 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% but not necessarily for coddling moths. 20:01.033 --> 20:03.800 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% So I didn't know that that's great to know. 20:03.800 --> 20:05.766 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% - And also protecting against the deer. 20:05.766 --> 20:06.600 align:start position:38.75% line:84.67% size:22.5% - Yes, yeah. 20:06.600 --> 20:07.433 align:start position:42.5% line:84.67% size:13.13% - Yeah. 20:07.433 --> 20:09.266 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% Cardboard might not be quite robust enough 20:09.266 --> 20:12.400 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% to protect for deer. - Probably not. 20:12.400 --> 20:14.800 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% And cardboard will wear away with weather, 20:14.800 --> 20:17.100 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:54.38% so I actually had corrugated, 20:18.466 --> 20:20.966 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% it's like a drain tile that has a slit that goes through it 20:20.966 --> 20:23.866 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% and I had that on trees out at the heart farm 20:23.866 --> 20:26.133 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% and the deer got in and I lost three trees 20:26.133 --> 20:29.000 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% by rubbing literally through that. 20:29.000 --> 20:30.966 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% - I've used that same stuff in the past. 20:30.966 --> 20:34.833 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% - Yeah, so it works, but not all the time. 20:34.833 --> 20:37.533 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% - Yeah, sometimes those deer are even more persistent. 20:37.533 --> 20:40.033 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% - Yeah, they're worse than rats. 20:40.033 --> 20:42.500 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:35.63% (everyone laughing) 20:42.500 --> 20:43.433 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:30% They really are. 20:45.066 --> 20:46.133 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% - Unless they are where you can shoot them right? 20:46.133 --> 20:47.566 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:35.63% - Yeah, absolutely. 20:47.566 --> 20:48.400 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:43.13% - When they're in town. 20:48.400 --> 20:49.600 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% - I'll give you my cell phone number, 20:49.600 --> 20:52.466 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% if you have something you need to get rid of (laughs). 20:52.466 --> 20:53.566 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% - I also wanted to mention too 20:53.566 --> 20:57.266 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:56.25% that since people are probably either picking their apples 20:57.266 --> 20:59.433 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% or taking their apples in for cider, 20:59.433 --> 21:00.766 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% especially around the valley here 21:00.766 --> 21:02.666 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% that you're probably gonna start to see 21:02.666 --> 21:05.066 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% a lot of bruising or see damage from the codling moth. 21:05.066 --> 21:08.166 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% And right now they're not in the apples 21:08.166 --> 21:11.300 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% but you're starting to see damage, 21:11.300 --> 21:14.166 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% kind of the typical codling moth like frass, 21:14.166 --> 21:15.766 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% which is insect excrement on the outside 21:15.766 --> 21:18.800 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% and then you cut them open and there's nothing in there. 21:18.800 --> 21:20.466 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% But some of those early apples 21:20.466 --> 21:23.100 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% that fall in the middle of the summer, 21:23.100 --> 21:23.966 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:41.25% they will be in there, 21:23.966 --> 21:26.266 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% but right now they're overwintering in the bark. 21:26.266 --> 21:27.666 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% But a lot of people are starting 21:27.666 --> 21:30.000 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% to see damage from coddling moth. 21:30.000 --> 21:31.533 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% - I was just gonna ask, where are they now? 21:31.533 --> 21:32.500 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:37.5% They're in the bark? 21:32.500 --> 21:34.900 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% - They're in the bark and yeah, they're overwintering 21:34.900 --> 21:35.733 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:41.25% somewhere on the tree. 21:35.733 --> 21:38.633 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% - Is there any way to get rid of them, to spray them now, 21:38.633 --> 21:41.533 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% or is it kind of futile to try to get them 21:41.533 --> 21:44.866 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% as like a horticultural oil. - Like a dormant oil? 21:44.866 --> 21:45.966 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:30% - A dormant oil? 21:45.966 --> 21:47.100 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% - I don't know if that's been suggested, 21:47.100 --> 21:49.700 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% as I don't know if now is a good time at all, 21:49.700 --> 21:52.966 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% but so it's usually just following the degree days 21:52.966 --> 21:55.033 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% and kind of early on for the first generation, 21:55.033 --> 21:57.233 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:35.63% when it's emerging. 21:57.233 --> 22:00.366 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% - Yeah it's really bad this year in the Gallatin Valley. 22:00.366 --> 22:02.900 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% I picked all my apples on my tree 22:02.900 --> 22:05.333 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% and I was very excited until I saw lots 22:05.333 --> 22:06.600 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:58.13% and lots of codling moth damage 22:06.600 --> 22:08.066 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% so now they're all getting squished 22:08.066 --> 22:09.666 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:58.13% instead of made into apple pie. 22:09.666 --> 22:10.866 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:28.13% (sucks) Bummer. 22:10.866 --> 22:11.700 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:45% - Well, maybe next year, 22:11.700 --> 22:12.700 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% you'll bring your apple pie here. 22:12.700 --> 22:14.900 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% - Yeah, I hope so. - It's always next year. 22:16.366 --> 22:19.166 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% Here's another potato question from Bozeman. 22:19.166 --> 22:20.966 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% How do you store 50 pounds of potatoes 22:20.966 --> 22:23.000 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% over the winter for consumption? 22:23.000 --> 22:24.500 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:58.13% Well, there are multiple things 22:24.500 --> 22:26.833 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% that are important for storing potatoes. 22:26.833 --> 22:30.033 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% The very most important is to keep them out of the light. 22:30.033 --> 22:31.666 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:58.13% If you leave potatoes in light, 22:31.666 --> 22:35.066 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% they will turn green and they will actually produce a toxin 22:35.066 --> 22:36.900 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% that is associated with that green color, 22:36.900 --> 22:39.133 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:58.13% and they also are really bitter and aren't very good to eat. 22:39.133 --> 22:41.300 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% So they need to be stored in the dark 22:41.300 --> 22:45.433 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and in as cool of a place as you have without freezing. 22:45.433 --> 22:47.300 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% If you keep them really really cold, 22:47.300 --> 22:49.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% they'll actually produce sugars in the potato 22:49.333 --> 22:50.300 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and when you cook them like, 22:50.300 --> 22:51.533 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% if you fry them and make french fries, 22:51.533 --> 22:54.633 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% that's how you get your nice dark brown french fries. 22:54.633 --> 22:56.766 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% Commercial potatoes are generally stored, 22:57.633 --> 23:00.600 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:39.38% around 45, 48 degrees 23:00.600 --> 23:02.833 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% to keep those reducing sugars from forming, 23:02.833 --> 23:04.133 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:54.38% but our seed potato producers 23:04.133 --> 23:06.500 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:26.25% actually store those at about 38. 23:06.500 --> 23:09.333 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% So if you eat at the local restaurants 23:10.800 --> 23:14.200 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% that serve potatoes that come from our farmers, 23:14.200 --> 23:17.300 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% a lot of times you do have a little bit more color 23:17.300 --> 23:19.666 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% in your french fries, like you do at Five Guys, 23:19.666 --> 23:21.400 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% because they also are potatoes 23:21.400 --> 23:22.800 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% that have been stored a little bit colder, 23:22.800 --> 23:25.033 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% so you get a little bit more color. 23:25.033 --> 23:28.000 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% But if you don't mind that you can store them colder, 23:28.000 --> 23:33.000 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% but if you can store them between 40 and 50 degrees 23:33.000 --> 23:35.666 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% in a nice dark place, that's the best. 23:37.833 --> 23:40.200 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% Okay, Laurie, I'm gonna give you the opportunity 23:40.200 --> 23:42.033 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:41.25% to do a show and tell. 23:42.033 --> 23:43.033 align:start position:42.5% line:84.67% size:13.13% - Okay. 23:43.033 --> 23:44.333 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:54.38% So I was talking a little bit 23:44.333 --> 23:46.300 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:58.13% about area Fayyad mites before, 23:46.300 --> 23:47.300 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% and I just wanted to show this 23:47.300 --> 23:49.033 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% because some people like me, 23:49.033 --> 23:51.466 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% might be out doing some early raking (chuckles). 23:51.466 --> 23:55.800 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% So you're gonna start to see some damage on your leaves 23:55.800 --> 23:58.333 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% and these are called finger gall mites. 23:58.333 --> 23:59.966 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% This is from a choke cherry. 23:59.966 --> 24:01.966 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% And if you look close up to them, 24:01.966 --> 24:04.966 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% they actually look like small little fingers. 24:04.966 --> 24:08.100 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% And the mites are actually, they're gone. 24:08.100 --> 24:10.633 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:58.13% Right now they're overwintering under the leaf buds. 24:10.633 --> 24:14.166 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% But this is just more of a cosmetic thing 24:14.166 --> 24:16.300 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% and nothing that you really have to worry about, 24:16.300 --> 24:17.400 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% but it looks pretty alarming 24:17.400 --> 24:19.233 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% when you've seen it on your trees. 24:19.233 --> 24:23.200 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% And these area Fayyad mites are on several different hosts 24:23.200 --> 24:26.266 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% and they cause lots of different types of galls 24:26.266 --> 24:31.266 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% finger galls, they do these Iranian galls look like sand. 24:31.866 --> 24:34.700 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% They do lots of different types of shapes of galls 24:34.700 --> 24:36.233 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% and I were just seeing them 24:36.233 --> 24:38.166 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% on a lot of our woody ornamentals. 24:39.833 --> 24:41.466 align:start position:33.12% line:84.67% size:33.75% - Okay, thank you. 24:41.466 --> 24:43.366 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:41.25% Anton, from Lewistown. 24:44.566 --> 24:47.600 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% There's a lot of information in the news right now 24:47.600 --> 24:49.433 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:41.25% about soybean tariffs, 24:49.433 --> 24:51.600 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% and nothing has been talked specifically 24:51.600 --> 24:53.866 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:24.38% about tariffs against small greens, 24:53.866 --> 24:56.533 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% any of the things that we're really producing in Montana. 24:56.533 --> 24:59.400 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% Are there any indirect effects on the wheat market 24:59.400 --> 25:01.400 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% and some of our other commodities? 25:03.366 --> 25:05.433 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% - The short answer is, yes. 25:05.433 --> 25:07.766 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% Agricultural markets are tied together 25:07.766 --> 25:12.500 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and the the decrease in the demand for soybeans, 25:12.500 --> 25:17.466 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% basically, China are our biggest importer of US soybeans 25:17.466 --> 25:20.333 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% has basically said we're not going to buy any more soybeans. 25:20.333 --> 25:23.633 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% And we've had a really good soybean production year. 25:23.633 --> 25:26.800 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% So soybean prices have tanked quite a bit 25:26.800 --> 25:30.000 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% and other markets have followed suit. 25:30.000 --> 25:33.200 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% Although wheat, not as much, 25:33.200 --> 25:35.800 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% because of some of the reasons that I've talked about 25:35.800 --> 25:38.033 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% we're still looking at Russia, they're a big exporter 25:38.033 --> 25:41.300 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% that might close some of their exports. 25:41.300 --> 25:45.066 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% Montana is to some extent also a bit insulated, 25:45.066 --> 25:47.900 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% because we produce a higher quality wheat, 25:47.900 --> 25:51.833 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% and so what that means that there's a premium for that 25:51.833 --> 25:54.333 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% and there's also always a deficit 25:54.333 --> 25:56.700 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% of high quality wheat in the world. 25:56.700 --> 26:00.000 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% And to some extent Montana small grains 26:00.000 --> 26:01.833 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:45% are protected from that. 26:01.833 --> 26:04.233 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% We've also had in the past 20 years, 26:04.233 --> 26:08.800 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% some entry of Asian firms who have built 26:08.800 --> 26:12.566 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% and have bought over some of the grain elevators. 26:12.566 --> 26:16.400 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% And that's created this vertically integrated 26:16.400 --> 26:19.500 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% supply chain in Montana that's also been helping out 26:19.500 --> 26:22.700 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% the fact that we grow a high quality wheat 26:22.700 --> 26:25.200 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% that those Asian countries are depending on. 26:27.766 --> 26:31.366 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% The latest set of retaliatory tariffs by China, 26:31.366 --> 26:35.333 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% they have placed 10% tariff on wheat. 26:35.333 --> 26:38.700 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% And so that's likely going to impact wheat markets 26:38.700 --> 26:40.166 align:start position:38.75% line:84.67% size:20.63% as a whole. 26:40.166 --> 26:42.233 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:54.38% It's a wait-and-see situation 26:42.233 --> 26:44.633 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% of how much wheat markets in Montana 26:44.633 --> 26:46.033 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:46.88% are going to be impacted. 26:46.033 --> 26:48.200 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% The biggest tariffs that have been placed, 26:48.200 --> 26:50.000 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% and this is from actually November 26:50.000 --> 26:51.533 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% and December of last year, 26:51.533 --> 26:55.500 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% are the Indian tariffs that were placed on pulse crops. 26:55.500 --> 27:00.133 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% The 50 to 60% tariffs, that have been placed by India 27:00.133 --> 27:03.900 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% on peas and lentils and chickpeas 27:03.900 --> 27:06.466 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% as well as Europe also imports 27:06.466 --> 27:09.766 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% some of the higher-quality chickpeas from Montana. 27:09.766 --> 27:12.233 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% And because some of the trade negotiations 27:12.233 --> 27:13.166 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:39.38% going on with Europe, 27:13.166 --> 27:15.366 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% that market has also been a bit depressed. 27:16.366 --> 27:20.100 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% What is going to happen with India is, again, 27:20.100 --> 27:24.100 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% that's a really tough situation to foretell about, 27:24.100 --> 27:27.700 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% because if they have a really bad growing season, 27:27.700 --> 27:29.266 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% they're gonna open up their imports again. 27:29.266 --> 27:32.866 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% They're a big consumer of those pulse crops 27:32.866 --> 27:36.100 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% and next year we might see a huge increase 27:36.100 --> 27:39.866 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% in the demand for Montana pulse crops back into India. 27:39.866 --> 27:42.666 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% Right now though there's a quite a bit of a tariff 27:42.666 --> 27:47.033 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% and Canada has had a high production year of pulse crops, 27:47.033 --> 27:51.966 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:56.25% and so that's really depressed pulse prices quite a bit. 27:52.800 --> 27:56.700 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:26.25% So again, it's really hard to tell. 27:56.700 --> 27:58.933 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% I think in a month or two, 27:58.933 --> 28:01.333 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% once the harvest conditions kind of settle down, 28:01.333 --> 28:05.366 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% we'll be able to see a better picture 28:05.366 --> 28:07.666 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% of what the marketing year is going to look like 28:07.666 --> 28:09.900 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% in the next nine to 10 months. 28:09.900 --> 28:11.533 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% - So it's my understanding that chickpeas 28:11.533 --> 28:13.700 align:start position:38.75% line:79.33% size:22.5% are like 1/2 domestic consumption. 28:13.700 --> 28:15.000 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:26.25% So do we think we're going to see 28:15.000 --> 28:16.500 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% more chickpea acres next year? 28:18.933 --> 28:21.033 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% - Chickpeas prices were the only ones 28:21.033 --> 28:23.666 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% that kind of escaped the real drastic decrease 28:23.666 --> 28:25.666 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% in pulse prices in the past year. 28:25.666 --> 28:28.733 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% - There's some really good diseases on chickpeas. 28:28.733 --> 28:31.000 align:start position:36.88% line:84.67% size:26.25% (all laughing) 28:31.000 --> 28:33.433 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% - I think producers will continue to plant chickpeas 28:33.433 --> 28:34.666 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% and help you out with your research. 28:34.666 --> 28:36.333 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% - And keep Mary on a job. (Mary laughing) 28:36.333 --> 28:38.700 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% Give Mary something to do. 28:38.700 --> 28:40.566 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% - But you bring up a really great point. 28:40.566 --> 28:43.533 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:26.25% One of the the long-term implications 28:43.533 --> 28:45.800 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% of some of these Indian tariffs is, 28:45.800 --> 28:48.366 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% I think more of an outlook 28:48.366 --> 28:53.200 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% for potentially developing domestic 28:53.200 --> 28:55.166 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% and especially the processing of pulse crops. 28:55.166 --> 28:58.333 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% And there's a lot of optimism about that 28:58.333 --> 29:00.633 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:41.25% in the pulse industry. 29:00.633 --> 29:02.566 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:37.5% And if that happens, 29:02.566 --> 29:05.500 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% I think we're gonna see a much more consistence. 29:05.500 --> 29:07.500 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:54.38% - In just the protein source. 29:07.500 --> 29:10.066 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:28.13% - Yeah, there's 29:12.166 --> 29:14.900 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% this effort by Canada and the United States, 29:14.900 --> 29:16.800 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% called the Protein Highway. 29:16.800 --> 29:20.300 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% And this is an effort that is, 29:20.300 --> 29:24.366 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% its goal is to increase the crop-based proteins, 29:24.366 --> 29:25.900 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:46.88% production and processing 29:25.900 --> 29:27.466 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% and consumption in the United States 29:27.466 --> 29:28.966 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% and in North America as a whole. 29:28.966 --> 29:32.233 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% And I think, as that effort continues 29:32.233 --> 29:37.200 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% and as the production supply chain continues to be stable, 29:37.200 --> 29:39.533 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% I think we're gonna see domestic processing 29:39.533 --> 29:42.333 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% and consumption and developing of those markets 29:42.333 --> 29:43.166 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:30% really take off. 29:43.166 --> 29:45.300 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% I think we're still in the infancy of that, 29:45.300 --> 29:47.500 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% but I think we're moving in the right direction. 29:47.500 --> 29:50.033 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% - The number of chickpea and lentil snacks, 29:50.033 --> 29:51.933 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% we get the meat, it's just exploded. 29:51.933 --> 29:53.766 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% (everyone laughing) - It is. 29:53.766 --> 29:57.066 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% I even heard there's like a new chickpea puff 29:57.066 --> 29:59.666 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% that you can buy that's kind of a lot like a Cheeto, 29:59.666 --> 30:00.533 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:43.13% or something like that. 30:00.533 --> 30:02.133 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% - They're really good. - They're delicious. 30:02.133 --> 30:04.000 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% - Yeah, I'm gonna have to check that one out. 30:04.000 --> 30:07.400 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:58.13% - I was just at the gas station traveling through Montana, 30:07.400 --> 30:08.200 align:start position:38.75% line:84.67% size:22.5% how's we do, 30:10.233 --> 30:12.466 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% starving trying to find something to eat 30:12.466 --> 30:16.333 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% and I could see there was like chickpea stuff 30:16.333 --> 30:17.233 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:35.63% at the gas station. 30:17.233 --> 30:18.533 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% I don't can't remember if they were chips 30:18.533 --> 30:20.733 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% or puffs or whatever, but I was pretty surprised by that. 30:20.733 --> 30:21.733 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% - [Mary] Did you pick them up Toby? 30:21.733 --> 30:23.133 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:30% - I did not, no. 30:23.133 --> 30:26.366 align:start position:36.88% line:84.67% size:26.25% (all laughing) 30:26.366 --> 30:28.300 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% - Okay, we won't ask what you did get. 30:30.633 --> 30:32.466 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% Mary, I know that we're actually quite privileged 30:32.466 --> 30:35.500 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% to have you here tonight because you are on sabbatical. 30:35.500 --> 30:36.333 align:start position:36.88% line:84.67% size:26.25% - [Mary] I am. 30:36.333 --> 30:37.900 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% - And can you tell us a little bit 30:37.900 --> 30:41.133 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% about what you are doing now on your sabbatical? 30:41.133 --> 30:42.866 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% and what you're gonna be doing in January? 30:42.866 --> 30:47.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - Yes, so I am currently working on the APS, 30:47.233 --> 30:49.033 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% American Federal Pathological Society 30:49.033 --> 30:51.733 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% Compendium of P Diseases and Pests. 30:51.733 --> 30:52.666 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% So I'm editing that. 30:52.666 --> 30:54.600 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% So I'm collecting chapters and images. 30:54.600 --> 30:56.533 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% I'm also a learning statistical software, 30:56.533 --> 31:00.266 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% because in January, my family and I are going to Australia. 31:00.266 --> 31:02.266 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% And we are going to be working 31:02.266 --> 31:05.200 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:58.13% at the South Australia Research & Development Institute 31:05.200 --> 31:07.600 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% on spore trapping networks. 31:07.600 --> 31:08.733 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:37.5% So collecting spores 31:08.733 --> 31:11.533 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% and try and predict plant disease onset. 31:11.533 --> 31:13.033 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% And I was told by one of my collaborators 31:13.033 --> 31:16.533 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:56.25% that one of my duties is gonna be driving through vineyards, 31:16.533 --> 31:18.233 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:35.63% (everyone laughing) 31:18.233 --> 31:19.700 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:46.88% collecting powdery mildew 31:19.700 --> 31:21.900 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:26.25% to monitor for fungicide resistance. 31:21.900 --> 31:23.766 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% So learning about all these tools 31:23.766 --> 31:25.733 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% and how we could possibly deploy them here, 31:25.733 --> 31:27.633 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% I know they have a spore trapping network in Idaho 31:27.633 --> 31:28.866 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:58.13% that we can learn from as well, 31:28.866 --> 31:33.866 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% and these tend to be put into effect in higher value crops 31:35.066 --> 31:37.833 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% but if we could use that to monitor for head scab, 31:37.833 --> 31:39.333 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% or you know something like that, 31:39.333 --> 31:42.100 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% and see how useful that they are gonna be to us 31:42.100 --> 31:44.366 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:24.38% and if we can successfully deploy them 31:44.366 --> 31:46.333 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% and maybe may work with our research centers 31:46.333 --> 31:48.800 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% on getting some of these tools in the hands of farmers. 31:48.800 --> 31:50.966 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% - Since you mentioned powdery mildew on grape, 31:50.966 --> 31:52.800 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% I'm gonna use this as an opportunity 31:52.800 --> 31:53.933 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:46.88% for a follow-up question. 31:53.933 --> 31:57.400 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:56.25% Because we had one, a question come in from Olmec Washington 31:57.400 --> 32:01.133 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:56.25% and they say yes, I do receive Montana PBS on satellite. 32:01.133 --> 32:02.433 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% And that's how I watch this. 32:02.433 --> 32:06.566 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% So, thank you Washington, for your interest in our program. 32:06.566 --> 32:09.366 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% So this year my grapes got powdery mildew 32:09.366 --> 32:10.566 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% which ruined most of the grapes. 32:10.566 --> 32:12.200 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% I've never had this problem before. 32:12.200 --> 32:14.000 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% By the time I realized there was a problem 32:14.000 --> 32:16.400 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:54.38% it was too hot to use sulfur. 32:16.400 --> 32:17.933 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% What should I do next year? 32:17.933 --> 32:21.866 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% I would be suspicious that it was not powdery mildew 32:21.866 --> 32:22.700 align:start position:36.88% line:84.67% size:26.25% if it was hot. 32:22.700 --> 32:24.666 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% - [Nina] Powdery mildew doesn't really kill grapes. 32:24.666 --> 32:29.666 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:56.25% - No, they could even probably collect some of those bunches 32:31.100 --> 32:34.400 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:58.13% and send them to the diagnostic lab in in Washington, 32:34.400 --> 32:36.133 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:26.25% and they could look for botrytis. 32:36.133 --> 32:38.100 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% They're really good there. 32:38.100 --> 32:39.700 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:45% - Yeah, absolutely yeah. 32:39.700 --> 32:42.733 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% So we're really good here but we probably have people 32:42.733 --> 32:44.533 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% that are working on grapes there. 32:44.533 --> 32:46.033 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% - So they are just fabulous people. 32:46.033 --> 32:48.166 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% I visited their clinic a few months ago. 32:48.166 --> 32:50.633 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% And yeah, I would just send in a sample 32:50.633 --> 32:52.800 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% and they could probably look for other diseases and pests, 32:52.800 --> 32:54.000 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:24.38% and you could discuss it with them. 32:54.000 --> 32:56.333 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:58.13% And their extension agronomist, Michelle Moyer is great 32:56.333 --> 32:57.166 align:start position:42.5% line:84.67% size:15% as well. 32:57.166 --> 32:58.000 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:28.13% - Right, right. 32:58.000 --> 33:00.733 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% And also, if you are going to use something like sulfur, 33:00.733 --> 33:03.766 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% it's better to start in a more preventive-type way 33:03.766 --> 33:06.300 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% and start before you actually anticipate. 33:06.300 --> 33:07.900 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% - Start with accurate identification 33:07.900 --> 33:09.900 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% and then proceed from there, 33:09.900 --> 33:11.333 align:start position:38.75% line:84.67% size:22.5% - Very good. 33:11.333 --> 33:13.566 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:39.38% Toby, from Park City. 33:13.566 --> 33:14.966 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% This person had their lawn sprayed 33:14.966 --> 33:17.533 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% with fertilizer and herbicide about three weeks ago. 33:17.533 --> 33:19.200 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% Then they had a good rain. 33:19.200 --> 33:20.333 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:35.63% When she fall mows, 33:20.333 --> 33:23.033 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% can she use the clippings as mulch in her flowerbed? 33:24.366 --> 33:25.500 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% - It depends on the flowerbed. 33:25.500 --> 33:28.066 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% So what they probably used 33:28.066 --> 33:32.066 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% as a product for killing whatever weeds were in there 33:32.066 --> 33:35.066 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% was probably either like Dich amber 2, 4-D. 33:35.066 --> 33:36.366 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% There's not a lot of products that, 33:36.366 --> 33:39.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% even commercial used, that sticks around for a long time. 33:39.933 --> 33:43.233 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% Most of those weed killers, 33:43.233 --> 33:45.900 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% three months and it's not an issue. 33:45.900 --> 33:48.333 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% So if you were putting them around your perennials, 33:48.333 --> 33:50.600 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% those probably will break down by the time 33:50.600 --> 33:54.033 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% as long as those perennials are dormant, that's the issue. 33:54.033 --> 33:58.233 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% If you are putting them around your annual beds, 33:58.233 --> 34:00.233 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% well, obviously, those are gonna be gone. 34:00.233 --> 34:02.466 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% So the thing is you just gotta be a little bit careful 34:02.466 --> 34:03.466 align:start position:40.62% line:84.67% size:18.75% about that 34:03.466 --> 34:05.966 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% but that's that kind of timeframe that I always give, 34:05.966 --> 34:07.066 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:39.38% is about three months 34:07.066 --> 34:09.066 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% before I would put those around any of your plants, 34:09.066 --> 34:12.900 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% especially anything that's a broad leaf plant. 34:12.900 --> 34:14.800 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:24.38% But you could definitely put it around 34:14.800 --> 34:18.033 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% things like iris or lilies or things like that 34:18.033 --> 34:21.200 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% 'cause they're all monocots and won't be affected by it. 34:21.200 --> 34:23.300 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:43.13% - Okay, thank you Toby. 34:23.300 --> 34:24.766 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:41.25% Laurie, from Florence. 34:24.766 --> 34:28.066 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% How can you control slugs in the vegetable garden? 34:28.066 --> 34:32.866 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% She's having a particularly bad infestation in her beets? 34:32.866 --> 34:33.700 align:start position:44.38% line:84.67% size:11.25% - Hmm. 34:35.433 --> 34:37.000 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:30% Yeah, for slugs, 34:37.000 --> 34:40.300 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% I think everybody talks about the common thing 34:40.300 --> 34:43.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% that you could do for slugs is using a can of beer 34:43.233 --> 34:45.433 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:35.63% (everyone laughing) 34:45.433 --> 34:46.866 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% which can work to some degree. 34:46.866 --> 34:51.866 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:58.13% But they have a lot of products that are available in it, 34:52.466 --> 34:54.266 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% and I can't remember what the active ingredients are now 34:54.266 --> 34:56.833 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% but that you could get at the garden store. 34:56.833 --> 34:58.500 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% I wanna say Slug-Off or something like that, 34:58.500 --> 35:02.500 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:60% but there are some some products that you can use for slugs. 35:02.500 --> 35:05.833 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:56.25% And then try to get rid of the places for them to hide too. 35:05.833 --> 35:07.066 align:start position:33.12% line:84.67% size:31.88% - Right, exactly. 35:07.066 --> 35:07.900 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% That's why I was gonna say, 35:07.900 --> 35:09.900 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% we all love a lot of organic matter in our garden, 35:09.900 --> 35:13.600 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% but if you have a nice duff around the basis of your plants, 35:13.600 --> 35:16.633 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% that's a great place for slugs to hide. 35:16.633 --> 35:17.966 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:54.38% - Those get into like lettuce 35:17.966 --> 35:18.900 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% because I think it's just so densely planted. 35:18.900 --> 35:20.333 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:30% - Yeah, exactly. 35:20.333 --> 35:23.366 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% Yeah, 'cause I always kind of plant mine in wide rows. 35:23.366 --> 35:24.966 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:45% - Have you ever ate one? 35:24.966 --> 35:25.800 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:30% - [Mary] A slug? 35:25.800 --> 35:27.733 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% - Yeah, unintentionally? - No. 35:27.733 --> 35:29.233 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% - There's a reason birds don't eat them. 35:29.233 --> 35:31.000 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% - They're nasty? - They're so gross. 35:31.000 --> 35:32.366 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:35.63% (everyone laughing) 35:32.366 --> 35:34.400 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% 'Cause every once in a while I get them in the strawberries 35:34.400 --> 35:36.366 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% and I grow strawberries in my house 35:36.366 --> 35:37.900 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% and sometimes you don't see them, 35:37.900 --> 35:39.466 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% you're like, hmm, oh. - Aargh. 35:40.466 --> 35:43.200 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% - It is quite possibly the worst tasting thing I've had 35:43.200 --> 35:44.566 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:28.13% in a long time. 35:44.566 --> 35:46.066 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% I was gonna go back to the beets though, 35:46.066 --> 35:48.200 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% if you spread the beets out a little bit, 35:48.200 --> 35:49.800 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:45% so make your rows wider, 35:49.800 --> 35:51.166 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% so if they're really close together 35:51.166 --> 35:52.666 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% and so that they have an environment, 35:52.666 --> 35:54.300 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% that's gonna bring in slugs. 35:54.300 --> 35:55.833 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% The other thing that I Would recommend too, 35:55.833 --> 35:59.033 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% is that I usually see slugs in situations 35:59.033 --> 36:01.800 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% where they've been watered too frequently. 36:01.800 --> 36:03.366 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% In your vegetable garden with your beets, 36:03.366 --> 36:05.333 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% you could probably get away with watering those 36:05.333 --> 36:08.400 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% every six to eight days instead of every other day, 36:08.400 --> 36:10.666 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% which I don't know what's going on in that situation, 36:10.666 --> 36:13.433 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:24.38% but if you're watering it regularly, 36:13.433 --> 36:15.266 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% you're gonna create an environment for the slugs. 36:15.266 --> 36:16.900 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% So I've learned. - Would drip work 36:16.900 --> 36:17.733 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:39.38% better than overhead? 36:17.733 --> 36:19.866 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% - Drip would work a lot better, yeah. 36:19.866 --> 36:24.233 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% But I find that even six to 10 days on beets 36:24.233 --> 36:26.033 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% would probably be plenty of water. 36:26.033 --> 36:29.533 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% - Everything in my garden, pretty much gets (laughs) 36:29.533 --> 36:30.366 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% the same schedule of water. 36:30.366 --> 36:32.200 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:41.25% Actually what we do is 36:32.200 --> 36:33.633 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% crops that need a little bit more water, 36:33.633 --> 36:36.033 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% we do drip and so we'll put two drip tubes down the row 36:36.033 --> 36:37.033 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:46.88% rather than one drip tube 36:37.033 --> 36:39.266 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% and that's how we control the amount of water 36:39.266 --> 36:40.100 align:start position:40.62% line:84.67% size:16.88% but yeah. 36:40.100 --> 36:41.800 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% - [Mary] But you still get slugs? 36:41.800 --> 36:43.833 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% - Not so much in the vegetable garden. 36:43.833 --> 36:45.833 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% A little bit in the lettuce like you said, 36:45.833 --> 36:48.300 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% but like right now on the edges of my flowerbeds, 36:48.300 --> 36:49.933 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% coming out on my sidewalks, 36:49.933 --> 36:52.500 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% there are just slugs all over with this rain 36:52.500 --> 36:54.400 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% and kind of like worms do in the spring. 36:54.400 --> 36:55.500 align:start position:42.5% line:84.67% size:15% So yeah. 36:55.500 --> 36:57.666 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:26.25% - Yeah, gross. - It's kind of gross, yeah. 36:59.633 --> 37:03.733 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% Anton, from Great Falls, with the new NAFTA, 37:05.500 --> 37:08.100 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% why couldn't they have gotten country of origin labeling 37:08.100 --> 37:11.066 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% to highlight our superior agricultural products? 37:12.800 --> 37:15.766 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% - I think there's been that quite a bit of controversy 37:15.766 --> 37:18.100 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% with the country of origin labeling. 37:21.966 --> 37:26.966 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% It's difficult to go and and try to renegotiate a policy 37:28.333 --> 37:31.100 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% that has been in effect, that's now not in effect, 37:31.100 --> 37:33.200 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% and now we wanna go back into effect. 37:34.366 --> 37:36.733 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:39.38% What has been done is 37:38.100 --> 37:41.000 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% and I think, what's been very beneficial, 37:41.000 --> 37:45.533 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% if and when this new policy gets approved by Congress, 37:45.533 --> 37:49.900 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% is this ability for Montana grain producers 37:49.900 --> 37:51.600 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:54.38% to ship their grain to Canada 37:51.600 --> 37:55.500 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% and not have their wheat immediately 37:55.500 --> 37:59.233 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% which has been the case for numerous decades going back. 37:59.233 --> 38:01.366 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% And this has been related to the fact 38:01.366 --> 38:05.766 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% that Canada only accepts wheat at their elevators 38:05.766 --> 38:08.066 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% and doesn't grade them as feed wheat immediately 38:08.066 --> 38:10.733 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% if it is a seed that has been approved 38:10.733 --> 38:12.866 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% by the Canadian's Grain Commission. 38:12.866 --> 38:14.200 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% And that has been an issue 38:14.200 --> 38:17.533 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% because we grow pretty good wheat here. 38:17.533 --> 38:20.966 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% And if we send it over there, just across the border, 38:20.966 --> 38:23.200 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% and it's holding a Canadian elevator, 38:23.200 --> 38:27.200 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% it's gonna be immediately price down, 30, 35, 40%. 38:27.200 --> 38:29.466 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% - So that means like a list of varieties that they accept? 38:29.466 --> 38:30.300 align:start position:36.88% line:84.67% size:26.25% - Right, yeah. 38:30.300 --> 38:31.800 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% And they have an approved list of varieties 38:31.800 --> 38:33.633 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:46.88% and if it's not approved, 38:33.633 --> 38:35.333 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% it's not going to be accepted there. 38:35.333 --> 38:38.400 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% And one of the things that has been included 38:38.400 --> 38:41.300 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% in this new US, Mexico, Canada agreement 38:41.300 --> 38:43.500 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% is that that is going to go away. 38:43.500 --> 38:47.200 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% That that wheat is going to be now graded on its quality, 38:47.200 --> 38:51.366 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% not necessarily on the fact that where it's grown. 38:51.366 --> 38:54.666 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% And so that's that's a type of country of origin labeling 38:54.666 --> 38:56.333 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% that is a good thing for us 38:56.333 --> 38:59.833 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% that it's not going to be labeled US 38:59.833 --> 39:01.933 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:24.38% and then it's created on quality. 39:01.933 --> 39:03.666 align:start position:42.5% line:84.67% size:13.13% - Okay. 39:03.666 --> 39:05.900 align:start position:33.12% line:84.67% size:31.88% Mary, from Dylan. 39:05.900 --> 39:08.133 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% This is kind of a two-stage question 39:08.133 --> 39:10.533 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% and Toby you can chime in, 39:10.533 --> 39:12.533 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:24.38% if you've got additional information. 39:12.533 --> 39:14.833 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% This person has three older apple trees 39:14.833 --> 39:17.133 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% and they have smaller branches that are dying. 39:17.133 --> 39:20.533 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% Should they trim them now or wait until after a hard freeze? 39:20.533 --> 39:22.066 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:26.25% And then their follow-up question, 39:22.066 --> 39:25.233 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% I think they're thinking that this is fire blight. 39:25.233 --> 39:28.566 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% So I guess like when and how to prune. 39:28.566 --> 39:31.600 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% And then also do you have any recommendations 39:31.600 --> 39:36.166 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% for fire blight resistant large fruit apples? 39:36.166 --> 39:38.200 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% - I'll take the disease portion (laughs). 39:39.433 --> 39:41.733 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% - We'll rely on Toby for the varieties. 39:41.733 --> 39:43.866 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:58.13% I thought that made good sense. 39:43.866 --> 39:45.266 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% - If you think it's fire blight, 39:45.266 --> 39:48.066 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% it tends to have a really typical Shepherd's crooking 39:48.066 --> 39:51.366 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:43.13% at the end of the stem, 39:51.366 --> 39:53.933 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% and if you peel back some of the affected tissue, 39:53.933 --> 39:56.466 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% there's a staining like a brown staining. 39:56.466 --> 39:59.533 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% And you can see that pretty easily if you shave it off. 39:59.533 --> 40:02.066 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% You want to prune them when they're dormant. 40:02.066 --> 40:04.100 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% You wanna prune two to three inches 40:04.100 --> 40:06.633 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% beyond where you see that staining. 40:06.633 --> 40:09.500 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:24.38% And you wanna sanitize your pruner 40:09.500 --> 40:13.166 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% between every cut if you can, and that is pretty critical. 40:13.166 --> 40:17.000 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% And don't like just dip it, like you gotta clean it. 40:17.000 --> 40:20.066 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% So I don't know what you recommend for sanitation. 40:21.500 --> 40:23.233 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% - Well, I usually go six inches. 40:23.233 --> 40:24.200 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:54.38% I mean I just wanna make sure 40:24.200 --> 40:25.966 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% that I don't cut into that fire blight. 40:25.966 --> 40:27.766 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% - So basil pruning is what you're saying? 40:27.766 --> 40:28.600 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:35.63% (everyone laughing) 40:28.600 --> 40:29.966 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% - [Toby] Montana pruning, six inches off the ground. 40:29.966 --> 40:32.000 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% - That's usually after five or six years. 40:34.566 --> 40:36.100 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% - And the thing that's interesting too, 40:36.100 --> 40:40.333 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% is that you can go to your extension agent 40:40.333 --> 40:42.833 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% and find out whether or not it is in fact fire blight. 40:42.833 --> 40:44.666 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:26.25% We have seen a lot of apple trees 40:44.666 --> 40:48.700 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% that are suspect to something that's happened this year, 40:48.700 --> 40:50.733 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% whether or not it was just a frost, 40:50.733 --> 40:52.500 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% whether or not it was what we call blossom blast, 40:52.500 --> 40:53.900 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:45% which is a pseudonymous. 40:56.600 --> 40:57.933 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% One of the reasons why I say that 40:57.933 --> 41:00.400 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% is that I have a sweet sixteen in my yard 41:00.400 --> 41:02.900 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% that has a couple of strikes that looks like fire blight, 41:02.900 --> 41:06.566 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% but sweet sixteen is really resistant to fire blight. 41:06.566 --> 41:09.000 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% And it was fairly cold here in the valley, 41:09.000 --> 41:10.833 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% when it was raining during the time of flowering. 41:10.833 --> 41:13.200 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% So makes me really think that it's not. 41:14.700 --> 41:16.800 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:54.38% So let's go to the cultivars. 41:16.800 --> 41:20.233 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% There's a Mont guide that we have at MSU 41:20.233 --> 41:23.000 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% on disease-resistant, I think didn't you write that? 41:23.000 --> 41:23.966 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:35.63% - Yeah, absolutely. 41:23.966 --> 41:26.100 align:start position:33.12% line:84.67% size:31.88% I absolutely did. 41:26.100 --> 41:27.833 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% I can't remember the names of the varieties 41:27.833 --> 41:31.166 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:58.13% so that was another career ago. 41:31.166 --> 41:33.133 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% - So there's a lot of great ones out there. 41:33.133 --> 41:35.233 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% I would encourage you to talk with your nursery, 41:35.233 --> 41:39.133 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% but things like Goodland, Goodmac, 41:39.133 --> 41:43.333 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% Honeycrisp, Haralson, Haralson Red, Sweet Sixteen, 41:43.333 --> 41:46.866 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% there's a bunch of them out there that are quite nice. 41:46.866 --> 41:47.900 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:45% If you have fire blight, 41:47.900 --> 41:51.833 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% I highly recommend getting fire blight resistant trees. 41:51.833 --> 41:54.300 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% 'Cause once you get fire blight in your trees, 41:54.300 --> 41:56.700 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% it just seems like you're constantly battling it. 41:56.700 --> 41:59.033 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:35.63% - Mm-hmm, for sure. 41:59.033 --> 42:01.800 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% So Laurie, I think you've got another show and tell 42:01.800 --> 42:03.200 align:start position:36.88% line:84.67% size:24.38% ready for us. 42:03.200 --> 42:04.700 align:start position:42.5% line:84.67% size:13.13% - Yeah. 42:04.700 --> 42:06.333 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% I'll show you the bark piece first. 42:06.333 --> 42:08.733 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% This is a piece of Douglas fir 42:08.733 --> 42:13.266 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% that came in from the Kellett Canyon area in in Bozeman. 42:13.266 --> 42:15.566 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% And then this is what the underside looks like. 42:15.566 --> 42:18.666 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% And these are all galleries from the Douglas-Fir beetle, 42:18.666 --> 42:19.833 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:43.13% which is a bark beetle. 42:22.533 --> 42:25.000 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% We could see the damage from bark beetles, 42:25.000 --> 42:27.500 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% but it's kind of rare that we get to look at 42:27.500 --> 42:31.333 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% in the urban environment to get a bark sample like this. 42:31.333 --> 42:32.900 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% So the bark beetle actually, 42:32.900 --> 42:36.100 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% they form galleries on the inside here 42:36.100 --> 42:38.733 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% and then the beetles will exit the tree 42:38.733 --> 42:40.266 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% and then in the look you can't really see it 42:40.266 --> 42:42.633 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% 'cause the bark is pretty thick. 42:42.633 --> 42:44.200 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% They look like shot holes. 42:44.200 --> 42:47.566 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% And so since we had a bunch of fires in 2017, 42:47.566 --> 42:49.566 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% we were expecting to see a lot of damage 42:49.566 --> 42:51.633 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% from the Douglas-Fir beetle. 42:51.633 --> 42:55.400 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% And also trees that were very in dense stands 42:55.400 --> 42:58.566 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% and stressed, and then also had a lot of damage 42:58.566 --> 43:00.966 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% from the Western spruce budworm, which is a moth, 43:01.866 --> 43:03.966 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% we expected to see some damages here. 43:03.966 --> 43:06.466 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% So we are seeing some stands 43:06.466 --> 43:08.866 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% that the kind of heavily forested areas 43:08.866 --> 43:11.600 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% that are having issues with the Douglas-Fir beetle. 43:11.600 --> 43:13.900 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% So the best thing you could do once you've had, 43:15.333 --> 43:19.233 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% there are sprays and there's patches called MCH patches 43:19.233 --> 43:21.033 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:26.25% that you could put on your trees, 43:21.033 --> 43:23.866 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% that are in good standing to protect them. 43:23.866 --> 43:25.933 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% But once they've hit your trees, 43:27.333 --> 43:28.933 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% it's very hard to to save them 43:28.933 --> 43:30.233 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:58.13% after the beetles have come in. 43:30.233 --> 43:32.466 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% - So just kind of like a pine beetle then? 43:32.466 --> 43:33.300 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:30% - [Laurie] Yeah. 43:33.300 --> 43:34.133 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% - So I know with the pine beetle 43:34.133 --> 43:35.200 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% there's like a certain diameter, 43:35.200 --> 43:37.733 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% it has to be like at least eight inches large 43:37.733 --> 43:38.566 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:43.13% or something like that, 43:38.566 --> 43:41.133 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% in order for the pine beetles to invade and overwinter 43:41.133 --> 43:43.466 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:58.13% and cause significant problems. 43:43.466 --> 43:45.866 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% Is there anything like that with the Doug-Fir? 43:45.866 --> 43:46.700 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:46.88% - That's a good question. 43:46.700 --> 43:50.766 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% Yeah, I don't know what the parameters are for invasion, 43:50.766 --> 43:52.600 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% but I know that they really prefer 43:52.600 --> 43:56.633 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% these overgrown dense stands that are stressed. 43:57.833 --> 43:58.666 align:start position:42.5% line:84.67% size:13.13% - Sure. 43:58.666 --> 43:59.500 align:start position:44.38% line:84.67% size:9.38% Okay. 43:59.500 --> 44:00.766 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:37.5% Toby from Kalispell, 44:01.633 --> 44:05.500 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% they've started rhubarb a few years ago from a dying plant. 44:05.500 --> 44:08.166 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% The leaves look good, go red and die. 44:08.166 --> 44:09.433 align:start position:36.88% line:84.67% size:24.38% What's wrong? 44:09.433 --> 44:10.266 align:start position:33.12% line:84.67% size:31.88% Red leaf disease? 44:10.266 --> 44:11.433 align:start position:38.75% line:84.67% size:20.63% How to fix. 44:11.433 --> 44:13.766 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% I think we can all talk a lot about this. 44:13.766 --> 44:14.600 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% (everyone laughing) - Yes, yes. 44:14.600 --> 44:18.233 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% So the first thing is get good quality plant materials, 44:18.233 --> 44:21.333 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% certified if you can and transplant them 44:21.333 --> 44:23.566 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% somewhere where there was not rhubarb before. 44:23.566 --> 44:27.900 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% It sounds like you got red leaf disease, which is common. 44:27.900 --> 44:29.666 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% I see more and more of that. 44:29.666 --> 44:31.766 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% And that's all I can really recommend. 44:31.766 --> 44:34.733 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% Go to your local nursery, get some good plant material. 44:34.733 --> 44:35.566 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:28.13% Don't dig it up 44:35.566 --> 44:36.700 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% from somebody else's. - And get rid of that one. 44:36.700 --> 44:37.533 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:58.13% - Yeah, and get rid of that one 44:37.533 --> 44:39.966 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% and plant it in the same spot. 44:39.966 --> 44:43.400 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% - And I think we can say it goes back to the aspen question. 44:43.400 --> 44:46.933 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% And really any vegetatively propagated plant, 44:46.933 --> 44:48.000 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:45% you're always better off 44:48.000 --> 44:50.166 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% to start off with new plant material. 44:50.166 --> 44:52.466 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% And like potatoes, don't save your potatoes 44:52.466 --> 44:53.933 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:26.25% and plant them again the next year. 44:53.933 --> 44:57.766 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:58.13% Buy new planting stock, Montana certified seed, of course. 44:59.766 --> 45:01.566 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% Yeah, so it really goes with everything 45:01.566 --> 45:04.166 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% that's not propagated from a true seed. 45:04.166 --> 45:05.166 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% - Yeah, but you're not gonna find 45:05.166 --> 45:08.633 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% Montana rhubarb seed stock certified, it's not there. 45:08.633 --> 45:10.266 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:58.13% - (laughing) Well, that's true. 45:10.266 --> 45:12.233 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% I always have to plug Montana Seed Potato 45:12.233 --> 45:13.700 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:43.13% any chance I could get. 45:13.700 --> 45:16.800 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% - But the thing is is that when you buy the rhubarb, 45:16.800 --> 45:19.166 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% make sure that it wasn't just dug up somewhere 45:19.166 --> 45:20.200 align:start position:33.12% line:84.67% size:31.88% and put in a pot. 45:21.033 --> 45:24.233 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% I think that's a practice that I have seen 45:24.233 --> 45:26.466 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:46.88% and it's a poor practice. 45:26.466 --> 45:28.033 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% So ask where it came from. 45:28.033 --> 45:30.333 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% If it came from a certified place, 45:30.333 --> 45:33.100 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% a certified nursery that was growing it. 45:33.100 --> 45:36.200 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% You can get certified rhubarb online. 45:36.200 --> 45:39.500 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% And there are companies that do sell that. 45:39.500 --> 45:42.033 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% So most of the online, if you buy a rhubarb plant, 45:42.033 --> 45:43.100 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% you're probably getting something 45:43.100 --> 45:45.633 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:54.38% that's at least disease-free. 45:47.066 --> 45:49.900 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% Or at your local nursery with good products. 45:49.900 --> 45:50.733 align:start position:40.62% line:84.67% size:16.88% - Thanks. 45:51.866 --> 45:53.766 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:37.5% So Anton, from Lima, 45:53.766 --> 45:56.000 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% and this is kind of a follow up on the question 45:56.000 --> 45:59.333 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% where you just talked about the country of origin labeling. 45:59.333 --> 46:02.933 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% But why do we allow Canadian and Mexican beef into the US 46:02.933 --> 46:04.766 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% and sell it with a US label on it? 46:06.633 --> 46:07.733 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:41.25% - So there's (laughs). 46:09.233 --> 46:12.166 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:35.63% (everyone laughing) 46:12.166 --> 46:13.866 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:43.13% There are many reasons. 46:13.866 --> 46:18.866 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% I can give you an example of one reason that we import beef 46:19.166 --> 46:23.200 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% and then we sell it under a US label. 46:23.200 --> 46:26.633 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:58.13% So we produce very high quality beef in the United States. 46:26.633 --> 46:30.800 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% We focus on high marbling, 46:30.800 --> 46:33.400 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% high fat characteristics in our cattle 46:33.400 --> 46:35.966 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% and what that provides is really good steaks right. 46:35.966 --> 46:38.800 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% You go to a steak house, you get US steak 46:38.800 --> 46:41.200 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% and it's gonna be delicious, melt in your mouth. 46:42.400 --> 46:45.066 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% But the meat that remains, 46:45.066 --> 46:48.400 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% that is usually ground up for hamburger meat, 46:48.400 --> 46:49.600 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:39.38% it's too fatty right. 46:49.600 --> 46:52.500 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% If you try to sell US only meat in the grocery store, 46:52.500 --> 46:55.233 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:45% it's gonna have 60% fat. 46:55.233 --> 46:57.200 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% No consumer is gonna want to buy it. 46:57.200 --> 47:00.333 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% So what we do is we import leaner meat 47:00.333 --> 47:02.766 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% that's maybe less high-quality for steaks 47:02.766 --> 47:06.100 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% from places like Mexico, from places like Brazil, 47:06.100 --> 47:08.566 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% from Australia and we use that 47:08.566 --> 47:11.600 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% to mix into our hamburger meat 47:11.600 --> 47:14.700 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% and then we sell it under one label. 47:14.700 --> 47:17.900 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% And when you do that, when you mix those meats together, 47:17.900 --> 47:19.900 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% it becomes very difficult to then say, 47:19.900 --> 47:23.833 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% well, 30% of this came from US, 20 from Canada, 47:24.866 --> 47:26.600 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% some other percentage from Mexico. 47:26.600 --> 47:29.233 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% So that becomes very costly. 47:29.233 --> 47:30.633 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% You could certainly try to do that, 47:30.633 --> 47:34.866 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% but when you ask producers and packing firms, 47:37.333 --> 47:40.166 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% whether that's too costly, they're gonna say yes. 47:40.166 --> 47:42.066 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% And typically what they're trying to do 47:42.066 --> 47:46.833 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:45% is maximize the benefits 47:46.833 --> 47:49.166 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% for both the consumer and the producers here. 47:49.166 --> 47:54.166 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% And a lot of times when you have them label too much 47:54.533 --> 47:56.600 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% that creates a very high costs 47:56.600 --> 47:58.200 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% which are then passed on to consumers. 47:58.200 --> 47:59.933 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:46.88% And so there's a balance. 47:59.933 --> 48:03.233 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% And a big reason for that non-labeling 48:03.233 --> 48:05.200 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% is the fact that you really can't tell 48:05.200 --> 48:08.400 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% which meat is coming from which cow. 48:08.400 --> 48:11.300 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% - [Mary] So it's kinda like wine, it has to be 70%-- 48:11.300 --> 48:12.133 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:28.13% - It's a blend. 48:15.566 --> 48:18.333 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% Mary, this is a question from Stevensville 48:18.333 --> 48:20.933 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% and you are getting this question because 48:20.933 --> 48:23.433 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:35.63% (everyone laughing) 48:23.433 --> 48:24.666 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% - Hey, they were your chicken. 48:24.666 --> 48:27.466 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% - They were my chicken but you've got them now. 48:28.833 --> 48:33.833 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:56.25% This caller uses wood shavings in their chicken house 48:33.866 --> 48:37.966 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% and then they remove the wood shavings in manure. 48:37.966 --> 48:40.566 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% And they're using them for mulch around their trees. 48:40.566 --> 48:42.033 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% So is this a good practice? 48:42.033 --> 48:45.366 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% Is there a possibility of introducing any diseases? 48:45.366 --> 48:48.033 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% Any problems with using the chicken manure, 48:48.033 --> 48:50.466 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% wood shading mixture as mulch around their trees? 48:50.466 --> 48:55.100 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% - So wood shavings can be a source of vascular wilts. 48:56.833 --> 48:59.200 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% I'm not aware of any in pine that are high risk. 48:59.200 --> 49:01.066 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:24.38% I know in the Midwest they've got 49:01.066 --> 49:03.966 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:26.25% something like hardwood, the chips. 49:03.966 --> 49:07.466 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% I do it routinely and they're composted with chicken manure. 49:07.466 --> 49:08.900 align:start position:33.12% line:84.67% size:31.88% I love using mine 49:08.900 --> 49:11.566 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% because I don't have to use somebody else's compost 49:11.566 --> 49:13.633 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% that might have herbicide residual. 49:13.633 --> 49:16.466 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% And so that's been a huge, working in the diagnostic lab, 49:17.766 --> 49:18.600 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:39.38% high priority for me. 49:18.600 --> 49:20.133 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% - Like in all the areas you can get herbicide residual. 49:20.133 --> 49:21.233 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:39.38% - Yeah, so I use that 49:21.233 --> 49:23.300 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% and then we actually have rabbits as well. 49:23.300 --> 49:25.700 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% And that's the only kind of animal waste 49:25.700 --> 49:27.566 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:58.13% you can use without composting, now you know (laughing). 49:27.566 --> 49:29.666 align:start position:35% line:84.67% size:28.13% - There you go. 49:29.666 --> 49:31.533 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% Especially when it's mixed with wood shavings. 49:31.533 --> 49:32.833 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% Because the carbon in the wood shavings 49:32.833 --> 49:33.666 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% is gonna tie up any urea or anything. 49:33.666 --> 49:35.633 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% - I find it perfect plus I fit the wood shavings in 49:35.633 --> 49:38.066 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% and then it just decomposes really easy. 49:38.066 --> 49:40.400 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% The chickens love tossing it around. 49:40.400 --> 49:41.466 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:37.5% Yeah, it's all good. 49:41.466 --> 49:43.366 align:start position:33.12% line:84.67% size:33.75% - Okay, very good. 49:43.366 --> 49:47.200 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% Toby, from Hamilton, they planted a peach tree this spring 49:47.200 --> 49:49.066 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:26.25% and a deer has rubbed the bark off 49:49.066 --> 49:52.266 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:28.13% of about 1/3 of the two-inch trunk. 49:52.266 --> 49:55.833 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% So there is good bark around 2/3 of the trunk. 49:55.833 --> 49:57.433 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% Should they take it down now 49:57.433 --> 50:00.066 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% and plant anew in the spring or leave it alone 50:00.066 --> 50:02.566 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:24.38% and see if it survives and recovers? 50:02.566 --> 50:03.966 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:46.88% - I would leave it alone. 50:03.966 --> 50:06.133 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% So you're still gonna have enough vascular tissue 50:06.133 --> 50:10.033 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% and 2/3 of that trunk to be able to sustain that tree. 50:11.166 --> 50:12.233 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% It should be fine. 50:12.233 --> 50:15.933 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% But this is a time you probably just learned 50:15.933 --> 50:18.600 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% to put some kind of either fence out that tree, 50:18.600 --> 50:22.733 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% or put some kind of deterrent from those bucks, 50:22.733 --> 50:26.033 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% which will be rubbing on that tree again. 50:26.033 --> 50:28.500 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% There's something about the resin on certain trees 50:28.500 --> 50:31.333 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% that they really love rubbing their antlers 50:31.333 --> 50:33.633 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% to try to get to darken them sometimes 50:33.633 --> 50:36.466 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% and that's usually on like pines. 50:36.466 --> 50:39.333 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% But also they'll find certain trees that they like 50:39.333 --> 50:42.166 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% and weirdly enough they kind of come back to some of those. 50:42.166 --> 50:46.700 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% So if they found this, they may come back, yeah. 50:46.700 --> 50:47.900 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% - Yeah, that's been my experience too. 50:47.900 --> 50:51.033 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% It seems like they'll just keep year after year. 50:51.033 --> 50:51.866 align:start position:42.5% line:84.67% size:13.13% - Yeah. 50:51.866 --> 50:54.300 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% The fact that it's went after a peach tree, 50:54.300 --> 50:57.633 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% it makes me think it's like a Utah deer 50:57.633 --> 51:02.100 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% just (everyone's laughter drowns out Toby) 51:02.100 --> 51:02.933 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% don't see them in Montana. 51:02.933 --> 51:04.400 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% - I don't think we should be raising peaches 51:04.400 --> 51:05.233 align:start position:38.75% line:84.67% size:20.63% in Montana. 51:05.233 --> 51:07.966 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% - I haven't seen one of those since I was in Utah. 51:07.966 --> 51:09.933 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:35.63% (everyone laughing) 51:09.933 --> 51:10.800 align:start position:38.75% line:84.67% size:22.5% - All right. 51:10.800 --> 51:12.566 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% Laurie, from Stevensville, 51:12.566 --> 51:15.266 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% is there anything that can be done in the fall 51:15.266 --> 51:17.466 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% when aphids and mites go dormant 51:17.466 --> 51:19.166 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:58.13% to help control them next year? 51:19.166 --> 51:21.600 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% Or alternatively, in the early spring? 51:21.600 --> 51:22.433 align:start position:40.62% line:84.67% size:18.75% - Oh yeah. 51:22.433 --> 51:23.866 align:start position:33.12% line:84.67% size:31.88% Actually you can. 51:23.866 --> 51:26.066 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% Mites right now, the problems that we have mostly 51:26.066 --> 51:29.233 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% are from area Fayyad mites and in fruit trees, 51:29.233 --> 51:32.766 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% But for mites and aphids you could do a horticultural oil 51:32.766 --> 51:34.766 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% if you get the right correct temperatures 51:34.766 --> 51:35.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% at this time of year. 51:35.733 --> 51:37.233 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% But you have to make sure that yeah, 51:37.233 --> 51:39.966 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% the temperatures are right on the next couple of days too. 51:39.966 --> 51:42.300 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% So it's usually about 50 degrees. 51:42.300 --> 51:46.233 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% But just also take a little little sample of leaf material 51:46.233 --> 51:49.366 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% and just test it if you're gonna apply a horticultural oil 51:49.366 --> 51:51.333 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% to make sure that you don't have any sort of fight, 51:51.333 --> 51:54.033 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% or toxicity or you'll burn any of the leaves. 51:54.033 --> 51:55.733 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:26.25% - So just do a little patch first. 51:55.733 --> 51:56.833 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:54.38% - A little patch first, yeah. 51:56.833 --> 51:59.666 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% I had that problem with a lot of things this summer. 51:59.666 --> 52:02.566 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% I burned a lot of my leaves, left them in the sunlight. 52:03.500 --> 52:07.300 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% - Okay, so Anton, from Big Fork. 52:08.833 --> 52:12.200 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% Has anyone done a study on tariffs 52:12.200 --> 52:14.600 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% on wheat, corn and soybeans? 52:14.600 --> 52:16.700 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:45% What price should it be? 52:16.700 --> 52:19.833 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% So I don't exactly, I'm not an economist, 52:19.833 --> 52:22.133 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% so I don't know what they're getting at there. 52:23.500 --> 52:27.800 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% - I think, I think, and I may be wrong, so call in again. 52:29.766 --> 52:32.633 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% - Or call you in your office. - That's right, or call me. 52:32.633 --> 52:35.233 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% I think what the question might be referring to 52:35.233 --> 52:38.433 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% is this aid package that came out that said, 52:38.433 --> 52:42.433 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% well, look, soybeans we're gonna give you a buck, 52:42.433 --> 52:45.400 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% 30 or something like that per bushel. 52:45.400 --> 52:47.566 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% For corn you're gonna get a penny per bushel. 52:47.566 --> 52:51.133 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% For wheat, you're gonna get 14 cents per bushel. 52:51.133 --> 52:53.666 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% And that came out of the USDA, 52:53.666 --> 52:55.566 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% office of the chief economist office, 52:55.566 --> 52:58.900 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:58.13% to basically say, look how much 52:58.900 --> 53:01.566 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% do these Chinese retaliatory tariffs 53:01.566 --> 53:03.766 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% affect the price of the commodity 53:03.766 --> 53:06.266 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% and how much aid should you get? 53:07.800 --> 53:11.033 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% There isn't a lot of information of how 53:11.033 --> 53:12.800 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:46.88% and what models were used 53:12.800 --> 53:15.933 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% to determine those price decreases. 53:15.933 --> 53:17.866 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% The information that I know 53:17.866 --> 53:21.633 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% is that they only focused on the Chinese tariffs, 53:21.633 --> 53:24.100 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:58.13% not all of the indirect impacts 53:24.100 --> 53:27.133 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:54.38% that happened because of say, 53:27.133 --> 53:30.833 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% Mexico imposing some retaliatory tariffs 53:30.833 --> 53:34.433 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% and Canada and the European Union. 53:34.433 --> 53:37.000 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% So I think, there's a lot more going on 53:37.000 --> 53:40.766 align:start position:20% line:79.33% size:58.13% in how these trade negotiations have impacted prices. 53:40.766 --> 53:44.100 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% I don't think that anyone has done an analysis 53:44.100 --> 53:47.300 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:26.25% on the current tariffs quite yet. 53:47.300 --> 53:48.800 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:26.25% Mostly because they're still in place 53:48.800 --> 53:50.033 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% and they haven't ended yet, 53:50.033 --> 53:53.400 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% we haven't really resolved those trade negotiations. 53:53.400 --> 53:55.033 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% But what has come out of the USDA 53:55.033 --> 53:58.366 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% has only tried to focus on the Chinese market 53:58.366 --> 54:00.166 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% and the impacts from that Chinese market. 54:00.166 --> 54:02.533 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% And it's a bit of a black box. 54:02.533 --> 54:04.466 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% There isn't a lot of information out there 54:04.466 --> 54:08.333 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% and I haven't seen any economists really dig into 54:08.333 --> 54:10.400 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% what's the information that is available 54:10.400 --> 54:12.400 align:start position:36.88% line:79.33% size:26.25% and really say this was legitimate 54:12.400 --> 54:14.600 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% or there's some errors in there. 54:14.600 --> 54:18.000 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% Now I wanna say that that was done very quickly, 54:18.000 --> 54:19.966 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% and I wanna give kudos to those economists 54:19.966 --> 54:21.266 align:start position:35% line:79.33% size:30% at the office of the chief economist 54:21.266 --> 54:24.733 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% because they had a very tight deadline to meet, 54:24.733 --> 54:26.033 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:43.13% so they did their best. 54:27.966 --> 54:28.800 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:45% We're gonna keep working 54:28.800 --> 54:32.200 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% on finding out what was the right number. 54:32.200 --> 54:33.033 align:start position:36.88% line:84.67% size:24.38% - Okay great. 54:33.033 --> 54:36.866 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% So we have about 30 seconds left for you to tell us 54:36.866 --> 54:38.900 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% how are the research centers around the state 54:38.900 --> 54:40.500 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% connected to the AG Experiment Station? 54:40.500 --> 54:41.333 align:start position:42.5% line:84.67% size:13.13% - Yeah. 54:41.333 --> 54:44.300 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% So the AG Experiment Station, every state has one. 54:44.300 --> 54:49.333 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:48.75% It's tasked with producing agricultural research 54:50.433 --> 54:52.500 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:58.13% that is relevant to that state. 54:52.500 --> 54:54.466 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:33.75% So part of that is having research centers 54:54.466 --> 54:56.233 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:50.63% that are in the communities 54:56.233 --> 54:58.700 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% of where agriculture is important. 54:58.700 --> 55:02.100 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% And that connects all of the research that's done in Bozeman 55:02.100 --> 55:05.533 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% and at those research centers to the AG communities, 55:06.666 --> 55:08.433 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:50.63% communicating that research to those communities 55:08.433 --> 55:11.066 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% and bringing those questions back to the researchers 55:11.066 --> 55:13.200 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% at those research centers and at Bozeman. 55:13.200 --> 55:15.566 align:start position:23.75% line:79.33% size:52.5% So the communication between those research centers 55:15.566 --> 55:19.966 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% and the Bozeman campus, that's the connection. 55:19.966 --> 55:20.800 align:start position:42.5% line:84.67% size:15% - Great. 55:20.800 --> 55:21.900 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% And you get to be the ringmaster? 55:21.900 --> 55:23.233 align:start position:31.25% line:84.67% size:35.63% (everyone laughing) 55:23.233 --> 55:24.200 align:start position:40.62% line:84.67% size:18.75% All right. 55:24.200 --> 55:25.033 align:start position:44.38% line:84.67% size:9.38% Okay. 55:25.033 --> 55:26.300 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:37.5% I think we're coming to the end of our show. 55:26.300 --> 55:30.900 align:start position:21.88% line:79.33% size:54.38% Thank you panel for answering a great group of questions. 55:30.900 --> 55:32.866 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% Next week we will have Emily McCage, 55:32.866 --> 55:34.966 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% who will be talking about forage, 55:34.966 --> 55:38.400 align:start position:31.25% line:79.33% size:35.63% the backbone of the Montana livestock industry. 55:38.400 --> 55:40.400 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% So, thank you all for being here 55:40.400 --> 55:43.333 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% and we will see you next week on Montana AG live. 55:44.366 --> 55:47.533 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:39.38% (smooth guitar music) 56:16.000 --> 56:19.266 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:45% - [Announcer] Montana AG live is made possible by 56:19.266 --> 56:22.066 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:41.25% the Montana Department of Agriculture, 56:22.066 --> 56:24.666 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% the MSU Extension Service, 56:24.666 --> 56:26.633 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% the MSU AG Experiment Stations 56:26.633 --> 56:28.233 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% of the College of Agriculture, 56:29.100 --> 56:31.066 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% the Montana Wheat and Barley Committee, 56:32.000 --> 56:33.866 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% the Montana Bankers Association, 56:34.800 --> 56:36.666 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% Cashman Nursery and Landscaping, 56:37.600 --> 56:39.200 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% and the Gallatin Gardeners Club. 56:40.366 --> 56:43.800 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:45% (electric guitar strums)