WEBVTT 00:00.166 --> 00:03.400 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% (mellow country music) 00:07.066 --> 00:09.366 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - [Announcer] Montana Ag Live is made possible 00:09.366 --> 00:13.266 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% by the Montana Department of Agriculture, 00:14.366 --> 00:16.466 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% the MSU Extension Service, 00:17.566 --> 00:19.833 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% the MSU Ag Experiment Stations 00:19.833 --> 00:21.533 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% of the College of Agriculture, 00:22.800 --> 00:24.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% the Montana Wheat & Barley Committee, 00:25.933 --> 00:28.866 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% the Montana Bankers Association, 00:29.000 --> 00:31.300 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% Cashman Nursery & Landscaping, 00:31.300 --> 00:34.300 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% the Gallatin Gardeners Club, 00:35.233 --> 00:38.533 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and the Rocky Mountain Certified Crop Adviser Program. 00:39.566 --> 00:41.566 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% ♪I've got hoppers in my wheat ♪ 00:41.566 --> 00:43.066 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% ♪ And my corn is not too sweet ♪ 00:43.066 --> 00:44.733 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% ♪ Taters lying on the ground ♪ 00:44.733 --> 00:46.966 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% ♪ And my hay is turning brown ♪ 00:46.966 --> 00:48.400 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% ♪ I planted and I watered ♪ 00:48.400 --> 00:50.866 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% ♪ I've got everything I oughta' ♪ 00:50.866 --> 00:54.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% ♪ Montana Ag Live, where are you ♪ 01:00.300 --> 01:03.766 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - Good evening, you are tuned to Montana Ag Live 01:03.766 --> 01:06.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% coming to you from the the studios of KUSM 01:06.966 --> 01:10.000 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% here on the campus of Montana State University Bozeman 01:10.000 --> 01:12.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and we're really happy to have you back, 01:12.100 --> 01:14.833 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% because we've got an outstanding program tonight 01:14.833 --> 01:16.433 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% with some great panelists 01:16.433 --> 01:19.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and I'm sure you're gonna enjoy it. 01:19.166 --> 01:21.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And you know this is a live call-in program 01:21.633 --> 01:24.100 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% so be sure to get your phones working 01:24.100 --> 01:25.666 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% with your questions for the panelists 01:25.666 --> 01:26.833 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% and we'll have that phone number 01:26.833 --> 01:29.000 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% on your screen here shortly. 01:29.000 --> 01:29.833 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% But to begin with, 01:29.833 --> 01:32.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% I'd like to introduce our panel tonight. 01:32.100 --> 01:34.466 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% On my far left is Perry Miller, 01:34.466 --> 01:36.233 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% one of my favorite panelists. 01:36.233 --> 01:39.633 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% He's a cropping specialists, 01:39.633 --> 01:40.833 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% something like that Perry 01:40.833 --> 01:42.200 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% is that good enough? - Something like that, yeah. 01:42.200 --> 01:43.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Good then, we're glad to have you back. 01:43.900 --> 01:48.233 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% And next to Perry, is Bob Quinn our special guest tonight. 01:48.233 --> 01:49.800 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% Bob is an old friend of mine, 01:49.800 --> 01:51.866 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% in fact, he was a student of mine 01:51.866 --> 01:54.866 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% we won't say how many years ago Bob but... 01:54.866 --> 01:55.700 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - [Bob] I might say that. 01:55.700 --> 01:57.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - We're really glad to have you back, and... 01:57.433 --> 01:58.966 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:22.5% - Thank you. - It's gonna be fun 01:58.966 --> 02:00.433 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% to have you with us tonight. 02:00.433 --> 02:02.800 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% And next to Bob is Laurie Kerzicnik 02:02.800 --> 02:04.466 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% our insect diagnostician. 02:04.466 --> 02:05.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% We're always glad to have Laurie here 02:05.933 --> 02:08.866 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% because she brings lots of interesting show and tells 02:08.866 --> 02:12.066 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and she's also very good at answering your bug questions. 02:12.066 --> 02:13.633 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% And next to Laurie 02:13.633 --> 02:17.433 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% is my favorite horticulturalist Toby Day. 02:17.433 --> 02:19.866 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% Toby will answer any questions you have 02:19.866 --> 02:22.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% about gardening and so forth this time of the year. 02:22.333 --> 02:25.433 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% So be sure to phone in those questions. 02:25.433 --> 02:27.000 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% Our phone operators tonight (phone ringing) 02:27.000 --> 02:31.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% are Barb Schauff, Bruce Lobel, and Cheryl Bennett. 02:31.266 --> 02:33.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And they are anxious to get your questions 02:33.400 --> 02:36.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% so get those phones ringing. 02:36.233 --> 02:39.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% So, Bob, I'm gonna go back to you first. 02:39.566 --> 02:42.066 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% What have you been doing the last 30 years? 02:42.066 --> 02:45.566 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - Well, I'll tell you Don, just in a few minutes. 02:45.566 --> 02:48.866 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% Actually, Don and I, it was 50 years 02:48.866 --> 02:50.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% since we were together. 02:50.400 --> 02:52.066 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% That seems impossible, doesn't it? 02:52.066 --> 02:54.600 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% Don was actually one of my main professors 02:54.600 --> 02:58.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% in my Masters programs here at Montana State. 02:58.100 --> 03:00.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% He recommended I go to UC Davis after that. 03:00.333 --> 03:02.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% And after I went five more years and finished a PhD, 03:02.966 --> 03:05.633 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% I ended up back on the farm in '78 03:05.633 --> 03:08.600 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and I found that a farm big enough for one family 03:08.600 --> 03:10.633 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% didn't really support to families too well. 03:10.633 --> 03:12.333 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% So I started looking around for some ways 03:12.333 --> 03:14.033 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% that we could augment our income. 03:14.033 --> 03:17.666 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% And I started, within just a few years in 1983, 03:17.666 --> 03:19.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% Montana Flour and Grain. 03:19.233 --> 03:22.400 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% And we started selling our grain right directly off our farm 03:22.400 --> 03:24.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% to whole grain bakers in Southern California. 03:24.966 --> 03:27.600 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% They were looking for high-protein and good quality. 03:27.600 --> 03:29.933 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% And we added a dollar a bushel to what we were selling 03:29.933 --> 03:31.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% and we thought we had hit the jackpot. 03:31.933 --> 03:34.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% (Don and Perry laughing) And then a year later, 03:34.033 --> 03:35.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% they wanted us to find some organic grains 03:35.966 --> 03:38.133 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% so we started selling organic week to 'em 03:38.133 --> 03:41.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and that was a whole new episode of my life. 03:41.133 --> 03:44.600 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% And at that time, I didn't know how sick I'm about organic 03:44.600 --> 03:46.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and then it ended up 03:46.466 --> 03:48.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% changing the whole way I farmed few years later. 03:48.833 --> 03:51.766 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% And then next year, year two after that, 03:51.766 --> 03:54.300 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% they wanted stone-ground whole wheat flour. 03:54.300 --> 03:56.866 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% So we bought some stone mills 03:56.866 --> 03:59.966 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and started making stone-ground flour. 03:59.966 --> 04:01.933 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% We started with just regular bread wheat 04:01.933 --> 04:05.266 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and then we went to Durum. 04:05.266 --> 04:09.400 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% So we started selling whole grain stone-ground Durum flower 04:09.400 --> 04:10.466 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% to pasta manufacturers. 04:10.466 --> 04:12.433 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% In those days you could use a 100-pound sack, 04:12.433 --> 04:14.166 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% like this one, but you can't do anymore. 04:14.166 --> 04:15.066 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% (all laughing) 04:15.066 --> 04:17.433 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - That's the 100 pounds, is that what you're saying? 04:17.433 --> 04:20.900 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Yeah, it's empty. (all laughing) 04:20.900 --> 04:25.900 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% And then we took a big turn and went into ancient wheat. 04:26.266 --> 04:29.533 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% First I should show you, like always carried in my hat here. 04:29.533 --> 04:32.633 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% So you can see in my head this is ancient Khorasan wheat, 04:32.633 --> 04:34.566 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% it's a close relative to Durum, 04:34.566 --> 04:35.833 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% but we found that most people 04:35.833 --> 04:37.666 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% who couldn't modern wheat could eat this. 04:37.666 --> 04:41.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% So we're into a whole new, a whole new episode. 04:41.733 --> 04:44.300 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% And so we started selling Kamut brand, 04:44.300 --> 04:47.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% organically-grown wheat and flour. 04:47.500 --> 04:51.300 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% And then I sold my flour mill in about '99 04:51.300 --> 04:54.066 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% in an effort to reduce and simplify my life, 04:54.066 --> 04:55.333 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% which that didn't really happen, 04:55.333 --> 04:58.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% I went into the windmill business after that. 04:58.233 --> 05:00.566 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% I was involved with the Judith Gap project 05:00.566 --> 05:02.366 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% for a few years getting that going. 05:02.366 --> 05:04.300 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% And then I came back to the farm 05:04.300 --> 05:06.333 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% and I focused back on the farm. 05:06.333 --> 05:09.700 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% We started growing hi-oleic safflower. 05:09.700 --> 05:14.066 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And so we're selling hi-oleic safflower into, 05:14.066 --> 05:16.000 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% we have presses on the farm, into oil. 05:16.000 --> 05:17.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% And we have three sizes, 05:17.666 --> 05:19.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% it's just distributed around the state. 05:19.966 --> 05:22.266 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And actually Montana State here in the U of M 05:22.266 --> 05:24.033 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% uses this oil with all of their kitchens 05:24.033 --> 05:25.166 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% in all the cooking now. 05:25.166 --> 05:26.800 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% So we're pretty excited about that. 05:26.800 --> 05:29.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% And from the U of M we get the waste oil back, 05:29.733 --> 05:30.666 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% although we don't call it waste oil, 05:30.666 --> 05:32.633 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% we just buy it back the used oil, 05:32.633 --> 05:34.966 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and we clean that up put it in our tractors, 05:34.966 --> 05:35.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% so we're selling it twice. 05:35.966 --> 05:37.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% So it really helps out the economics. 05:37.933 --> 05:40.466 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% And if you want to see into the future just a little bit, 05:40.466 --> 05:44.200 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% my daughter's making a red wine vinegar 05:44.200 --> 05:47.466 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and so next year, we hope to have an oil and vinegar combo 05:47.466 --> 05:49.533 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% for the parks to sell as souvenirs. 05:51.266 --> 05:55.433 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% And then one last thing, we started selling the flour, 05:57.800 --> 06:01.100 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% I started selling the my grain by the pound then. 06:01.100 --> 06:02.566 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% And then I figured out, 06:02.566 --> 06:06.133 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% if you could sell your grains by the ounce, 06:06.133 --> 06:07.900 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% it really helps to bottom up. 06:07.900 --> 06:12.366 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% So now we're selling the Kamut, as crackling Kamut. 06:12.366 --> 06:15.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% We have two flavors now, it's a roasted product. 06:15.333 --> 06:18.433 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% There's only roasted in hi-oleic safflower that we grow. 06:18.433 --> 06:20.433 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And there's a little bit sea salt on it. 06:20.433 --> 06:22.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% This has cinnamon and a touch of sugar. 06:22.900 --> 06:24.900 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% So these are our projects that we're doing now. 06:24.900 --> 06:26.566 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% So that's my last 40 years. 06:26.566 --> 06:29.200 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% - Wow, you have been busy Bob. 06:29.200 --> 06:30.433 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - But it's been a lot of fun. 06:30.433 --> 06:31.566 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% We've had a lot of good help, 06:31.566 --> 06:35.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and we're trying to do is revitalize real America. 06:35.966 --> 06:38.033 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% And not only make the farm profitable, 06:38.033 --> 06:40.100 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% but also bring back families 06:40.100 --> 06:43.066 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% that have been leaving for decades now. 06:43.066 --> 06:43.900 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Good. 06:43.900 --> 06:44.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% Well, hopefully a lot of our people 06:44.900 --> 06:46.766 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% that are watching tonight will call in 06:46.766 --> 06:48.933 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% with some more questions about more details, 06:48.933 --> 06:50.833 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and we'll come back to it. - All right, great, thank you. 06:50.833 --> 06:54.000 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Okay, so Toby, we need to start with you. 06:54.000 --> 06:56.466 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% The question came in from Shelby, 06:56.466 --> 06:59.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% she leaves her pesticides in the garage every year 06:59.133 --> 07:02.800 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% and they always freeze, amazing, are they still safe to use 07:02.800 --> 07:05.433 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% and will they still be effective? 07:05.433 --> 07:07.666 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - So yeah, a lot of people leave their pesticides 07:07.666 --> 07:09.066 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% in the garden or in the garage. 07:09.066 --> 07:10.533 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% If the garage is attached to the house, 07:10.533 --> 07:11.766 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% sometimes it doesn't get cold enough, 07:11.766 --> 07:14.600 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% especially if the storage is next to the wall 07:14.600 --> 07:16.233 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% that would be attached to the house. 07:16.233 --> 07:17.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% I don't always see that 07:17.233 --> 07:19.133 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and sometimes your pesticides freeze. 07:20.433 --> 07:22.633 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% The problem is, is that some pesticides 07:22.633 --> 07:25.266 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% do not work after they freeze and some do. 07:25.266 --> 07:28.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% It's hard to tell because sometimes you have to go through 07:28.133 --> 07:30.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% the entire label to try to figure that out. 07:30.466 --> 07:32.466 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% And it doesn't always say. 07:32.466 --> 07:34.266 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% So the one thing that I would do is, 07:34.266 --> 07:38.700 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% I would contact the manufacturer to find that out 07:39.566 --> 07:40.900 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% because it's gonna be different 07:40.900 --> 07:42.366 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% for each one of the pesticides. 07:42.366 --> 07:45.133 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% So some can freeze, some can't. 07:45.133 --> 07:46.533 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% So check the label first. 07:46.533 --> 07:50.666 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% If you don't see it on the label, then 07:50.666 --> 07:52.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - And next year don't store them in the garage. 07:52.333 --> 07:54.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Exactly, exactly. (Don and Toby laughing) 07:54.100 --> 07:55.066 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. 07:55.066 --> 07:58.433 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% Laurie, for Bozeman, the needles on their mugo pine 07:58.433 --> 08:00.900 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% have a silver white substance on them 08:00.900 --> 08:05.166 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and it's gradually spreading along the (mutters) of mugos, 08:05.166 --> 08:08.133 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% what is this, and what can they do about it? 08:08.133 --> 08:09.533 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - I don't know the technical term, 08:09.533 --> 08:10.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% but isn't that part of the mugo pine? 08:10.633 --> 08:12.733 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% I think Toby knows that answer to this question 08:12.733 --> 08:14.033 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% 'cause I think that's, 08:15.100 --> 08:17.466 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% we have an insect called pine needles scale, 08:17.466 --> 08:20.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% but I don't know if it's pine needles scale 08:20.133 --> 08:23.200 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% or if it's part of the mugo pine itself. 08:23.200 --> 08:26.033 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% - I would say nine times out of 10, it's pine needle scale. 08:26.033 --> 08:26.933 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% - Yeah, 'cause what is the other, 08:26.933 --> 08:29.000 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% is it the bristlecone pine? - Bristlecone pine. 08:29.000 --> 08:29.900 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - Okay, 'cause that's what I'm thinking. 08:29.900 --> 08:30.933 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - Because mugo pine is a little bit different, yeah. 08:30.933 --> 08:32.233 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - Yeah, so that's probably pine needle scale, 08:32.233 --> 08:34.766 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and I brought a sample with me of pine needle scale, 08:34.766 --> 08:37.000 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% a lot of our clients have pine needle scale 08:37.000 --> 08:39.266 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% and sort of our Colorado blue spruce. 08:39.266 --> 08:41.433 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% And in most of the time, 08:41.433 --> 08:43.466 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% natural enemies will step in and take care of them, 08:43.466 --> 08:46.233 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% but just take care of your tree, make sure it's healthy. 08:46.233 --> 08:47.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% And I think a lot of natural enemies 08:47.900 --> 08:51.466 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% will keep them in check for the rest of the season. 08:51.466 --> 08:53.033 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. 08:53.033 --> 08:54.600 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% Bob, this is a question from me. 08:54.600 --> 08:56.000 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:15% - Oh-oh. (Don laughs) 08:56.000 --> 08:57.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - What was the biggest problem you faced 08:57.733 --> 09:00.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% in your early years of organic production 09:00.133 --> 09:02.033 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% and how did you solve that problem? 09:02.033 --> 09:04.400 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Well, there were lots of challenges 09:04.400 --> 09:07.633 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% because I didn't know anything about organic when I started 09:07.633 --> 09:10.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and I didn't have any neighbors that were organic. 09:10.733 --> 09:13.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% I remember coming here to MSU in those days 09:13.566 --> 09:16.533 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and asking one of the weed scientists that, 09:16.533 --> 09:18.400 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% he's long gone now, but I said, 09:18.400 --> 09:20.966 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% "How can I control my weight without using chemicals?" 09:20.966 --> 09:22.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% And he kind of leaned back in his chair 09:22.333 --> 09:24.266 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and his eyes rolled over and he said, 09:24.266 --> 09:26.566 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% "No one's ever asked me a question like that before." 09:26.566 --> 09:29.166 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% (all chuckling) So what I did, Don, 09:29.166 --> 09:31.866 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% is really I called farmers that I knew, 09:31.866 --> 09:36.500 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% even though I had to go to North Dakota, and Nebraska, 09:36.500 --> 09:38.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% who are really excellent organic farmers. 09:38.666 --> 09:40.266 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% And I asked them questions. 09:40.266 --> 09:42.300 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% I tried lots of experiments on my farm 09:42.300 --> 09:44.566 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% to see what would work, and what would work, I kept, 09:44.566 --> 09:47.766 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% and what didn't work, I throw away. 09:47.766 --> 09:49.900 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% And over 20 or 30 years, 09:49.900 --> 09:52.733 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% we've been able to develop a nine-year rotation, 09:52.733 --> 09:55.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% it's pretty stable and the system works very well. 09:55.966 --> 09:58.000 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - I'm gonna ask you a little bit more about that, 09:58.000 --> 10:00.133 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% but next I wanna ask Perry, 10:00.133 --> 10:02.600 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% what is MSU doing for organic research? 10:02.600 --> 10:04.833 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% Are you involved in anything along that line? 10:04.833 --> 10:06.033 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% - Yeah, myself and some others, 10:06.033 --> 10:07.533 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and we're probably not doing enough, 10:07.533 --> 10:11.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% but we've got one study where interestingly, 10:11.200 --> 10:13.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% we were trying to look at reduced tillage methods 10:13.966 --> 10:18.066 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% for organic and we're using grazing as a way of doing that. 10:18.066 --> 10:19.366 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% And next thing we got ourselves 10:19.366 --> 10:20.866 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% into some pretty serious weed trouble. 10:20.866 --> 10:23.433 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% So now we got a new grant to look at weed management. 10:23.433 --> 10:25.600 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% And so patent power has led that, 10:25.600 --> 10:29.966 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% some of the principles have been Pat Hatfield, Fabio Manala, 10:29.966 --> 10:33.366 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% Zach Miller has been doing interesting work with vegetables 10:33.366 --> 10:35.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and more focused on field buying weed 10:35.400 --> 10:39.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% over at the Corvallis Research Center near Missoula. 10:39.100 --> 10:42.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% So yeah, we have a bit of research going on. 10:42.166 --> 10:44.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% So again, it often feels 10:44.266 --> 10:45.666 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% like we're playing catch up a little bit, 10:45.666 --> 10:47.266 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% but we are trying to figure out 10:47.266 --> 10:49.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% at least some of these weed issues for sure. 10:49.733 --> 10:52.133 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - Well, yeah, I think there's over a half a dozen or more 10:52.133 --> 10:53.900 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% now faculty and staff people. - Yes. 10:53.900 --> 10:57.766 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - Here at MSU that are really focused on organic questions. 10:57.766 --> 11:00.633 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% And we really appreciate that Don, you should know, 11:02.200 --> 11:03.100 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% a big help for us. 11:04.066 --> 11:06.533 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - Toby, this question just came in from, 11:08.166 --> 11:10.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% can't read the name of town, maybe Billington, 11:10.466 --> 11:11.433 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% Laurie, they'd like to know, 11:11.433 --> 11:15.466 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% what soil do you need in raised beds to graze good tomatoes? 11:15.466 --> 11:17.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - Okay, that's interesting. 11:17.233 --> 11:20.366 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% So there's a lot of stuff that you'll find on the Internet. 11:20.366 --> 11:21.933 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Sometimes I just cringe 11:21.933 --> 11:24.766 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% when I hear about things on the Internet. 11:24.766 --> 11:26.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% Because one of the things that I see 11:26.733 --> 11:30.300 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% is people put a lot of carbon, 11:30.300 --> 11:32.700 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% so a lot of compost in their raised beds, 11:32.700 --> 11:35.633 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% really only need about five to 8% organic matter 11:35.633 --> 11:38.300 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% in your raised beds, anything more than that, 11:38.300 --> 11:40.366 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% then the nitrogen is kind of taken up 11:40.366 --> 11:43.200 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% by the microbes trying to break down all of that carbon. 11:43.200 --> 11:45.633 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% So really a good top soil, 11:45.633 --> 11:47.266 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% if I was putting something in the raised bed, 11:47.266 --> 11:49.100 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% I'd probably put about 2/3 topsoil 11:49.100 --> 11:53.000 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% and one parts or, or 1/3 compost. 11:53.000 --> 11:53.800 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% And that should get you 11:53.800 --> 11:55.866 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% to that probably a little bit higher than 5%. 11:55.866 --> 11:58.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% But that would probably be the best setup, 11:58.233 --> 11:59.700 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and probably the cheapest. 11:59.700 --> 12:02.633 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% If I was doing that, I would try to find plant-based compost 12:02.633 --> 12:04.633 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:20.63% rather than manure-based compost, 12:04.633 --> 12:05.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% just to kind of stay away 12:05.933 --> 12:07.633 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% from some of those herbicide residuals. 12:07.633 --> 12:08.766 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% 'Cause if you're in a raised bed, 12:08.766 --> 12:10.166 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and you're growing tomatoes, 12:10.166 --> 12:12.600 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% tomatoes are very susceptible to herbicide. 12:12.600 --> 12:14.966 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% And there can only sometimes be one part, 12:14.966 --> 12:16.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% or four parts per billion, 12:16.133 --> 12:18.866 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% depending on the chemistry to curl those tomato leaves. 12:18.866 --> 12:20.100 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% Other than that, one of the things 12:20.100 --> 12:22.033 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% that I like to say about tomatoes, 12:22.033 --> 12:24.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% is that you're trying to get a ripe fruit. 12:24.433 --> 12:27.100 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% So if you have 'em over-fertilized, 12:27.100 --> 12:28.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and you're pushing them really hard, 12:28.733 --> 12:29.633 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% they're gonna stay green, 12:29.633 --> 12:32.133 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% you're gonna have green tomatoes for the entire season. 12:32.133 --> 12:34.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% So what I usually do is, if you think about it, 12:34.266 --> 12:37.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% you want that tomato to produce a mature fruit, 12:37.266 --> 12:38.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% so it has mature seed. 12:38.700 --> 12:42.533 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% So I gave 'em fertilizer in the spring, and then I'm done, 12:42.533 --> 12:46.033 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and then about August 1, I shut the water off to 'em. 12:46.033 --> 12:48.433 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% If you shut the water off to 'em, it stresses them out 12:48.433 --> 12:50.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and all the sugars go to the fruit 12:50.266 --> 12:52.166 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% trying to produce that mature seed. 12:52.166 --> 12:54.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And that way you can get a mature tomato. 12:54.400 --> 12:56.800 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% So don't overthink it, it's an annual, 12:56.800 --> 12:58.333 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% you really just kind of want to torture it 12:58.333 --> 12:59.233 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% and get some fruit out of it. 12:59.233 --> 13:04.166 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - (laughs) Okay, Laurie, this person says, 13:04.166 --> 13:08.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% I see the city cutting down a lot of ash trees. 13:09.100 --> 13:11.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% What's the latest with emerald ash borer, 13:11.166 --> 13:13.300 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% is that why they're cutting these trees down, 13:13.300 --> 13:16.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% or is emerald ash borer in Montana yet? 13:16.266 --> 13:17.666 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% - It hasn't been detected yet. 13:17.666 --> 13:20.200 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And a lot of our ash trees are unhealthy 13:20.200 --> 13:22.400 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and I think that's probably been something 13:22.400 --> 13:24.400 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% that they've tried to focus on is getting rid of, 13:24.400 --> 13:27.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% a lot of them are at the end of their lifespan 13:27.200 --> 13:29.866 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% and need to be removed in preparation 13:29.866 --> 13:32.366 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% for when we think the pest is gonna be here. 13:32.366 --> 13:34.233 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% So no, it has not been detected yet, 13:34.233 --> 13:37.200 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% but we do expect it to make it to the state at some point. 13:37.200 --> 13:38.466 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. 13:38.466 --> 13:42.866 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% Bob, from Great Falls, how is The Oil Barn doing? 13:42.866 --> 13:45.066 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% You have to explain what Oil Barn is, 13:45.066 --> 13:47.733 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and does biodiesel have a future in Montana? 13:47.733 --> 13:51.066 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% - Well, that's a really great question. 13:51.066 --> 13:53.566 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% The Oil Barn really is the company 13:53.566 --> 13:55.033 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% that made those oil products 13:55.033 --> 13:57.300 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% that I showed you at the beginning of the show. 13:57.300 --> 14:02.233 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% And what we're thinking is that rather than continuing 14:03.600 --> 14:07.033 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% the debate of food versus fuel in this country, 14:07.033 --> 14:09.833 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% why don't we grow like vegetable oils 14:09.833 --> 14:12.500 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and use them first for food and then for fuel? 14:12.500 --> 14:14.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And rather than make biodiesel out of it, 14:14.500 --> 14:16.633 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% we've been able to find a company in Germany, 14:16.633 --> 14:21.466 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% which can modify our tractor to preheat that vegetable oil. 14:21.466 --> 14:23.200 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And so we're burning straight vegetable oil, 14:23.200 --> 14:24.833 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% we're not making biodiesel out of it. 14:24.833 --> 14:26.133 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% And I think that is the future. 14:26.133 --> 14:28.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% We can't grow enough fuel for our cities, 14:28.466 --> 14:31.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and I don't think we should bother trying, 14:31.100 --> 14:34.766 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% but we can grow enough fuel to fuel our farms. 14:34.766 --> 14:36.100 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% And those farms could be involved 14:36.100 --> 14:37.933 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% with growing it themselves. 14:37.933 --> 14:41.000 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% And keep all that money that we spend for diesel, 14:41.000 --> 14:43.366 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% at least for the farms, right in our communities. 14:43.366 --> 14:46.300 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% That's part of community development I see a future in. 14:46.300 --> 14:49.033 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - How in the world do you keep your employees fed 14:49.033 --> 14:49.866 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% because if I was driving around 14:49.866 --> 14:52.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% in tractors that smelled like french fries, 14:52.333 --> 14:53.966 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% I'd be hungry all day long. 14:53.966 --> 14:55.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - Well, it's much more pleasant, I'll tell you that. 14:55.566 --> 14:57.200 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:15% - Is it? - Yeah, it is. 14:57.200 --> 14:58.300 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% And that's the only difference 14:58.300 --> 14:59.900 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% we could tell it with the tractor, 14:59.900 --> 15:03.066 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% we could feel no loss of power, we could hear no difference 15:03.066 --> 15:04.733 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% in the engine noise 15:04.733 --> 15:06.833 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% when we put it on the turbo in Great Falls 15:06.833 --> 15:10.366 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and I haven't test my straight vegetable oil 15:10.366 --> 15:13.200 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% compared to diesel, we found there was 94% 15:13.200 --> 15:15.600 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% of the energy in diesel was there available 15:15.600 --> 15:19.066 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% for the diesel engine with our vegetable oil. 15:19.066 --> 15:23.166 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% So it's right up, not running the engine more than that 15:23.166 --> 15:27.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% normally more than that capacity, so it really works. 15:27.233 --> 15:29.966 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - Bob, how many different oil crops have you worked with 15:29.966 --> 15:31.900 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and what's your experience? 15:31.900 --> 15:34.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% What's working, what's not working so well? 15:34.466 --> 15:36.533 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - Well, we started out looking at camelina 15:36.533 --> 15:38.266 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% because we were told in the early days 15:38.266 --> 15:41.433 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% when you're excited about oil, vegetable oil, 15:41.433 --> 15:45.000 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% running engines, that camelina was the oil of choice, 15:45.000 --> 15:46.833 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and we're gonna make biodiesel out of that. 15:46.833 --> 15:47.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% And it became apparent 15:47.966 --> 15:50.566 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% to how expensive biodiesel was to make 15:50.566 --> 15:52.000 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% and then you have to do testing, 15:52.000 --> 15:54.433 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% this was quite expensive for small batches at the end 15:54.433 --> 15:56.066 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% to know if it's gone to completion, 15:56.066 --> 15:57.833 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% it was really good quality. 15:57.833 --> 15:59.600 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% And so I was a little discouraged with camelina. 15:59.600 --> 16:01.233 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% I took it my friends in Germany 16:01.233 --> 16:03.066 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% who were doing the straight vegetable oil 16:03.066 --> 16:04.333 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% and they said oh well, this won't work 16:04.333 --> 16:06.700 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% because it's a polyunsaturated oil 16:06.700 --> 16:08.600 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% and you need a monounsaturated oil. 16:08.600 --> 16:11.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% So we chose safflower because we're in hot and dry. 16:11.800 --> 16:15.166 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% If we are further North, we might do hi-oleic canola, 16:15.166 --> 16:16.000 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% or further East, where it rains more, 16:16.000 --> 16:18.833 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% we might do hi-oleic sunflowers, 16:18.833 --> 16:20.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% but they have to be high in oleic acid, 16:20.633 --> 16:22.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% that's a monounsaturated. 16:22.133 --> 16:26.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% Our safflower that was developed by MSU affiliate, 16:26.100 --> 16:29.200 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% Jerry Bergman, over in Sydney, is as good as olive oil. 16:29.200 --> 16:30.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% So it's really good for your heart, 16:30.633 --> 16:33.033 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% it's the best kind of oil for high temperature cooking, 16:33.033 --> 16:34.900 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% and it's fantastic with popcorn. 16:34.900 --> 16:38.333 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% So once we got going with that, I stuck with it, 16:38.333 --> 16:40.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% because that really worked well for us 16:40.166 --> 16:42.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% and it works best for where we're at. 16:42.566 --> 16:44.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - So best for us and best for the tractor. 16:44.166 --> 16:45.266 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - That's right. 16:45.266 --> 16:46.533 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% It's a win-win-win. 16:48.133 --> 16:49.633 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% - Kind of along that line Perry, 16:49.633 --> 16:50.800 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% this person would like to know, 16:50.800 --> 16:52.666 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% is it too early to plant canola? 16:54.200 --> 16:56.033 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - Middle April, 16:56.033 --> 16:59.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% canola has some frost tolerance and so 16:59.566 --> 17:02.066 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% I would actually like to see in the ground by now, 17:02.066 --> 17:04.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% if it was possible. 17:04.400 --> 17:05.566 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% I understand it's a wet spring 17:05.566 --> 17:06.800 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and so that's gonna be the next question 17:06.800 --> 17:09.000 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% is how late can I plant canola 17:09.000 --> 17:09.866 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% and still get a reasonable crop, 17:09.866 --> 17:12.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% because that July drought will always come. 17:12.566 --> 17:14.633 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% And that's where canola really suffers 17:14.633 --> 17:17.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% is when you've go to plant out at mid bloom, 17:17.500 --> 17:19.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and all of a sudden you got heat and no rain 17:19.533 --> 17:21.700 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% and it doesn't finish off properly. 17:23.500 --> 17:25.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% Winter canola would be another option, 17:26.233 --> 17:29.366 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% which we probably need to do more research with, 17:29.366 --> 17:32.433 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% but we know a few things about that. 17:32.433 --> 17:35.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% So if anybody's got interest in that this fall, 17:35.400 --> 17:36.433 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% I'd be happy to talk to you about, 17:36.433 --> 17:37.500 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% this fall or summer actually, 17:37.500 --> 17:39.066 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% because some of the more successful plantings 17:39.066 --> 17:40.766 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% have been in the summers. - Okay. 17:42.266 --> 17:44.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Toby, from Shelby, this caller wants to know, 17:44.533 --> 17:47.366 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% what is the best apple tree for his area 17:47.366 --> 17:48.766 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% for medium-sized apples 17:48.766 --> 17:51.433 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% and they're not interested in crab apples? 17:51.433 --> 17:52.866 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - Oh, boy, that's a loaded question. 17:52.866 --> 17:54.266 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% I get this question quite often 17:54.266 --> 17:58.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and really what it comes down to is, what do you want? 17:58.666 --> 18:00.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% Do you want something that's an eating apple, 18:00.233 --> 18:02.333 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% one that you're gonna be processing, 18:02.333 --> 18:04.300 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:22.5% maybe making applesauce, apple pie? 18:04.300 --> 18:07.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And each apple has a different taste and texture, 18:07.466 --> 18:10.133 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% and really what it comes down to is which one do you like? 18:10.133 --> 18:11.200 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% If you have the opportunity 18:11.200 --> 18:13.233 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% to taste a bunch of different apples, 18:13.233 --> 18:14.800 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% that's what I'd probably do. 18:14.800 --> 18:16.200 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% Hardiest apple you're gonna find 18:16.200 --> 18:18.766 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% is probably Haralson or Haralson Red. 18:18.766 --> 18:21.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Even though if you find some of the writings 18:21.333 --> 18:23.233 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% that Haralson made himself in 1920, 18:23.233 --> 18:24.233 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% said that it store as well 18:24.233 --> 18:27.300 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% in a house with five teenage boys, 18:27.300 --> 18:28.766 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% which means that it's stored really well 18:28.766 --> 18:30.666 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% but it didn't taste great. 18:30.666 --> 18:32.433 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% Although I still have master gardeners 18:32.433 --> 18:35.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% that absolutely love Haralson apples. 18:35.100 --> 18:38.066 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% I'm not a big fan, but they do store for a long time. 18:38.066 --> 18:40.000 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% But if I was to pick my favorite, 18:40.000 --> 18:43.866 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% so if I was to like, have all the apples out there, 18:43.866 --> 18:46.866 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% probably Sweet Sixteen is my favorite apple. 18:46.866 --> 18:47.933 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% The only issue with that one 18:47.933 --> 18:49.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% is it takes a minimum of eight years 18:49.800 --> 18:51.266 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% before you start getting apples. 18:51.266 --> 18:53.433 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% So get it in the ground now and eight years from now, 18:53.433 --> 18:54.833 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% you might get some apples. 18:55.800 --> 18:57.833 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% Other than that, it's just kind of, 18:57.833 --> 19:00.800 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% people love McIntosh, Wealthy, there's a lot different ones, 19:00.800 --> 19:03.600 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% State Fairs have really kind of tart sprightly one, 19:03.600 --> 19:05.233 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and it just kind of depends on your taste. 19:05.233 --> 19:08.066 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% - Can I put in a pitch here for a crab? 19:08.066 --> 19:10.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% I have another experiment too in my an orchard, 19:10.933 --> 19:14.000 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% I believe had 32 different varieties of apples 19:14.000 --> 19:15.600 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% that we tried in Big Sandy. 19:15.600 --> 19:18.533 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% And the best crab I found was Chestnut. 19:18.533 --> 19:20.866 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% And it's a size that's, it's bigger than a golf ball 19:20.866 --> 19:22.933 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and it's delicious, it's really wonderful. 19:22.933 --> 19:26.866 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% So encourage your caller 19:26.866 --> 19:29.266 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% not to discount crabs out of hand. 19:29.266 --> 19:31.866 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% But I have a question that something that was told to me, 19:31.866 --> 19:35.833 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% and we saw in our experiment, was that if you do semi dwarf 19:35.833 --> 19:39.666 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% up where we are, where it's really harsh for Zone 3, 19:39.666 --> 19:43.000 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% that the semi dwarf really reduces the hardiness 19:43.000 --> 19:47.300 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% about a half a zone and we've lost most of our semi dwarfs 19:47.300 --> 19:49.966 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% and now I've got all standard trees and standard rootstock. 19:49.966 --> 19:50.800 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% Is that true Toby? 19:50.800 --> 19:52.033 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% Did you see it? 19:52.033 --> 19:56.700 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - So the more dwarf the rootstock is in those apples, 19:56.700 --> 19:59.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% traditionally that would mean they're less hardy. 19:59.033 --> 20:01.466 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% And so we usually don't recommend 20:01.466 --> 20:04.866 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% East of the Continental Divide to put in dwarf fruit stock. 20:04.866 --> 20:08.400 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% And you kind of in especially in your area, 20:08.400 --> 20:10.233 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% semi dwarf might be kind of tough. 20:10.233 --> 20:12.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% Now that being said, there was a grower 20:12.400 --> 20:15.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% that I saw up in kind of the Chester area, 20:15.166 --> 20:18.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% I'm trying to remember the name of the term, Rudyard, 20:18.933 --> 20:21.133 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% that all the trees were dwarf trees 20:21.133 --> 20:22.866 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and seemed to live through the winter. 20:22.866 --> 20:26.933 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% So it's hard to say, but I would probably stay with standard 20:26.933 --> 20:28.833 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% if I was putting an orchard in, 20:30.200 --> 20:33.333 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% as long as I wasn't putting an intense growing orchard. 20:33.333 --> 20:37.166 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% If it was, normally-spaced, every 15, 20 feet, 20:37.166 --> 20:39.433 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% then I'd probably go with the standard rootstock. 20:39.433 --> 20:41.233 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% Yeah, definitely makes a difference. 20:42.133 --> 20:44.300 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Okay, Laurie, you always bring something, 20:44.300 --> 20:46.933 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% you wanna show us what you've got there tonight? 20:46.933 --> 20:48.066 align:start position:44.38% line:10% size:11.25% - Yes. 20:48.066 --> 20:50.000 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - Don't let it get too close to Toby though. 20:50.000 --> 20:51.966 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - Yes, I was telling everybody on the panel 20:51.966 --> 20:54.866 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% that I was gonna put it on Toby's had to see how he reacted 20:54.866 --> 20:57.833 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% but I'm not gonna do that, until later, maybe. 20:57.833 --> 21:00.433 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% So this is a Mexican red-knee tarantula. 21:00.433 --> 21:02.733 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% She's about six months old, 21:02.733 --> 21:05.600 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and she will probably get to be about the size of my hand. 21:05.600 --> 21:07.233 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% I think I brought her on in the fall, 21:07.233 --> 21:09.166 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% and she was just a little baby. 21:09.166 --> 21:12.200 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% And we do not have tarantulas here in Montana, 21:12.200 --> 21:16.600 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% but I had an interesting sample last summer from Colstrip, 21:16.600 --> 21:19.733 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% where I got a call that somebody had a large spider 21:19.733 --> 21:21.166 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% that they wanted to send to me 21:21.166 --> 21:22.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% and I said, "Just put it in a vial." 21:22.733 --> 21:24.733 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% And she said, "It's not gonna fit." 21:24.733 --> 21:27.100 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% And so she sent it to me and I found out 21:27.100 --> 21:32.100 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% that the tarantula was at a gas station and it was dead 21:34.466 --> 21:37.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% but it must have fallen off of someone's truck 21:37.233 --> 21:40.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and it was probably alive for long enough 21:40.100 --> 21:42.000 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% to make it to the back of the gas station. 21:42.000 --> 21:44.000 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And I expected to be right near the pumps. 21:44.000 --> 21:46.866 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% So we did get a tarantula here in Montana, 21:46.866 --> 21:48.933 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% but it's not alive, so. 21:50.500 --> 21:51.333 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% - Okay (laughs). 21:52.500 --> 21:53.333 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% So Bob, I know one of the things 21:53.333 --> 21:57.600 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% that you've been up to this past year is writing a book. 21:57.600 --> 21:59.666 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% And I want to show the folks this book 21:59.666 --> 22:01.666 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% and tell us a little bit about it. 22:02.933 --> 22:03.866 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% What's it all about? 22:03.866 --> 22:05.833 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% I don't picture you as an author, 22:05.833 --> 22:08.100 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% I picture you as a guy out there on the tractor. 22:08.100 --> 22:11.700 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - Well, after 40 years of the kind of summary I told ya, 22:11.700 --> 22:13.800 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% I thought that I had learned a lot of things. 22:13.800 --> 22:15.100 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% And I wanted to put that in a book. 22:15.100 --> 22:18.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% And so I tried for five years to write a book 22:18.833 --> 22:21.266 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and I got rejected from one of my favorite publishers, 22:21.266 --> 22:24.066 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and then I ran into a co-author, Liz Carlisle, 22:24.066 --> 22:25.866 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% who wrote the Lentil Underground, 22:25.866 --> 22:28.366 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% a story about Montana, it's the folks around here, 22:28.366 --> 22:31.700 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% and she did in five months what I couldn't do in five years. 22:31.700 --> 22:36.733 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% And the story is about the high cost of cheap food really, 22:37.500 --> 22:41.666 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and people talk about commodity agriculture. 22:41.666 --> 22:44.700 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% In fact, I saw that they had a byline 22:44.700 --> 22:47.366 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% that I was just gonna talk about commodity organics tonight, 22:47.366 --> 22:50.033 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% we don't grow any commodities on our farm at all, 22:50.033 --> 22:52.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% we only grow good food for people's health, 22:52.966 --> 22:55.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and their nourishment, and enjoyment. 22:55.233 --> 22:57.533 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% And I think, I really believe this very strongly, 22:57.533 --> 23:01.700 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% if we can reconnect the idea of health and food, 23:01.700 --> 23:04.066 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% we can overcome some of these problems 23:04.066 --> 23:06.100 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% that we have with industrial agriculture 23:06.100 --> 23:11.100 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% is faced and based on purely cheap food, and abundant food. 23:11.533 --> 23:13.366 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% And so the farmers, starting with the farmers, 23:13.366 --> 23:15.266 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% they pay a very high cost of cheap food 23:15.266 --> 23:17.400 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% 'cause they can't sell this grain 23:17.400 --> 23:18.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% for enough to make a living anymore, 23:18.733 --> 23:20.166 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% even pay their expenses. 23:20.166 --> 23:21.466 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% So that's why we're thinking 23:21.466 --> 23:24.933 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% that organic agriculture really is the future. 23:24.933 --> 23:26.600 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% And it really provides an opportunity 23:26.600 --> 23:28.266 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% for farmers to make money again, 23:28.266 --> 23:29.933 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% 'cause they lower the cost of their inputs, 23:29.933 --> 23:30.766 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% 'cause they grow their own, 23:30.766 --> 23:32.366 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% they increase the value of their outputs, 23:32.366 --> 23:33.800 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% because they're selling at higher prices, 23:33.800 --> 23:35.666 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:22.5% and then the communities that suffer 23:35.666 --> 23:37.400 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% from the high cost of cheap food 23:37.400 --> 23:40.000 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% would be able to start regenerating 23:40.000 --> 23:42.100 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% because jobs could come back in. 23:42.100 --> 23:44.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% And then our planet could take a little break 23:44.100 --> 23:45.666 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% from pollution, Don, 23:45.666 --> 23:48.800 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% right now we have glyphosate in our rainfall, 23:48.800 --> 23:52.433 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% we are spraying so many tons, millions of tons of glyphosate 23:52.433 --> 23:54.700 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% that's really affecting the whole planet, 23:54.700 --> 23:56.233 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and particularly our part. 23:56.233 --> 23:58.866 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And so we're looking forward to some alternative 23:58.866 --> 24:01.000 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% that can reduce that kind of load. 24:01.000 --> 24:04.366 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% And the final high cost is the high cost to our health. 24:04.366 --> 24:05.200 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% And we're finding 24:05.200 --> 24:08.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% that there is a very direct connection 24:08.400 --> 24:13.366 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% between cheap food and high incidence of chronic diseases. 24:13.366 --> 24:17.366 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% And any country who has a significant amount 24:17.366 --> 24:20.033 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% for a number of their people who are sick, 24:20.033 --> 24:23.166 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% will never pay for that, and that's where we're headed. 24:23.166 --> 24:25.666 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% And so I think that we can eat our way healthy, 24:25.666 --> 24:28.466 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and bring some of that money back to the communities, 24:28.466 --> 24:30.466 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% and particularly to our farms. 24:30.466 --> 24:32.933 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - So if I wanna buy this book, Bob, 24:32.933 --> 24:33.766 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% where can I get it? 24:33.766 --> 24:35.066 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% Is it-- - Well, you can get it 24:35.066 --> 24:37.333 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% in any of your favorite bookstores, 24:37.333 --> 24:39.766 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% you can get it from Barnes and Noble, 24:39.766 --> 24:43.100 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% you can get it on Amazon, and we're doing a two-week tour 24:43.100 --> 24:44.866 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% of Montana starting tomorrow, 24:44.866 --> 24:48.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% we'll be in Billings on Monday the 15th, 24:48.133 --> 24:50.000 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% then we go to Great Falls the 16th, 24:50.000 --> 24:52.666 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% Havre the 17th, back to Missoula 18th, 24:52.666 --> 24:53.866 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and then the following week 24:53.866 --> 24:55.900 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% we're in southern Montana here 24:55.900 --> 24:58.933 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% starting in Butte on the 22nd, Bozeman in the 23rd 24:58.933 --> 25:00.266 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and Helen on the 24. 25:00.266 --> 25:03.100 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - You sound like a rock star. - Oh, man, it's been a trip, 25:03.100 --> 25:03.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% it's been a trip. 25:03.933 --> 25:08.200 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% And if you wanna go to our our blog and Instagram 25:08.200 --> 25:09.933 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% at Bob Quinn Organic Farmer, 25:09.933 --> 25:12.633 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% you can see all the dates, and the times, and the places. 25:12.633 --> 25:15.033 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - Oh, I can't wait to see Bob Quinn groupies, 25:15.033 --> 25:18.366 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% it's gonna be awesome. (all laughing) 25:18.366 --> 25:19.366 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% I might be one. 25:19.366 --> 25:20.600 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - Well, you'd be welcome. 25:21.700 --> 25:23.266 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% - Perry, this question came in, 25:23.266 --> 25:25.866 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% what's the potential for hemp in Montana? 25:25.866 --> 25:29.600 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% And now it's legal to grow hemp is that right? 25:29.600 --> 25:32.300 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - Yeah, there has been some changes in regulations. 25:33.166 --> 25:36.766 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% Hemp is a new crop that there's quite a bit of interest in. 25:36.766 --> 25:39.866 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% And there's actually a hemp advisory committee 25:39.866 --> 25:40.700 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% that's just started. 25:40.700 --> 25:43.600 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% So I got a chance to go and sort of get informed 25:43.600 --> 25:45.866 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% at that meeting, a week or so ago. 25:45.866 --> 25:48.366 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And there's a lot of interest in this crop 25:48.366 --> 25:50.633 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% by a lot of folks for a lot of different reasons. 25:50.633 --> 25:53.600 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% And so it's gonna take some sorting out. 25:53.600 --> 25:54.866 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% I think a lot of people are thinking 25:54.866 --> 25:57.200 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% this is gonna be kind of a quick get-rich opportunity, 25:57.200 --> 25:58.400 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and I can really understand, 25:58.400 --> 26:00.933 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% Bob said that, grain prices are cheap right now 26:00.933 --> 26:02.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and yeah, there're just not a lot of good options. 26:02.533 --> 26:05.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% You talk to growers, and it's everything they look at 26:05.233 --> 26:06.366 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% doesn't seem to pencil out. 26:06.366 --> 26:10.000 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% And so I think there's more attention for a crop like hemp 26:10.000 --> 26:12.500 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% than there might otherwise be. 26:12.500 --> 26:14.200 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% Having said that, there are some angles 26:14.200 --> 26:16.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% that look like they could be interesting 26:16.133 --> 26:17.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and should be explored. 26:17.400 --> 26:20.066 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% And so I think this is one of the ones again, 26:20.066 --> 26:22.166 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% where the researchers will be playing catch up a little bit 26:22.166 --> 26:24.900 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% because there's substantial grower interest, 26:24.900 --> 26:27.266 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and I think, they're gonna go ahead 26:27.266 --> 26:29.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% with a substantial acres of that crop. 26:29.266 --> 26:30.866 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% Again, we were the number one 26:30.866 --> 26:34.566 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% hemp-producing state in America last year, 26:34.566 --> 26:36.900 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% although that didn't actually finish with a happy story 26:36.900 --> 26:40.366 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% in terms of there were sales that didn't get completed 26:40.366 --> 26:41.900 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and things like that. 26:41.900 --> 26:44.966 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% So there's gonna be some growing pains with this crop. 26:44.966 --> 26:48.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - Perry, are they growing 'em, hemp, mostly for fiber, 26:48.933 --> 26:51.600 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% or are they growing them for seed, for oil, what's the? 26:51.600 --> 26:53.466 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% - Yeah, so great question Toby. 26:53.466 --> 26:55.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% Yeah, so the fiber is a residual value. 26:55.933 --> 26:58.266 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% And that's probably going to be more associated 26:58.266 --> 27:01.333 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% with growers who are trying to produce it for seed. 27:01.333 --> 27:03.266 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% But what I learned last week 27:03.266 --> 27:08.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% is the big vast majority interest is in direct CBD oil, 27:08.566 --> 27:10.633 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% harvesting methods, which means you harvest it 27:10.633 --> 27:14.100 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% at an immature stage at the bud/flower stage, 27:14.100 --> 27:16.266 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:20.63% almost like high-quality alfalfa. 27:16.266 --> 27:17.733 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% So I mean, it ends up on a bale 27:17.733 --> 27:19.233 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and gets processed out of that bale. 27:19.233 --> 27:21.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% And that whole process 27:21.333 --> 27:24.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% is kind of a vertically integrated supply chain, 27:24.333 --> 27:27.600 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% so it's not just anybody can get in that, 27:27.600 --> 27:29.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% you better have a contract if you're gonna go there. 27:29.933 --> 27:32.533 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% There has been some substantial money made at times, 27:32.533 --> 27:35.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% but there's a story in northeastern Montana last year 27:35.233 --> 27:36.400 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% where it didn't turn out very well. 27:36.400 --> 27:38.366 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% There was like 18,000 acres 27:38.366 --> 27:42.266 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% in that sort of market then that didn't all end well. 27:42.266 --> 27:45.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - And this is not, when you talk about CBD, 27:45.533 --> 27:48.766 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% just really quickly, that's not the THC or? 27:48.766 --> 27:49.600 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - Good, yeah. 27:49.600 --> 27:52.166 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% We should say that right up front. 27:52.166 --> 27:54.700 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% The state regulates this at a very high level. 27:54.700 --> 27:56.366 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% And actually, I really gotta give credit 27:56.366 --> 27:59.466 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% to Ben Thomas and his crew, because Montana has said, 27:59.466 --> 28:02.033 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% they're gonna regulate this industry very carefully 28:02.033 --> 28:06.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and they wanna do that as a way of building face 28:06.566 --> 28:10.266 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% with anybody who wants to invest in this kind of area 28:10.266 --> 28:15.000 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% to know that they're going to be a regulated system 28:15.000 --> 28:16.100 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% where there's not gonna be 28:16.100 --> 28:17.700 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% a lot of wildcatting with this crop. 28:17.700 --> 28:20.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% So yes, there's an approved list of varieties. 28:20.733 --> 28:24.633 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% They have a maximum of 0.3% THC. 28:24.633 --> 28:26.766 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% I can't pronounce the chemical that THC is, 28:26.766 --> 28:29.733 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% but that's the psychoactive part of marijuana. 28:29.733 --> 28:31.700 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% And so it's very low, like marijuana, 28:31.700 --> 28:35.166 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% I'm told marijuana will run into 12 to 20% THC, 28:35.166 --> 28:36.666 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% and this is 0.3%. 28:36.666 --> 28:38.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% So you probably smoke around a bale of 'em 28:38.800 --> 28:41.366 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and wouldn't be able-- (all laughing) 28:41.366 --> 28:44.900 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - It's like the non-alcoholic beer of the beer industry. 28:44.900 --> 28:47.500 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% - Yes, yeah, maybe even more so. 28:47.500 --> 28:48.433 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - I would really caution 28:48.433 --> 28:50.366 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% that anybody that's really interested in growing this, 28:50.366 --> 28:53.800 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% we grew seven acres three years ago, 28:53.800 --> 28:55.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and it took us two years to sell the crop. 28:55.900 --> 29:00.833 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% And so be sure you've got a contract, maybe two, a backup, 29:01.900 --> 29:03.733 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% but I think it's got great potential, 29:03.733 --> 29:06.933 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% but there's so many people jumping in 29:06.933 --> 29:08.233 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% We ended up finally crushing it 29:08.233 --> 29:10.333 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% for we've harvested the seed in our case, 29:10.333 --> 29:13.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and we crushed it in our presses for oil, 29:13.166 --> 29:14.933 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% but it it makes a great oil 29:14.933 --> 29:17.133 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% that has great cosmetic potential, 29:18.233 --> 29:22.333 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and it just took us a long time to find a home for that. 29:22.333 --> 29:26.200 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% So don't get overboard and cautious. 29:26.200 --> 29:27.433 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Yeah, and I think a lot of people 29:27.433 --> 29:29.066 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% use camelina as an example, right? 29:29.066 --> 29:29.900 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Yeah. - As a crop 29:29.900 --> 29:31.900 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% where we got too far out in front 29:31.900 --> 29:34.066 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% of what that crop's potential really was. 29:34.066 --> 29:36.533 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% In the case of hemp, there does seem to be, 29:36.533 --> 29:37.900 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% the market interest is there. - There is. 29:37.900 --> 29:39.833 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - And so if we can find a way of tapping 29:39.833 --> 29:40.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% that market interest, 29:40.800 --> 29:42.966 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% I have kind of a better feeling for it. 29:42.966 --> 29:44.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% At the same time, yeah, 29:44.233 --> 29:46.433 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% I think we're probably being optimistic at the moment 29:46.433 --> 29:48.533 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% with with the amount of interest there is. 29:49.533 --> 29:52.166 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Okay, Toby, back to you from Bozeman. 29:52.166 --> 29:54.666 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% Their lawn has lots of two-inch holes. 29:54.666 --> 29:56.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% What is causing them? 29:56.166 --> 29:57.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% What should I do? 29:57.933 --> 30:00.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% This is after all that snow was gone of the lawn. 30:00.566 --> 30:02.566 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - So you probably have voles, 30:02.566 --> 30:05.466 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% it's the perennial question we have every single year, 30:05.466 --> 30:08.833 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% so that's where the voles are going into the ground. 30:08.833 --> 30:10.566 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% Usually you see some of those holes, 30:10.566 --> 30:12.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% you'll see tracks throughout the lawn. 30:12.566 --> 30:16.333 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% And that is pretty simply taken care of 30:16.333 --> 30:19.300 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% by just putting mouse mouse traps around those holes 30:19.300 --> 30:21.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% in those pathways with the trippy mechanism. 30:21.466 --> 30:24.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% And do it at night, you'll catch a lot of voles. 30:25.000 --> 30:26.500 align:start position:40.62% line:10% size:18.75% Get a cat. (all laughing) 30:26.500 --> 30:29.300 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% Yeah, there's really good at getting voles. 30:30.366 --> 30:31.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% Yeah, it was actually kind of interesting. 30:31.800 --> 30:33.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% I felt bad there was a, 30:33.266 --> 30:35.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% I was driving down 19th when we were all stopped 30:35.033 --> 30:36.733 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and there was voles running back and forth 30:36.733 --> 30:38.633 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% across the street trying not to get run over. 30:38.633 --> 30:40.666 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% That just tells you how many voles 30:40.666 --> 30:41.600 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% we're gonna have this year. 30:41.600 --> 30:44.066 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% So I'm waiting for those phone calls, 30:44.066 --> 30:44.966 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% I haven't got them yet, 30:44.966 --> 30:47.800 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% but I have a feeling we're gonna have another bad vole year. 30:47.800 --> 30:49.200 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% - Okay. 30:49.200 --> 30:51.000 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% I just noticed, Bob, 30:51.000 --> 30:53.900 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% that your book is available in the Bozeman Public Library. 30:53.900 --> 30:54.900 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% - [Bob] Oh, good, there you go. 30:54.900 --> 30:56.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - So local folks could go down there and get it. 30:56.433 --> 30:57.800 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:22.5% - Thank you. 30:57.800 --> 30:58.900 align:start position:40.62% line:10% size:16.88% - Laurie. - He doesn't like that though, 30:58.900 --> 31:00.500 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% because they're not paying for it. 31:00.500 --> 31:02.400 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% (all laughing) 31:02.400 --> 31:04.866 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - We're are anxious to serve the whole family. 31:06.533 --> 31:08.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - Laurie, from Bozeman, 31:08.200 --> 31:12.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% they have black vine weevils on peonies, 31:12.466 --> 31:14.600 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% early-blooming peonies in about six weeks, 31:14.600 --> 31:18.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% should I drench and kill the larval stage now? 31:18.200 --> 31:20.566 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% She doesn't want to harm the bees. 31:20.566 --> 31:23.733 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - Yeah, that is ones, so far, for that black vine, 31:23.733 --> 31:26.333 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% we haven't seen any damage 31:26.333 --> 31:28.833 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% to the health of the plants at all. 31:28.833 --> 31:33.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% So it's more for a cosmetic damage to the foliage, 31:33.233 --> 31:36.100 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% and so it's really not something that you need to treat. 31:36.100 --> 31:37.100 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% I'd just keep an eye on it 31:37.100 --> 31:40.733 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and make sure that your peonies stay healthy, 31:40.733 --> 31:42.300 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% but that cosmetic damage 31:42.300 --> 31:44.766 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% we see from a lot of different weevils on lilacs 31:44.766 --> 31:47.666 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% and in a lot of different ornamentals. 31:47.666 --> 31:50.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% So I wouldn't treat unless you started 31:50.100 --> 31:52.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% to see some sort of decline in your plant. 31:52.633 --> 31:53.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - So is this what causes 31:53.666 --> 31:56.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% kind of the scalloped edges on the leaves, is that? 31:56.500 --> 31:58.433 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - That's it, it's the scalloped edges 31:58.433 --> 32:00.200 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% and there's leaf cutter bees, 32:00.200 --> 32:02.033 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% and the leaf cutter bees will, 32:02.033 --> 32:05.966 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% there's semi-circular holes on the sides of the leaves 32:05.966 --> 32:07.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% that are a lot larger, 32:07.566 --> 32:10.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and the weevils are just small little matches 32:10.233 --> 32:13.266 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% that they pretty much take over the whole entire leaf. 32:13.266 --> 32:15.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% And so they haven't seen any reason 32:15.466 --> 32:16.866 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% to treat for them right now. 32:18.066 --> 32:19.733 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% - Okay, Bob, you mentioned Kamut, 32:19.733 --> 32:23.333 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and I'm curious about where did the name come from, 32:23.333 --> 32:27.066 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% how did you find Kamut in the very first place, 32:28.400 --> 32:29.633 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and are you doing anything 32:29.633 --> 32:31.900 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% to improve it like for disease resistance? 32:31.900 --> 32:33.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% 'Cause I think at one time you told me 32:33.500 --> 32:36.566 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% it's susceptible to about every disease around. 32:36.566 --> 32:38.700 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% - Well, (laughs) not every disease. 32:38.700 --> 32:40.166 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - Okay, good, - But it does have 32:40.166 --> 32:42.933 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% a very great susceptibility to black tip. 32:42.933 --> 32:46.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% And if that gets bad enough, the customers don't want it. 32:46.500 --> 32:49.266 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% But going back again over 50 years, 32:49.266 --> 32:50.766 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% I first saw it at a county fair 32:50.766 --> 32:52.933 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% where I thought it was an old man, 32:52.933 --> 32:54.266 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% he's probably younger than I am now, 32:54.266 --> 32:57.366 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% that's have that Folgers, red Folgers can, 32:57.366 --> 32:59.633 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and he said to me, "Hi sonny is that you? 32:59.633 --> 33:00.400 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% "Come over here," 33:00.400 --> 33:02.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% he says, "you want some of King Tut's wheat?" 33:02.266 --> 33:04.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% And he poured this giant grain in my hand 33:04.566 --> 33:07.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and it's three times the size of regular wheat. 33:07.200 --> 33:09.133 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% Wow, that's quite interesting. 33:09.133 --> 33:13.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% And the story was that there was a Air Force guy 33:13.233 --> 33:15.000 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% from our county, from Fort Bend, 33:15.000 --> 33:15.966 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% who was stationed in Portugal 33:15.966 --> 33:18.433 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% and he met a guy in a bar one night 33:18.433 --> 33:20.866 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% that just got back and flew over Egypt 33:20.866 --> 33:22.533 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and claimed that he'd taken this bag of wheat 33:22.533 --> 33:24.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% out of a tomb in Egypt. (all laughing) 33:24.533 --> 33:26.733 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% So the story when it was King Tut's wheat. 33:26.733 --> 33:29.266 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% Well, he said to his dad, with a little handful, 33:29.266 --> 33:31.966 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and they grew and about 1950 this happened. 33:31.966 --> 33:34.000 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% And it was a great novelty and a great story 33:34.000 --> 33:35.266 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% but no one did anything with it, 33:35.266 --> 33:38.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and they didn't have any market for it. 33:38.166 --> 33:42.866 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% And when I was finishing my graduate work there at Davis, 33:42.866 --> 33:44.200 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% I was eating a corn nuts package one day, 33:44.200 --> 33:46.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and I said corn nuts made the the giant corn. 33:46.466 --> 33:47.600 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% And I said, what if Corn Nuts 33:47.600 --> 33:49.733 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% would be interested in giant wheat. 33:49.733 --> 33:51.733 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% And so I called up Corn Nuts and they said, 33:51.733 --> 33:52.566 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% oh, we might be interested in that. 33:52.566 --> 33:53.633 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% And I said, "Hey, dad," 33:53.633 --> 33:55.033 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% I called my dad right next thing, I said, 33:55.033 --> 33:57.833 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% "dad, see if you can find some of that old King Tut wheat." 33:57.833 --> 34:00.566 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And he found a small jar in a week or so 34:00.566 --> 34:01.733 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% and sent me a couple tablespoons. 34:01.733 --> 34:04.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% We sent it to Corn Nuts and they thought it was fantastic. 34:04.500 --> 34:07.366 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% It made the snack that we're making now. 34:07.366 --> 34:10.566 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% And they said this is so good we'll take 10,000 pounds. 34:10.566 --> 34:13.066 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% I said, well, I didn't really have 10,000 pounds, 34:13.066 --> 34:16.000 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% I didn't tell him I had only half jarful. 34:16.000 --> 34:17.300 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% I said, "If you just wait a couple years, 34:17.300 --> 34:18.700 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% "I don't quite have that yet, 34:18.700 --> 34:19.933 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% "I'll have everything you want." 34:19.933 --> 34:21.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% And so we started growing in the garden 34:21.566 --> 34:23.700 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and sending it to California to go over the winter. 34:23.700 --> 34:26.166 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% And by the time we have 50 pounds, I call them up again, 34:26.166 --> 34:28.866 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and the guys that was interested in it was gone 34:28.866 --> 34:30.800 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and they didn't have any interest anymore. 34:30.800 --> 34:32.000 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% So it's sat on our shelf 34:32.000 --> 34:34.566 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% until we took it to a food show in '86. 34:34.566 --> 34:37.500 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% And again, we had one person who was interested. 34:37.500 --> 34:40.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And based on that we planted a half an acre. 34:40.133 --> 34:44.433 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% And 30 years later, we had 100,000 acres under cultivation 34:44.433 --> 34:46.533 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% in Montana, Alberta and Saskatchewan. 34:46.533 --> 34:49.333 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% And Kamut is trademarked, 34:49.333 --> 34:51.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% so it's nothing to do with the grain, 34:51.266 --> 34:53.300 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% we found that people could eat it 34:53.300 --> 34:54.733 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% who couldn't eat modern wheat. 34:54.733 --> 34:55.800 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% And when we found this, 34:55.800 --> 34:57.566 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% I thought wow, this is something special, 34:57.566 --> 34:59.066 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% we need to take care of this. 34:59.066 --> 35:00.766 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% So we used the trademark, 35:00.766 --> 35:04.500 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% which is the Egyptian word for wheat, to protect it. 35:04.500 --> 35:05.333 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% And the trademark, 35:05.333 --> 35:08.533 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% it's not an ownership thing like a patent, 35:08.533 --> 35:11.133 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% but it's a guarantee, market guarantee. 35:11.133 --> 35:13.466 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% And our guarantee was always organic, 35:13.466 --> 35:15.533 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% it was pure ancient grain, 35:15.533 --> 35:18.366 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and that it was high in protein, high in minerals. 35:18.366 --> 35:20.400 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% And after people were telling us their experience, 35:20.400 --> 35:21.466 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% we started some research 35:21.466 --> 35:26.400 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and now we've published 31 peer-reviewed journal articles 35:26.400 --> 35:27.800 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% from mostly research done in Italy, 35:27.800 --> 35:28.800 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% that's our biggest market, 35:28.800 --> 35:31.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% that's 3/4 of everything we grow goes to Italy. 35:31.833 --> 35:36.300 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% They make over 3,500 different products in Italy with this. 35:36.300 --> 35:39.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And that's where the most interest was. 35:39.133 --> 35:43.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% And what we found is it's extremely high in antioxidants 35:43.966 --> 35:46.466 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% but also it's anti-inflammatory. 35:46.466 --> 35:49.100 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% And modern wheat causes inflammation at low levels. 35:49.100 --> 35:50.766 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% And this is anti-inflammatory, 35:50.766 --> 35:53.400 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and the difference is like 30 to 45%. 35:53.400 --> 35:54.666 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% You can't get this kind of difference 35:54.666 --> 35:56.700 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% with medicines, with pills. 35:56.700 --> 35:58.000 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% And so this is amazing. 35:58.000 --> 36:00.766 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% And this really opened up to me a whole new vista 36:00.766 --> 36:04.300 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% of looking at food for nutrition rather than just medicines. 36:05.633 --> 36:06.733 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% - Amazing story. - Yeah, 36:06.733 --> 36:07.900 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% it just goes on and on. 36:07.900 --> 36:10.466 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% We have 15 more papers that we're going to be publishing. 36:10.466 --> 36:14.533 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% We've looked at, because of the link with the inflammation, 36:15.500 --> 36:16.866 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% we know that all chronic diseases 36:16.866 --> 36:18.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% are linked to inflammation, 36:19.266 --> 36:22.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% these are human clinical studies now, heart disease, 36:22.233 --> 36:23.666 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% irritable bowel syndrome, 36:23.666 --> 36:27.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% non-alcoholic fatty liver syndrome, diabetes, 36:27.500 --> 36:30.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and now we finished studies on fibromyalgia. 36:30.133 --> 36:32.766 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% And all the results are pretty much the same. 36:32.766 --> 36:34.600 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Are you doing any breeding work with Kamut? 36:34.600 --> 36:36.300 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - No, oh, that was your last question? 36:36.300 --> 36:38.333 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% Actually no, I was afraid to change it 36:38.333 --> 36:41.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% because I didn't know what was the benefit. 36:41.166 --> 36:42.766 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% I didn't know where that was coming from. 36:42.766 --> 36:44.933 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% But what I'm doing now, Don, 36:44.933 --> 36:46.033 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and that's a really good question, 36:46.033 --> 36:48.800 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% is looking at winter hardiness. 36:48.800 --> 36:51.266 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% And I've gotten different strains of this, 36:51.266 --> 36:54.300 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% it's Khorasan, is the common name for this, 36:54.300 --> 36:56.333 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and I've gotten different strains from all over the world. 36:56.333 --> 36:58.800 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% I got about 110 from our own 36:58.800 --> 37:02.000 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% USDA Small Grains Collection in Idaho. 37:02.000 --> 37:03.433 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% I've also gotten a couple of dozen 37:03.433 --> 37:06.833 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% from the ba-ba-lof Institute in St.Petersburg, in Russia, 37:06.833 --> 37:08.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% I've been there about six or eight times 37:08.233 --> 37:11.200 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% and working with them, working with a group in Israel, 37:11.200 --> 37:13.933 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% and got about a dozen lines from them 37:13.933 --> 37:15.833 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and we're planning those in the fall 37:15.833 --> 37:17.766 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% because with climate change, 37:17.766 --> 37:22.200 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% farmers don't have the luxury to debate climate change, 37:22.200 --> 37:25.433 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% we haven't respond to it because it's in our area, 37:25.433 --> 37:30.433 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% it's coming with earlier summers, hotter 37:30.533 --> 37:32.766 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% and earlier end of our rains. 37:32.766 --> 37:34.300 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% And so our spring-planting crops 37:34.300 --> 37:35.933 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% are getting higher and higher risk. 37:35.933 --> 37:39.366 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% So we're looking at now more opportunities 37:39.366 --> 37:40.966 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% with fall-planning crops. 37:40.966 --> 37:43.666 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% We're even taking some normally spring-planting crops 37:43.666 --> 37:44.566 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and planning in the fall 37:44.566 --> 37:46.133 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and see if we can look for winter hardiness. 37:46.133 --> 37:47.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% And that's what we're doing with the Khorasan, 37:47.800 --> 37:49.600 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% more than breeding, 37:49.600 --> 37:52.800 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% that's what we're looking for is different lines. 37:52.800 --> 37:54.300 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% - Don, we had a chance to grow 37:54.300 --> 37:55.766 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% in some of our organic research plots 37:55.766 --> 37:58.133 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% here at Fort Dallas last year 37:58.133 --> 38:00.000 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and we grew it both in our organic systems, 38:00.000 --> 38:01.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and as part of the research design, 38:01.500 --> 38:04.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% is we grew it in a conventionally fertilized 38:04.900 --> 38:06.833 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% pesticide no-till system also. 38:08.766 --> 38:11.533 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% Bob told me this plant really doesn't tiller very much, 38:11.533 --> 38:15.333 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% and it doesn't, so we're on the plots where we fertilized it 38:15.333 --> 38:18.566 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% so I guess we can't call it Kamut on those plots, 38:18.566 --> 38:22.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% it got very tall and these huge enormous heads. 38:22.466 --> 38:25.900 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% And I'm thinking boy, this is gonna lodge right flat 38:25.900 --> 38:28.233 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% because typically that's what happens 38:28.233 --> 38:29.433 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% when you over-fertilize something 38:29.433 --> 38:31.766 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% that's that tall wheat structure. 38:32.633 --> 38:34.800 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% But we didn't have one plant go down. 38:34.800 --> 38:36.800 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% I mean, it's got a really strong stem. 38:36.800 --> 38:38.033 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% There's been stories 38:38.033 --> 38:40.066 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% with the wheat stem, so far experience is same thing. 38:40.066 --> 38:42.900 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% So it's an interesting plant, it really is. 38:45.533 --> 38:47.233 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - I was in Cairo, I looked in a museum 38:47.233 --> 38:49.433 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% to see if I could really verify the old tomb story, 38:49.433 --> 38:53.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and when I looked in the museum, it wasn't this at all. 38:53.266 --> 38:54.666 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% It was only corn, I could see the striations 38:54.666 --> 38:57.933 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% it has a special shape of the kernels 38:57.933 --> 38:59.900 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and that's what they were growing 4,000 years ago. 38:59.900 --> 39:01.366 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% And I was so bummed out 39:01.366 --> 39:03.900 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% because I've been telling the story for 10 years 39:03.900 --> 39:04.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and then I went to Turkey, 39:04.933 --> 39:06.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% we were doing some experiments in Turkey, 39:06.500 --> 39:08.800 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and they told me in Turkey, they said, we know this grain, 39:08.800 --> 39:10.866 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% we call it camel's tooth 39:10.866 --> 39:11.833 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% because of the way it's shaped, 39:11.833 --> 39:13.600 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% kind of big on one end and small on other, 39:13.600 --> 39:15.366 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% or we call it the prophet's wheat. 39:15.366 --> 39:16.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% I said, "Oh, that's really interesting, 39:16.400 --> 39:18.033 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% "why do you call it the prophet's wheat?" 39:18.033 --> 39:19.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% I said, "Does it have something to do with Mohammed?" 39:19.566 --> 39:21.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% Because it's pretty Muslim there, 39:21.100 --> 39:23.366 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% I didn't want to get in the wrong side of that discussion, 39:23.366 --> 39:25.266 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and they say, "Oh, no, no, no, not that prophet." 39:25.266 --> 39:27.800 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% They said, "You know the one with the boat." 39:27.800 --> 39:29.766 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% I said, "The boat, you mean Noah?" 39:29.766 --> 39:32.666 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% Oh, yes, this is the grain Noah brought with him on the ark. 39:32.666 --> 39:34.233 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% And I said, wow, it's a lot better story 39:34.233 --> 39:38.033 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% than my tomb story. (all laughing) 39:38.033 --> 39:39.233 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - Oh, you're full of stories Bob. 39:39.233 --> 39:42.000 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - Oh, I know. (all laughing) 39:42.000 --> 39:44.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - Perry, this question came in from Conrad. 39:44.433 --> 39:45.700 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% They've heard about quinoa. 39:45.700 --> 39:47.566 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% Can they grow it up in Conrad? 39:47.566 --> 39:48.766 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% Tell us a little bit about quinoa. 39:48.766 --> 39:51.766 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - So, yeah, quinoa is an action grain, 39:51.766 --> 39:54.800 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% it's grown mostly in the South American Andes 39:54.800 --> 39:57.266 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% and there's about three different strains 39:57.266 --> 39:59.433 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:22.5% that grow at different elevations, 39:59.433 --> 40:02.266 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and it minutes from a value-added perspective, 40:02.266 --> 40:07.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% it's a crop that has become popular with modern diners, 40:07.233 --> 40:09.433 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% millennials, whoever like to eat quinoa. 40:09.433 --> 40:10.700 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% So it seems like there's a potential 40:10.700 --> 40:13.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% for us to make some money growing a new crop. 40:14.366 --> 40:17.300 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% But it's one that where there's not much research about it. 40:17.300 --> 40:18.366 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% I mean, it's something 40:18.366 --> 40:22.833 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% that's maybe got 25,000 acre potential, 40:22.833 --> 40:24.133 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% how do we invest in research 40:24.133 --> 40:26.533 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% where those kinds of things that are so small? 40:26.533 --> 40:29.200 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% So from what I know about it, 40:29.200 --> 40:30.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% I know people have been playing with 40:30.500 --> 40:33.800 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and I would probably steer them away from quinoa, 40:34.900 --> 40:38.000 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% just because there's a lot to learn about growing that crop. 40:39.066 --> 40:40.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% Just the way it's harvested, the way it's, 40:40.900 --> 40:42.633 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% I mean, you should be in league 40:42.633 --> 40:44.700 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% with somebody who really wants to buy it 40:44.700 --> 40:47.066 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% before I would even think about trying to produce it 40:47.066 --> 40:49.300 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% and take advantage of whatever in-house knowledge they have 40:49.300 --> 40:51.100 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% because the public research information on it 40:51.100 --> 40:52.566 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% is just about non-existent. 40:54.233 --> 40:56.133 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Okay, Toby, this person would like you 40:56.133 --> 40:59.300 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% to repeat the favorite crab apple varieties, 40:59.300 --> 41:02.400 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% you and Bob both, you both mentioned favorite crab apples. 41:03.600 --> 41:05.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - Well, I know Bob's what was yours, Chestnut? 41:05.500 --> 41:06.433 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:20.63% - Chestnut. - So that's a great one. 41:06.433 --> 41:07.333 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Are you familiar with that one? 41:07.333 --> 41:09.633 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - Yes, absolutely. - What do you think? 41:09.633 --> 41:10.600 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - It's great. - Okay, good. 41:10.600 --> 41:11.666 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% - Absolutely. (Bob laughs) 41:11.666 --> 41:13.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% My favorite crab apple 41:13.166 --> 41:17.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% is actually Kerr crab, K-E-R-R, like the candy jar. 41:17.166 --> 41:19.300 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% And then the apple that I like most 41:19.300 --> 41:21.200 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% is Sweet Sixteen, Sweet Sixteen. 41:22.066 --> 41:25.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% I used to watch the show and watch Bob Goff on the show 41:25.500 --> 41:27.633 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and when I had him for fruit production, 41:27.633 --> 41:30.133 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:24.38% he would talk about Northern Spy. 41:30.133 --> 41:31.733 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% And on the show he would have this little glint in his eye 41:31.733 --> 41:35.000 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% when he'd talk about Northern Spy, it was a greatest apple. 41:35.000 --> 41:36.833 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% And then I started liking this Sweet Sixteen 41:36.833 --> 41:38.900 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and so I decided to go see with the parent was, 41:38.900 --> 41:41.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and one of the parents was Northern Spy. 41:41.700 --> 41:44.033 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% And so I get an understanding of why that, 41:44.033 --> 41:45.100 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% why he loved that apple 41:45.100 --> 41:46.700 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% 'cause it does have a very unique taste 41:46.700 --> 41:50.400 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and it's just something I've never really had before, 41:50.400 --> 41:53.466 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% so I had to plant one, I planted one 10 years ago 41:53.466 --> 41:56.800 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and I'm just got apples last year, so it does take a while. 41:58.266 --> 42:02.400 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% - Laurie from Billings, they have pear trees with worms, 42:02.400 --> 42:07.400 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% wormy fruit, but the tree is close to a beehive. 42:07.633 --> 42:10.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% What can they do about the worms in the pears 42:10.566 --> 42:12.366 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% without affecting the bees? 42:13.200 --> 42:14.300 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% - That gets a little tricky. 42:14.300 --> 42:16.033 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% That's probably the worms in the pear 42:16.033 --> 42:19.800 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% are probably coddling math, so they hit apples and pears, 42:19.800 --> 42:24.800 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and you base the timing on what we call degree days, 42:25.666 --> 42:26.966 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% which it depends on, 42:26.966 --> 42:30.466 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% you'd have to have a good temperature station near you 42:30.466 --> 42:33.200 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% to calculate degree days appropriately. 42:33.200 --> 42:36.366 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% But basically you're gonna be applying 42:36.366 --> 42:37.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% lots of different chemicals to apply. 42:37.900 --> 42:40.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% One has active ingredient BT 42:42.700 --> 42:44.666 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% but you have to make sure that to do that, 42:44.666 --> 42:47.333 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% usually the degree days and the proper amount of timing, 42:47.333 --> 42:52.333 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% or the proper timing is after the petals have dropped. 42:52.400 --> 42:56.700 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% So you're usually safe in the bees zone for that. 42:56.700 --> 42:58.900 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - And BT is organic. - Yes, it is. 42:58.900 --> 43:00.533 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% - Bio-control, so good for you. 43:01.700 --> 43:04.900 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - And you can move either the tree or the beehive. 43:04.900 --> 43:07.200 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% I would say the beehive is probably a whole lot easier 43:07.200 --> 43:10.366 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% to move than the tree. - (laughs) Than the tree. 43:10.366 --> 43:12.300 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% Okay, here's an interesting question, Bob, 43:12.300 --> 43:13.866 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% for you from Missoula. 43:13.866 --> 43:15.766 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% They heard that Randolph Diesel 43:15.766 --> 43:18.400 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% used hemp in his first engines. 43:18.400 --> 43:22.000 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% Can hemp oil be used in engines today 43:22.000 --> 43:26.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% like a biofuel, or additive, or something like that? 43:26.233 --> 43:27.433 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% - Now, that's a good question. 43:27.433 --> 43:29.333 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% I do not know the answer to that for sure. 43:29.333 --> 43:33.366 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% I know that, if you're using straight vegetable oil, 43:33.366 --> 43:35.200 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% it needs to be a monounsaturated 43:35.200 --> 43:39.933 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and I'm not sure where hemp oil falls into that, 43:39.933 --> 43:42.266 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% with being polyunsaturated or monounsaturated. 43:43.200 --> 43:46.233 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% Of course, she can make biodiesel with any oil, 43:46.233 --> 43:48.333 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and then that will work just fine. 43:49.233 --> 43:51.600 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% But that would be a question I'd have to refer 43:51.600 --> 43:52.700 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% to someone that knows a little bit more 43:52.700 --> 43:54.766 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% about the makeup of hemp oil. 43:55.700 --> 43:57.633 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% - Well, I don't. (all laughing) 43:57.633 --> 43:59.333 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - [Perry] I don't know that one either. 44:00.600 --> 44:03.366 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - Perry, from Kalispell says what herbicide 44:03.366 --> 44:05.400 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% can be sprayed in a pasture 44:05.400 --> 44:09.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% that is animal-safe to get rid of white yarrow? 44:09.466 --> 44:11.600 align:start position:38.75% line:10% size:20.63% You got any experience with that? 44:11.600 --> 44:13.300 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% - It's not really in my ballpark? 44:14.300 --> 44:18.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% Sorry, we would refer that to probably Jane Mangold, 44:18.933 --> 44:21.933 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% I would think, and she will know. 44:21.933 --> 44:24.566 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% (phone ringing) 44:24.566 --> 44:27.066 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - Okay, let's see here. 44:27.066 --> 44:28.900 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% Bob, another question for you. 44:29.766 --> 44:32.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% Describe the issues that you faced 44:32.100 --> 44:33.833 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% when dealing with niche markets 44:33.833 --> 44:36.366 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% 'cause a lot of your stuff is kinda niche markety, 44:36.366 --> 44:37.966 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% is that right? - In the beginning, 44:37.966 --> 44:40.666 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% of course, we were all completely niche, you're right. 44:41.633 --> 44:46.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% I would say with niche markets, first find the niche, 44:46.433 --> 44:50.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% find a group, or a company, or a manufacturer, 44:50.500 --> 44:53.700 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% that's looking for something unique that you can grow. 44:53.700 --> 44:56.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% And that's what we can do very well in Montana. 44:56.566 --> 44:58.900 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% There's lots of things that we can grow, we're limited, 44:58.900 --> 44:59.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% we can't grow everything, 44:59.933 --> 45:02.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% but there's a lot of things that we can grow. 45:03.333 --> 45:06.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% When I'm working on niche markets, I focus on quality. 45:06.933 --> 45:09.166 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% The thing that the big companies 45:09.166 --> 45:13.200 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% really can't duplicate very well is service and quality. 45:13.200 --> 45:15.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% They, have standardization 45:15.133 --> 45:18.366 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% so that everything that they sell is very standardized, 45:18.366 --> 45:21.733 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and it works fine for industrial setups. 45:21.733 --> 45:24.100 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% But when you go into non-industrial models, 45:24.100 --> 45:26.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% then the niche markets really give you an advantage. 45:26.566 --> 45:31.333 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% But you have to know your product. 45:31.333 --> 45:32.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% You should know more 45:32.166 --> 45:34.566 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% about what you're growing than anybody else, 45:34.566 --> 45:37.033 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and you should have as a high quality as possible. 45:37.033 --> 45:37.866 align:start position:40.62% line:10% size:16.88% - Mm-hmm. 45:39.166 --> 45:41.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% Okay, from Dunkirk, Toby, 45:41.133 --> 45:43.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% what is the best way to start a raspberry patch 45:43.833 --> 45:45.966 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% up here on the Hi-Line? - Where is that? 45:45.966 --> 45:47.766 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% - I have no idea where that's at. 45:47.766 --> 45:49.533 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - I've been here, we were talking 10 years, 45:49.533 --> 45:51.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and I have no idea where Dunkirk is. 45:51.500 --> 45:52.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% Anybody been there? 45:52.466 --> 45:53.566 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% - I've traveled. - Oh, I know. 45:53.566 --> 45:54.400 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - Yeah, where is it? 45:54.400 --> 45:56.533 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% - It's right near Chester. - It's near Chester, okay. 45:56.533 --> 45:57.933 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - Chester, I think it's between Chester and Shelby. 45:57.933 --> 45:59.333 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - I've probably driven through there. 45:59.333 --> 46:01.900 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% So what was the question again? 46:01.900 --> 46:03.233 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% - Raspberries. - Getting raspberries 46:03.233 --> 46:04.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% started in the Hi-Line. 46:04.666 --> 46:06.466 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% - (laughs) all right, good question. 46:06.466 --> 46:09.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% Sorry, I was so stuck on Dunkirk there. 46:09.333 --> 46:12.000 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% Strawberries or raspberries, what I would do 46:12.000 --> 46:14.566 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% is I'd would make sure that you get raspberries, 46:14.566 --> 46:18.033 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and strawberries both, from a certified source. 46:18.033 --> 46:19.900 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% Because just taking raspberries 46:19.900 --> 46:21.600 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% out of somebody else's garden 46:21.600 --> 46:23.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and digging those up and putting in your garden, 46:23.400 --> 46:24.466 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% you're just gonna be asking 46:24.466 --> 46:27.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% for different insect disease issues 46:27.166 --> 46:29.166 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% that I just don't recommend that. 46:30.366 --> 46:31.900 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% You can go to your local nursery, 46:31.900 --> 46:35.633 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% I would advise you to ask that nursery 46:35.633 --> 46:38.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% where they get their raspberries from, 46:38.466 --> 46:40.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% because unfortunately, 46:40.966 --> 46:42.300 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% I think there's a few of them out there 46:42.300 --> 46:43.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% that just dig them up in their garden 46:43.500 --> 46:45.333 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% and put them in pots and sell them. 46:45.333 --> 46:47.966 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% And so make sure that they're from a certified source. 46:47.966 --> 46:52.066 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% Other than that, the raspberries, you can 46:52.066 --> 46:55.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% you can buy 'em fairly cheap this time of year, 46:55.433 --> 46:58.966 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% and they're pretty easy to grow. 46:58.966 --> 47:01.233 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% I've really never seen an issue with, 47:01.233 --> 47:03.333 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% usually they become a weed more than anything else. 47:03.333 --> 47:07.333 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% 18 inches apart, well-prepared soil, 47:07.333 --> 47:11.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% if it is high pH, which it's gonna be in that area, 47:11.666 --> 47:14.033 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% you do wanna watch for iron-deficiency, 47:14.033 --> 47:15.733 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% which will be a problem in raspberry. 47:15.733 --> 47:18.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% So I would probably get a ferrous iron, 47:18.166 --> 47:20.133 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% which is kind of a granular iron 47:20.133 --> 47:22.900 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% in that soil before you plant. 47:22.900 --> 47:24.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - One thing I've had trouble with raspberries 47:24.166 --> 47:26.600 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% is if they're labeled Zone 3-4, 47:28.000 --> 47:30.633 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% where we are, and Dunkirk is in the same area, 47:30.633 --> 47:32.133 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% they don't last. - They don't. 47:32.133 --> 47:34.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - And just really look 47:34.166 --> 47:37.266 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% for hardy solid Zone 3's in that area. 47:37.266 --> 47:39.566 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - Latham is probably the industry standard, 47:39.566 --> 47:41.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and probably the most hardy that I've seen, 47:41.466 --> 47:42.566 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% it just grows everywhere. 47:42.566 --> 47:43.766 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% So that's what I look for, 47:43.766 --> 47:47.266 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% Latham is the cultivar I'd recommend. 47:47.266 --> 47:48.866 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% - We're getting down towards the end 47:48.866 --> 47:50.933 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and our phone operators aren't very busy, 47:50.933 --> 47:53.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% so if you've got any last-minute questions, 47:53.166 --> 47:55.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% be sure to get those in. 47:55.333 --> 47:56.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% While they're getting those, 47:56.233 --> 48:00.166 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% Laurie this question came in from Washington town of, 48:00.166 --> 48:02.200 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% I'm not sure where that is. - I have no idea. 48:02.200 --> 48:04.900 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - We must have a signal that goes long ways, 48:04.900 --> 48:07.933 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% but they have an old spruce with bores. 48:07.933 --> 48:11.000 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% Every spring, the old needles fall off. 48:11.000 --> 48:13.333 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% Is this something they could do something about, 48:13.333 --> 48:16.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% the tree is 75-foot tall, so it's a big one. 48:16.166 --> 48:18.866 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% - If it's a spruce and they've bores, 48:18.866 --> 48:20.733 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% they're probably talking about the white pine weevil 48:20.733 --> 48:25.533 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% and they'll attack the leader and the needles will fall off. 48:25.533 --> 48:27.333 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% Where they attack at the top there, 48:27.333 --> 48:29.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% you could have multiple issues going on. 48:29.666 --> 48:31.000 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% But the best thing to do, 48:31.000 --> 48:33.266 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and they're starting to come out earlier and earlier now, 48:33.266 --> 48:34.666 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% you could spray the leader 48:34.666 --> 48:38.066 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% with an insecticide, a contact insecticide, 48:38.066 --> 48:40.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and you'll get dozens of them kind of mating 48:40.966 --> 48:42.400 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% and laying eggs in the leader, 48:42.400 --> 48:44.000 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% or this is one you could control 48:44.000 --> 48:45.833 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% without chemicals pretty easily. 48:45.833 --> 48:48.300 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% Once they're in there, and you know that they're in there, 48:48.300 --> 48:49.766 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% you could actually click off the leader 48:49.766 --> 48:50.800 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and train a new leader. 48:50.800 --> 48:53.666 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% So it's one you could control without chemicals. 48:53.666 --> 48:55.600 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% But I guess if it's that tall, 48:55.600 --> 48:57.233 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% then it gets pretty tricky to get up there. 48:57.233 --> 48:59.700 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% So if you could somehow get some contact spray 48:59.700 --> 49:03.166 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% to the leader there, it'll take care of the bores up there. 49:03.166 --> 49:06.533 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - Okay, Bob, you're one of the old time leaders 49:06.533 --> 49:08.833 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% of organic farming here in Montana. 49:08.833 --> 49:12.700 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% If somebody young wants to get involved in organic farming, 49:12.700 --> 49:15.633 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% what would you advise them, how should they go about it? 49:15.633 --> 49:18.266 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% What issues do you see they're gonna have to solve? 49:18.266 --> 49:20.933 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - Well, I would start small, just so that, 49:20.933 --> 49:24.000 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% we started with 1%, at our first experiment on our farm, 49:24.000 --> 49:26.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% that's a little too small, but I would get acquainted, 49:26.933 --> 49:31.933 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% I wouldn't start with more than 20%, for sure, of your farm. 49:31.966 --> 49:33.900 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% And I would get acquainted 49:33.900 --> 49:36.766 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% with some more successful organic farmers in your area. 49:36.766 --> 49:38.933 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% Most of them are very generous with their time 49:38.933 --> 49:39.833 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and their information. 49:39.833 --> 49:43.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% And go to some of our excellent seminars 49:43.166 --> 49:44.900 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% we have around the state, 49:44.900 --> 49:47.900 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% the Montana Organic Association meets every December. 49:47.900 --> 49:50.966 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% I think this coming year, the first week 49:50.966 --> 49:52.566 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% or second week in December here in Bozeman, 49:52.566 --> 49:54.366 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% I think they're being in Bozeman this year, 49:54.366 --> 49:57.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and it's a very excellent place to get information. 49:57.966 --> 49:59.433 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% That's the one thing I would do, 49:59.433 --> 50:04.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% I would start checking into markets and find the markets 50:04.233 --> 50:07.866 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and the best of the crops to grow in your region, 50:07.866 --> 50:09.966 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% the best crops for soil building, 50:09.966 --> 50:13.066 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% because we grow our own fertilizer in Montana, 50:13.066 --> 50:17.766 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and then in the fallow years, is soil building year, 50:17.766 --> 50:21.300 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and we have to find which those soil building crops 50:21.300 --> 50:23.000 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% work best in your area. 50:23.000 --> 50:28.000 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% And that would be a way to really get in quickly 50:28.066 --> 50:31.700 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% without having to do a lot of early experimentation. 50:31.700 --> 50:34.166 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - Bob, when I go to these meetings, it seems to me 50:34.166 --> 50:36.133 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% that there's actually quite a few young people there. 50:36.133 --> 50:37.600 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:13.13% I mean. - There are. 50:37.600 --> 50:39.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% - Compared to other farm associations, 50:39.500 --> 50:41.866 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% I get to interact with the organic group 50:41.866 --> 50:43.600 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% is a pretty young energetic crowd. 50:43.600 --> 50:45.533 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And so I think there is lots of opportunity, 50:45.533 --> 50:47.366 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% and I would totally agree, 50:47.366 --> 50:49.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% very, very willing to share their information. 50:49.966 --> 50:52.400 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% Sometimes it's research-based, sometimes it's just opinion 50:52.400 --> 50:54.600 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% but still, that's how you win, right? 50:54.600 --> 50:56.666 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% - One thing that really made a difference for me, 50:56.666 --> 50:57.900 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% when I started growing organic, 50:57.900 --> 50:59.833 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% it really made farming fun again, 50:59.833 --> 51:01.533 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and you'll find out at these groups, 51:01.533 --> 51:03.233 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% when I go to other foreign groups, 51:04.566 --> 51:06.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% a lot of farmers aren't having that much fun. 51:06.200 --> 51:07.700 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% I mean, they're really up against it 51:07.700 --> 51:11.533 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% as far as making it financially. 51:11.533 --> 51:16.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% It's not always just a bed of roses in organic, 51:16.466 --> 51:20.000 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% but the potential is certainly there for a better outcome. 51:20.000 --> 51:22.633 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% And there's, I think, more optimism and more excitement 51:22.633 --> 51:24.766 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% about what's actually going on in our farms, 51:24.766 --> 51:25.766 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% rather than trying to figure out 51:25.766 --> 51:27.500 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% how we're gonna get more of government payments 51:27.500 --> 51:28.633 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and that sort of thing. 51:30.233 --> 51:32.266 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% - Okay, Toby from Billings, 51:32.266 --> 51:35.466 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% is there an apple-tasting orchard in Montana, 51:35.466 --> 51:36.566 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% where apple fans concerned 51:36.566 --> 51:39.400 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% can sample the different varieties? 51:39.400 --> 51:41.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - Oh, gosh, there's a lot of people out there 51:41.800 --> 51:44.900 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% that have several different apples in their orchard. 51:45.800 --> 51:47.833 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% I don't know of one that's gonna have all of them 51:47.833 --> 51:50.466 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% that the orchard is just gonna allow people 51:50.466 --> 51:52.066 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% to come in and taste. 51:52.066 --> 51:55.233 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% I have seen that in some orchards, 51:55.233 --> 51:57.433 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% especially in The Bitterroot, but yeah, 51:57.433 --> 51:59.866 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% I would just ask around, see who's got apples 51:59.866 --> 52:03.400 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and maybe put something together in your community, 52:03.400 --> 52:04.933 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% if that's an opportunity. - Of course, 52:04.933 --> 52:07.166 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% the challenge of that, at least in our orchards, 52:07.166 --> 52:09.633 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% our earliest stuff that's coming in the end of July, 52:09.633 --> 52:12.266 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and the latest one at the end of October, 52:12.266 --> 52:14.300 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% it's already been freezing a couple of times. 52:14.300 --> 52:18.166 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% And so even though I have 30 or 32 apples, 52:18.166 --> 52:20.666 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% only two or three, normally are ripe 52:20.666 --> 52:23.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% at their peak at any one time, or maybe four, 52:23.500 --> 52:24.533 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% so that's a little bit of a challenge. 52:24.533 --> 52:27.166 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% - We've had, out at the Hoard Farm, we had an apple tasting 52:27.166 --> 52:30.066 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% and I think we had about six different apples out there. 52:30.066 --> 52:33.100 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% And they were on different ends of the spectrum 52:33.100 --> 52:36.300 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% of ripeness too, which does really influence the flavor. 52:36.300 --> 52:39.800 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% So that is difficult to do, it is. 52:39.800 --> 52:41.800 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% - Toby, one of my most unique experiences 52:41.800 --> 52:44.600 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% in my graduate school days back in Minnesota, 52:44.600 --> 52:47.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% was I got to go spend a day with an apple breeder 52:47.266 --> 52:50.300 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% at their nursery, south of the cities 52:50.300 --> 52:54.166 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% and I had, as I remember, it's late September there. 52:54.166 --> 52:57.133 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% I had never tasted so many different kinds of apples, 52:57.133 --> 52:59.366 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% from ones that were bright red and when you bit into 'em, 52:59.366 --> 53:01.633 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% there was no taste, nothing. 53:01.633 --> 53:05.000 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% So they look nice, so others that tasted like licorice. 53:05.000 --> 53:06.666 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% It was just it was unbelievable, 53:06.666 --> 53:07.966 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% I just couldn't believe 53:07.966 --> 53:10.500 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% there was kind of variety in the taste of an apple. 53:10.500 --> 53:13.366 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% - I remember going to the Arbor Day farm in Nebraska, 53:13.366 --> 53:15.866 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% the conference, and we did a tour 53:15.866 --> 53:17.766 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% of their ancient orchard that's there 53:17.766 --> 53:20.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% and they said well, you can pick one apple off a tree 53:20.233 --> 53:21.066 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and you can taste it. 53:21.066 --> 53:22.333 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% Well, that wasn't good enough for me. 53:22.333 --> 53:23.600 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% So I said if they're not on the tree, 53:23.600 --> 53:25.600 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% if they're on the ground, can you taste them? 53:25.600 --> 53:27.266 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% Well if you want to you can. 53:27.266 --> 53:29.400 align:start position:20% line:10% size:58.13% So I ran up, we had 10 minutes, 53:29.400 --> 53:33.733 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:48.75% I probably tasted maybe at least 80 different apples. 53:33.733 --> 53:34.866 align:start position:42.5% line:10% size:15% So sick. (all laughing) 53:34.866 --> 53:37.966 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% Oh, I was sick for the next two hours, it was awful, 53:37.966 --> 53:40.366 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% but I got to taste a lot of different apples, 53:40.366 --> 53:41.966 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and it was fun, it was fun to taste them. 53:41.966 --> 53:43.833 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% - Funny you mention that because this apple breeder, 53:43.833 --> 53:46.266 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% another thing I remember about him is he had no teeth. 53:46.266 --> 53:47.100 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% (all laughing) 53:47.100 --> 53:49.133 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% From all the acid that, tasting apples, 53:49.133 --> 53:50.700 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% it was really hard on his teeth. 53:50.700 --> 53:51.600 align:start position:44.38% line:10% size:11.25% - Wow. - Oh, wow. 53:52.666 --> 53:54.466 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% - Bob, a question from Hamilton, 53:54.466 --> 53:56.733 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% where can you buy your oils in Montana? 53:56.733 --> 53:58.466 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% Are they available in our stores? 53:58.466 --> 53:59.433 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% - Well, not too many. 53:59.433 --> 54:04.366 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% If you go on our website, theoilbarn.com, 54:04.500 --> 54:07.800 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% you'll find where you can find them closest to you. 54:07.800 --> 54:10.100 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% If you're in Hamilton, we do have some in Missoula, 54:10.100 --> 54:13.900 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% I know for sure, but I don't know in Hamilton 54:13.900 --> 54:15.133 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% at the top my head. 54:15.133 --> 54:16.966 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% We're just getting started with this, 54:16.966 --> 54:18.700 align:start position:35% line:10% size:28.13% we haven't been going to many years, 54:18.700 --> 54:22.000 align:start position:36.88% line:10% size:26.25% but as it gets distributed out more, 54:22.000 --> 54:23.600 align:start position:20% line:10% size:60% you'll find them on the website. 54:24.566 --> 54:25.633 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% - Okay, well, folks, 54:25.633 --> 54:28.733 align:start position:25.62% line:10% size:46.88% we're really getting down to the last minute here. 54:28.733 --> 54:30.900 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% I really want to thank Bob for coming down 54:30.900 --> 54:33.500 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% and bringing all of his show and tell with him 54:33.500 --> 54:35.566 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% and his book especially. 54:35.566 --> 54:37.500 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% He's leaving a copy with me to read, 54:37.500 --> 54:39.000 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% and that's what I'm gonna go home tonight 54:39.000 --> 54:40.366 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and start working on. 54:40.366 --> 54:42.300 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% So Bob, it's sure good to see you again 54:42.300 --> 54:45.166 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:33.75% and thank you very much for coming down. 54:45.166 --> 54:49.333 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% I also want to thank the panel, Perry, Laurie and Toby, 54:49.333 --> 54:51.533 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:35.63% for being such good sports tonight. 54:51.533 --> 54:53.500 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% And thanks to all the phone operators, 54:53.500 --> 54:55.600 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% they're still writing down questions. 54:55.600 --> 54:59.500 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% So we hope that maybe we'll get to those questions 54:59.500 --> 55:01.100 align:start position:35% line:10% size:30% in another time. 55:01.100 --> 55:04.333 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% Now, next week, we will not be on, it's Easter weekend, 55:04.333 --> 55:06.800 align:start position:31.25% line:10% size:37.5% and so we'll be back two weeks from now. 55:06.800 --> 55:10.866 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% And at that time, Nina Zidack is gonna be your host 55:10.866 --> 55:12.966 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:41.25% and she has Mark Bosch 55:12.966 --> 55:15.300 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:43.13% who's a potato producer from Whitehall. 55:15.300 --> 55:19.233 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:50.63% I think he's one of the few potato producers in Montana 55:19.233 --> 55:22.966 align:start position:23.75% line:10% size:52.5% that produces for the market rather than as a seed producer. 55:22.966 --> 55:24.200 align:start position:27.5% line:10% size:45% So he's gonna talk to us 55:24.200 --> 55:26.633 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:54.38% about some of the interesting things that he's doing. 55:26.633 --> 55:29.800 align:start position:33.12% line:10% size:31.88% So stay tuned two weeks from tonight, 55:29.800 --> 55:32.466 align:start position:29.38% line:10% size:39.38% and we'll hope to see you back at that time. 55:32.466 --> 55:35.333 align:start position:21.88% line:10% size:56.25% Thanks very much for watching, and have a good week. 55:36.766 --> 55:40.000 align:start position:29.38% line:84.67% size:41.25% (mellow country music) 56:07.566 --> 56:09.900 align:start position:29.38% line:79.33% size:39.38% - [Announcer] Montana Ag Live is made possible 56:09.900 --> 56:13.800 align:start position:25.62% line:79.33% size:46.88% by the Montana Department of Agriculture, 56:14.900 --> 56:17.000 align:start position:25.62% line:84.67% size:48.75% the MSU Extension Service, 56:18.033 --> 56:20.333 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% the MSU Ag Experiment Stations 56:20.333 --> 56:22.066 align:start position:21.88% line:84.67% size:56.25% of the College of Agriculture, 56:23.266 --> 56:25.400 align:start position:33.12% line:79.33% size:31.88% the Montana Wheat and barley committee, 56:26.500 --> 56:28.566 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% the Montana Bankers Association, 56:29.500 --> 56:31.400 align:start position:20% line:84.67% size:60% Cashman Nursery and Landscaping, 56:32.866 --> 56:34.466 align:start position:23.75% line:84.67% size:52.5% the Gallatin Gardeners Club, 56:35.766 --> 56:39.266 align:start position:27.5% line:79.33% size:43.13% and the Rocky Mountains Certified Crop Advisor Program. 56:40.633 --> 56:43.966 align:start position:27.5% line:84.67% size:43.13% (soft guitar strumming)