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♪
[patriotic fife and drum music]
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[mortar fire booming]
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[musket fire popping]
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[mortar fire booming]
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[mortar fire booming]
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[mortar fire booming]
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After Yorktown...
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after the British
surrender of Yorktown...
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no major fighting occurred
in any theater of the war...
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and the British
were doomed to lose the war
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and to lose
the 13 colonies,
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which, of course,
gained their independence.
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Why did the British
lose the war?
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There are many reasons
which we shall consider.
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We must remember that the war
dragged on for another year.
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There were
some Indian raids.
01:24.966 --> 01:28.466 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
There was some fighting
with various Loyalist bands.
01:31.466 --> 01:33.900 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
But the British
main bases
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at Charleston and Savannah
eventually were evacuated
01:37.400 --> 01:40.400 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
without serious
fighting or loss.
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The Americans let them evacuate
Savannah and Charleston...
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and the Americans
gained the independence
01:51.400 --> 01:54.900 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
for which they'd fought
for seven long years.
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The British concept of strategy
in the South was excellent.
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They won several
of the major battles.
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Possibly they should have
carried out that strategy
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to a successful
conclusion.
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One sometimes wonders
why they did not.
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But the South--
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and South Carolina,
particularly--
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became the battleground
of freedom.
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In South Carolina
there were almost 200
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battles and skirmishes
and onfalls alone.
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In North Carolina
and Virginia and Georgia,
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there were
many more.
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And so the South was the area
where the war was decided.
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Stalemated
in the North,
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with British forces poised in
Canada and New York to strike,
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with the royal fleet
dominating the coast,
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the British planned
to win the war in the South,
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and they lost
that war in the South.
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Francis Marion,
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Thomas Sumter,
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William Davie,
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Elijah Clarke,
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Nathanael Greene,
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all the great partisan
fighters and commanders
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who maintained opposition
against all odds
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and against
all hope and chance
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and, eventually,
won the victory,
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which made us
the country we are today.
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I think we should remember,
in this bicentennial year...
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that we,
as a country,
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were born in war
and blood and terror.
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This was
a very hard birth, indeed,
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and one to which
we may look back
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with intense pride
and a great feeling...
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of success
and satisfaction.
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We won
the war.
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Now let us go
to a plantation
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in the Midlands
of South Carolina.
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♪
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♪
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When the British high command
in London and New York
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decided in 1778 to transfer
major military operations
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from the North to Virginia,
the Carolinas, and Georgia,
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they already had been guilty
of a serious psychological error
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in a long-range
Southern strategy.
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The great warrior Indian
tribes of the South here,
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in 1776, occupied much
of their ancient lands
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from the mountains
to the Mississippi River.
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These were not
primitive wandering folk,
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but settled peoples
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with comparatively
complex social systems.
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They also could field their
warriors in the thousands,
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and most of
the tribal fighting men
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by the middle-18th century
were musket armed.
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Extended contact
with the white man
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had changed
in no way
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the totally cruel nature
of Indian warfare.
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The Cherokees,
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the nearest of the big tribes
to the British settlements,
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still held
their territories
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in north Georgia
and upper South Carolina.
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Through the work
of two very able royal agents,
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John Stuart
and Alexander Cameron,
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the Cherokees
in 1776
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also were firm supporters
of the British government.
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On the 3rd
of October 1775,
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John Stuart wrote
to General Thomas Gage,
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the British commander
in Boston,
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that he opposed an
indiscriminate attack by Indians
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on anti-British elements
in the South.
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He would dispose of them in
executing any concerted plan,
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and to act with and assist
their well-disposed neighbors.
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This message
and its bearer,
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a confirmed Loyalist
named Moses Kirkland,
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were captured,
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and the letter
published by order of
the Continental Congress
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to demonstrate that the British
were willing to use savages
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against the rebellious
colonists.
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The last happened
to be quite true.
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John Stuart
and Alexander Cameron
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had arranged
for the Cherokees
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to hit the southern frontier
from Virginia to Georgia
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as a diversion in support of
a British amphibious assault
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on the coast.
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Such an attack occurred
on 28 June 1776,
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when Admiral
Sir Peter Parker
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and General
Sir Henry Clinton
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mounted a joint operation
against Charleston,
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South Carolina's
island cities, and defenses.
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The Cherokee struck
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along the entire southern
frontier on the 1st of July,
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two days after the British
had been repulsed successfully
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by Charleston's defenders.
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If Peter Parker and Sir Henry
Clinton had been successful,
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with so many of
South Carolina's defenders
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tied down
at Charleston,
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the Cherokee
coordinated assault
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would have been
far more effective.
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The southerners
of the backcountry, however,
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held the British
responsible
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for loosing the horrors of
Indian warfare on the frontier.
07:57.033 --> 07:59.033 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
The British decision
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to move their main
military efforts southward
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was based on sound,
strategic reasoning,
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although why they had not
done so earlier in the war
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is difficult
to understand.
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Pro-British feeling
was strong in South,
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and Loyalist leaders had been
imploring the British for years
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to make a major effort
in the Southern theater.
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Saratoga,
fought in 1777,
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had been
the first and last
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big American victory
in the North,
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but Canada remained safely
in British hands.
08:34.633 --> 08:36.633 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
New York
and its environs
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were strongly held
by the British,
08:39.133 --> 08:42.500 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
and the royal fleet maintained
a reasonably tight blockade
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along the coast
of the 13 rebellious colonies.
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British raiding parties
hit northern ports
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and American
military depots so hard
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that George Washington was,
at times, almost in despair.
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He even warned the
Continental Congress in 1779
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that it might be necessary
to dissolve his army
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and stop active warfare
for a year
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until the country
and American fortunes,
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with hoped-for
active military aid
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from the French alliance
of 1778, could recover.
09:18.333 --> 09:21.333 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
Sir Henry Clinton, therefore,
felt with considerable justice
09:21.333 --> 09:25.066 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
that the war in the North
was at a stalemate,
09:25.066 --> 09:28.066 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
which could end only
in a British victory.
09:28.066 --> 09:30.566 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
In Sir Henry Clinton's
opinion,
09:30.566 --> 09:33.066 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
Georgia
and South Carolina,
09:33.066 --> 09:36.500 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
with the two big ports
of Savannah and Charleston,
09:36.500 --> 09:39.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
were the key
to control of the South.
09:39.500 --> 09:42.500 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
With Savannah and Charleston
in British hands,
09:42.500 --> 09:46.500 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
His Majesty's forces,
cooperating with Loyalists,
09:46.500 --> 09:52.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
could fan out
and occupy both states.
09:52.000 --> 09:54.000 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
With Georgia
and South Carolina
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occupied
and pacified,
09:56.000 --> 09:59.500 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
the waverers and neutrals
could be brought over
09:59.500 --> 10:03.500 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
and the two provinces
used as a secure base
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for operations against
North Carolina and Virginia.
10:07.000 --> 10:10.500 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
It was a good plan
in its general concept,
10:10.500 --> 10:12.500 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
even a wise plan,
10:12.500 --> 10:14.500 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
and might have
succeeded
10:14.500 --> 10:17.500 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
except for incredible
British blundering
10:17.500 --> 10:21.000 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and an equally incredible
failure to establish
10:21.000 --> 10:24.000 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
unity of command
and command planning.
10:24.000 --> 10:26.000 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
Parenthetically,
it has been stated
10:26.000 --> 10:28.000 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
in this
bicentennial year
10:28.000 --> 10:31.366 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
that one monument which
a grateful nation should erect
10:31.366 --> 10:33.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
is a memorial
to the British generals
10:33.933 --> 10:36.200 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
who won
the Revolution for us.
10:38.700 --> 10:40.966 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
The first part
of the plan
10:40.966 --> 10:44.466 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
was executed by the British
with smooth efficiency.
10:44.466 --> 10:48.466 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Savannah, Georgia,
was taken on December 29, 1778.
10:48.466 --> 10:50.466 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
Colonel Archibald Campbell,
10:50.466 --> 10:52.733 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
the British commander
in this operation,
10:52.733 --> 10:55.233 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
was not only
an excellent soldier,
10:55.233 --> 10:58.966 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
but a wise, high-minded,
and honorable gentleman.
10:58.966 --> 11:03.533 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
His treatment of the American
prisoners taken in the fighting
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and his understanding attitude
toward the Georgians
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of all political
convictions was such
11:10.666 --> 11:13.300 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
that many came in
to swear allegiance
11:13.300 --> 11:15.966 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
and enlist--
enlist--
11:15.966 --> 11:19.033 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
in the Loyalist units
being formed.
11:19.033 --> 11:21.033 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
Unfortunately
for the British cause
11:21.033 --> 11:23.033 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
and fortunately
for the American,
11:23.033 --> 11:26.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
Archibald Campbell
relinquished his command
11:26.033 --> 11:29.533 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
to superior officers
far less perceptive.
11:31.533 --> 11:33.466 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
Three weeks
after the victory,
11:33.466 --> 11:36.966 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
Major General Augustine Prevost
arrived at Savannah
11:36.966 --> 11:39.466 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
with reinforcements
from British Florida.
11:39.466 --> 11:43.466 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
He promptly assumed
direction of the fighting
11:43.466 --> 11:46.466 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and sent Colonel Campbell
upriver to Augusta,
11:46.466 --> 11:49.466 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
which he seized
and garrisoned.
11:49.466 --> 11:51.966 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
Posts were established
through the state,
11:51.966 --> 11:54.966 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
and by the middle
of February 1780,
11:54.966 --> 11:57.200 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
Georgia
appeared to be
11:57.200 --> 11:59.466 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
completely
under British control.
11:59.466 --> 12:04.033 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
A strange and interesting
commentary on the war in 1779,
12:04.033 --> 12:06.300 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
in the attitude
of many southerners
12:06.300 --> 12:09.800 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
to the long, weary,
indecisive struggle,
12:09.800 --> 12:13.166 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
was the offer made
by the city of Charleston
12:13.166 --> 12:15.300 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
to Augustine Prevost
12:15.300 --> 12:18.300 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
when he arrived
before its land defenses
12:18.300 --> 12:21.800 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
with 3,000 men
in May of 1779.
12:21.800 --> 12:25.800 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
On this occasion,
the port city,
12:25.800 --> 12:28.800 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
so gallantly defended
against the British attack
12:28.800 --> 12:31.300 align:left position:37.5% line:89% size:52.5%
in 1776,
12:31.300 --> 12:35.733 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
proposed to remain neutral
for the duration of the war.
12:35.733 --> 12:39.233 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
Almost a year later,
on May 6, 1780,
12:39.233 --> 12:42.733 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
Charleston,
South Carolina, fell.
12:42.733 --> 12:44.733 align:left position:20% line:89% size:70%
General Benjamin Lincoln
12:44.733 --> 12:47.733 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and the entire
American Army of the South
12:47.733 --> 12:50.733 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
were captured
with the city.
12:50.733 --> 12:52.733 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
Sir Henry Clinton
had insisted,
12:52.733 --> 12:55.233 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
as part of
the surrender terms,
12:55.233 --> 12:57.233 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
that all
the defenders
12:57.233 --> 13:00.733 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and the citizens
of the city of Charleston
13:00.733 --> 13:03.066 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
should be considered
prisoners of war.
13:03.066 --> 13:05.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
The Continental regulars
and their officers
13:05.333 --> 13:07.333 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
were to be
confined.
13:07.333 --> 13:10.833 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
The militia and citizens,
having submitted on parole,
13:10.833 --> 13:14.333 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
would be allowed to return
to their respective homes.
13:14.333 --> 13:17.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
Shortly after
the fall of Charleston,
13:17.333 --> 13:19.833 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
Andrew Williamson
and Andrew Pickens,
13:19.833 --> 13:22.833 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
commanding South Carolina
militia at Ninety Six,
13:22.833 --> 13:26.833 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
surrendered to the British
under the same terms,
13:26.833 --> 13:29.833 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
taking parole
for themselves and their men
13:29.833 --> 13:32.966 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
as prisoners
of war.
13:32.966 --> 13:34.900 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
Joseph Kershaw,
13:34.900 --> 13:37.900 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
the militia commander
at Camden, South Carolina,
13:37.900 --> 13:40.433 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
surrendered himself
and his troops
13:40.433 --> 13:43.066 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
with the same
conditions.
13:43.066 --> 13:46.066 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
The same terms
were offered by Henry Clinton
13:46.066 --> 13:48.066 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
to the people
at large...
13:48.066 --> 13:51.066 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
come in and swear allegiance,
with full pardon,
13:51.066 --> 13:53.700 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
and serve loyally
with the King's forces
13:53.700 --> 13:55.700 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
against the rebels,
13:55.700 --> 13:58.333 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
or take parole
as prisoners of war.
13:58.333 --> 14:00.333 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5%
Many persons,
14:00.333 --> 14:04.133 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
especially in the coastal area
where the British power lay,
14:04.133 --> 14:06.700 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
accepted the terms.
14:06.700 --> 14:10.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
Sir Henry Clinton,
on the 3rd of June 1780,
14:10.700 --> 14:14.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
committed a major error
of judgment
14:14.200 --> 14:17.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
to rank with encouraging
a Cherokee attack
14:17.200 --> 14:19.200 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
on the southern
frontiers.
14:19.200 --> 14:24.700 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
He issued a proclamation
which declared that all--
14:24.700 --> 14:27.566 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
all--inhabitants
of the province
14:27.566 --> 14:30.166 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
who were prisoners
on parole
14:30.166 --> 14:34.633 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
should, from and after
the 20th of June 1780,
14:34.633 --> 14:38.133 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
be freed and exempted
from all such paroles
14:38.133 --> 14:41.633 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
and be reinstated
to all the rights and duties
14:41.633 --> 14:45.133 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
of citizens
and inhabitants.
14:45.133 --> 14:47.633 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
The same proclamation
further stated
14:47.633 --> 14:50.133 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
that all citizens
so described
14:50.133 --> 14:53.633 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
who did not return
to their allegiance
14:53.633 --> 14:56.633 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
and a due submission
to His Majesty's government
14:56.633 --> 15:00.366 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
should be considered as rebels
and enemies to the same
15:00.366 --> 15:02.433 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
and be treated
accordingly.
15:04.433 --> 15:08.433 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
All those who'd taken parole
after the fall of Charleston
15:08.433 --> 15:11.166 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
considered that their duty
was performed
15:11.166 --> 15:14.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
and they could spend
the remainder of the war
15:14.533 --> 15:16.533 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
quietly at home.
15:16.533 --> 15:18.800 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
The South Carolinians
had surrendered honorably
15:18.800 --> 15:22.033 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
under conditions
honorably offered.
15:22.033 --> 15:25.766 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
Now, a pledge had been broken
by the British commander,
15:25.766 --> 15:28.766 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
and men on parole
were ordered by proclamation
15:28.766 --> 15:32.266 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
to take up arms
against their own people
15:32.266 --> 15:35.200 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
or be considered rebels
and treated accordingly.
15:37.200 --> 15:39.200 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
Having issued
his proclamation,
15:39.200 --> 15:43.700 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
Sir Henry Clinton returned to
his command base in New York,
15:43.700 --> 15:45.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
leaving
Lord Charles Cornwallis
15:45.700 --> 15:48.700 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
with about 4,000 British
and Loyalist regulars
15:48.700 --> 15:52.700 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
to complete the final
subjection and organization
15:52.700 --> 15:54.700 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
of a South Carolina
15:54.700 --> 15:58.200 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
beginning to boil
with resentment.
15:58.200 --> 16:00.200 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
Feelings
among the inhabitants,
16:00.200 --> 16:03.766 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
particularly the Scots-Irish
settlers in the Waxhaws,
16:03.766 --> 16:06.766 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
already were raw
because of the conduct
16:06.766 --> 16:10.700 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
of that dashing and ruthless
British cavalry commander,
16:10.700 --> 16:13.266 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
Banastre Tarleton.
16:13.266 --> 16:15.266 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
On May 29, 1780,
16:15.266 --> 16:18.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
just after
the fall of Charleston,
16:18.766 --> 16:21.766 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
Banastre Tarleton
pursued and caught
16:21.766 --> 16:24.766 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
at the Waxhaws
in South Carolina
16:24.766 --> 16:27.266 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
Lieutenant Colonel
Abraham Buford,
16:27.266 --> 16:30.266 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
retreating northward
with the 3rd Virginia Regiment,
16:30.266 --> 16:33.266 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
and the remnants of
William Washington's cavalry.
16:33.266 --> 16:36.766 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
Two hundred and sixty-three
of Buford's command
16:36.766 --> 16:41.266 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
were either killed outright
or badly wounded and captured.
16:41.266 --> 16:44.266 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Banastre Tarleton's action
at the Waxhaws, thus,
16:44.266 --> 16:47.766 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
set the tone
for the fighting to come.
16:49.766 --> 16:51.766 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
Many settlements
in South Carolina,
16:51.766 --> 16:54.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
separated by
the great river swamps,
16:54.033 --> 16:59.533 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
were so isolated that the war
hardly had touched their lives.
16:59.533 --> 17:03.700 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Now it came to them
as it had to the Waxhaws.
17:03.700 --> 17:05.700 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
Some British
field commanders,
17:05.700 --> 17:09.066 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
such as Major James Wemyss
of the 63rd Regiment,
17:09.066 --> 17:11.066 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
considered
all dissenters
17:11.066 --> 17:13.566 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
from the established
Church of England
17:13.566 --> 17:16.566 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
to be real
or potential rebels.
17:16.566 --> 17:20.066 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
James Wemyss burned the
dissenting church at Indian Town
17:20.066 --> 17:23.066 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
in what was then
Saint Mark's Parish
17:23.066 --> 17:26.566 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
because he considered
all Presbyterian churches
17:26.566 --> 17:29.566 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
to be
"sedition shops."
17:29.566 --> 17:31.566 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
Again,
at the Waxhaws,
17:31.566 --> 17:34.133 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
the minister to
the Scots-Irish community
17:34.133 --> 17:37.133 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
had his house
and books burned
17:37.133 --> 17:40.800 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
by British troops
on patrol in that area.
17:40.800 --> 17:44.400 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
In a few
short months,
17:44.400 --> 17:47.900 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
the British
had antagonized thoroughly
17:47.900 --> 17:51.400 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and in many cases
forced into open rebellion
17:51.400 --> 17:54.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
men who would have been
quite content
17:54.400 --> 17:57.766 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
to remain at home
as paroled prisoners of war.
17:57.766 --> 17:59.766 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
In the same period,
17:59.766 --> 18:03.333 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
the British managed
to shock, anger, and estrange
18:03.333 --> 18:06.600 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
large elements
of Scots-Irish Presbyterians
18:06.600 --> 18:08.600 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
and Welsh Baptists
18:08.600 --> 18:11.600 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
by, as I have said,
attacking their churches,
18:11.600 --> 18:15.833 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
the very center
of settlement life.
18:15.833 --> 18:18.100 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
The ruthless brutality
of Banastre Tarleton
18:18.100 --> 18:22.100 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
undoubtedly
frightened some.
18:22.100 --> 18:25.100 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
Most South Carolinians
and Georgians
18:25.100 --> 18:30.600 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
were only made thoroughly
angry and vengeful.
18:30.600 --> 18:34.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
The hard, dour
Scots-Irish Calvinists,
18:34.533 --> 18:36.533 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
the Welsh Baptists,
18:36.533 --> 18:38.533 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
the Huguenot
and English planters
18:38.533 --> 18:41.166 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
now took the field
with Francis Marion,
18:41.166 --> 18:43.166 align:left position:32.5% line:89% size:57.5%
Thomas Sumter,
18:43.166 --> 18:45.166 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
Elijah Clarke,
and William Davie.
18:47.533 --> 18:49.533 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
There still
were many persons
18:49.533 --> 18:52.033 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
in the Carolinas
and Georgia, however,
18:52.033 --> 18:56.533 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
who supported the royal cause
for personal advantage
18:56.533 --> 19:01.100 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
or, in most cases,
honest political conviction.
19:03.100 --> 19:07.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
Here again, the British
high command in the South
19:07.100 --> 19:11.100 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
was guilty
of blundering miscalculation.
19:11.100 --> 19:14.100 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
The only chance--
the only chance--
19:14.100 --> 19:16.100 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
of British success
19:16.100 --> 19:19.600 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
lay in a steady,
methodical subjugation
19:19.600 --> 19:23.600 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
and organization of Georgia
and South Carolina.
19:23.600 --> 19:28.100 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
It was not enough to defeat
Patriot armies in the field
19:28.100 --> 19:30.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
and establish a network
of garrison outposts.
19:30.733 --> 19:33.366 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
Those already loyal
to the British cause
19:33.366 --> 19:35.300 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
must be encouraged
and protected...
19:37.300 --> 19:41.033 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
while the people as a whole
had to be convinced
19:41.033 --> 19:44.533 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
of the inevitability
of British victory,
19:44.533 --> 19:48.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
and the latter
never was accomplished.
19:50.033 --> 19:52.033 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
Lieutenant
Roderick McKenzie
19:52.033 --> 19:54.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
of the British
71st Highland Regiment,
19:54.533 --> 19:57.033 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
who served
with courage and distinction
19:57.033 --> 20:00.033 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
through most of
the fighting in the South,
20:00.033 --> 20:02.533 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
wrote in
August of 1781,
20:02.533 --> 20:04.533 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
"We cannot
with reason
20:04.533 --> 20:07.033 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
"expect those
that are loyal
20:07.033 --> 20:09.533 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
"will declare
their sentiments
20:09.533 --> 20:13.533 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
"until they find us
so strong in any one place
20:13.533 --> 20:16.533 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
"as to protect them
after having joined.
20:16.533 --> 20:19.533 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
"Our taking posts
at different places,
20:19.533 --> 20:22.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
"inviting the Loyalists
to join us
20:22.533 --> 20:25.033 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
"and then evacuating
those posts
20:25.033 --> 20:27.033 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
"and abandoning
the people
20:27.033 --> 20:29.666 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
"to the fury
of their bitterest enemies,
20:29.666 --> 20:32.166 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
"has deterred them
from declaring themselves
20:32.166 --> 20:36.600 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
"until affairs take
a decisive turn in our favor.
20:36.600 --> 20:41.100 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
"We shall then find the people
eager to show their loyalty.
20:41.100 --> 20:44.100 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
"While the issue
remains doubtful,
20:44.100 --> 20:46.600 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
we should not
expect it."
20:46.600 --> 20:50.833 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
Lord Charles Cornwallis
was to find this all too true
20:50.833 --> 20:53.100 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
as he marched
through North Carolina
20:53.100 --> 20:55.100 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
in pursuit
of Nathanael Greene.
20:55.100 --> 20:57.100 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
The failure
of the British
20:57.100 --> 21:00.100 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
to establish unity of command
and command planning
21:00.100 --> 21:02.433 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
has been cited
as another reason
21:02.433 --> 21:04.700 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
for their failure
in the South.
21:04.700 --> 21:06.966 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
This had been
an important factor
21:06.966 --> 21:09.233 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
in early campaigns
in the North.
21:09.233 --> 21:11.733 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
Sir Henry Clinton believed,
quite correctly,
21:11.733 --> 21:13.733 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
that Georgia
and South Carolina
21:13.733 --> 21:16.733 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
were the keys to victory
in the South.
21:16.733 --> 21:19.233 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
Lord Cornwallis,
who succeeded Henry Clinton
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as commander in chief
in the Southern theater,
21:22.233 --> 21:24.233 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
thought differently.
21:24.233 --> 21:26.233 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
He felt,
instead,
21:26.233 --> 21:28.733 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
that wealthy
and populous Virginia
21:28.733 --> 21:32.733 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
was the key
to a sound southern strategy.
21:32.733 --> 21:34.666 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
Seize and control
Virginia,
21:34.666 --> 21:38.033 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and the rest of the South
could be conquered
21:38.033 --> 21:40.033 align:left position:22.5% line:89% size:67.5%
with comparative ease.
21:40.033 --> 21:42.666 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Unhappily for the British
chance of victory,
21:42.666 --> 21:44.666 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
Lord George Germain,
21:44.666 --> 21:47.300 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
the secretary of state
for American colonies,
21:47.300 --> 21:49.933 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
at the seat of power
in London,
21:49.933 --> 21:52.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
agreed with Cornwallis,
not with Clinton.
21:54.933 --> 21:57.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
After Sir Henry Clinton
returned to New York
21:57.933 --> 21:59.933 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
following the fall
of Charleston,
21:59.933 --> 22:02.000 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
Cornwallis
acted accordingly.
22:02.000 --> 22:05.366 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
His first attempt to invade
North Carolina was checkmated
22:05.366 --> 22:08.366 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
by Patrick Ferguson's
savage defeat
22:08.366 --> 22:11.366 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
at Kings Mountain
on October 7, 1780.
22:11.366 --> 22:14.366 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
This action destroyed
an important element
22:14.366 --> 22:16.866 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
of Lord Cornwallis's
light troops,
22:16.866 --> 22:19.500 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
and he fell back
to winter quarters
22:19.500 --> 22:23.000 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
in Winnsboro,
South Carolina.
22:23.000 --> 22:25.500 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
On January 17, 1781,
22:25.500 --> 22:29.500 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
at the Cowpens
in South Carolina,
22:29.500 --> 22:32.500 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
Banastre Tarleton's command
was smashed totally
22:32.500 --> 22:34.433 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
by Daniel Morgan.
22:35.933 --> 22:37.933 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
Again,
Lord Charles Cornwallis
22:37.933 --> 22:40.433 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
lost valuable
and essential units
22:40.433 --> 22:45.200 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
for the necessary,
fast-moving campaign.
22:45.200 --> 22:48.133 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
In spite
of two grim lessons,
22:48.133 --> 22:51.433 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
British field commanders
consistently underrated
22:51.433 --> 22:53.966 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
American fighting ability,
22:53.966 --> 22:58.433 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
even after they were taught
otherwise by experience.
22:58.433 --> 23:02.000 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
Lord Charles Cornwallis
advanced into North Carolina
23:02.000 --> 23:06.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
in pursuit of Nathanael
Greene's retreating army.
23:06.000 --> 23:09.000 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
He left South Carolina
and Georgia
23:09.000 --> 23:12.000 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
inadequately garrisoned
and patrolled,
23:12.000 --> 23:16.000 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
with a general population
turning against their conquerors
23:16.000 --> 23:20.000 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and the southern partisans
holding the hinterland
23:20.000 --> 23:23.000 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
and rampaging along
the British supply lines.
23:25.000 --> 23:27.500 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
Lord Cornwallis,
on March 15, 1781,
23:27.500 --> 23:31.500 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
met Nathanael Greene
and won the Pyrrhic victory
23:31.500 --> 23:34.433 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
of Guilford Courthouse
in North Carolina.
23:36.933 --> 23:40.933 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
He then made
his final and fatal error,
23:40.933 --> 23:45.433 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
for falling back to the coast
at British-held Wilmington
23:45.433 --> 23:49.433 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
with his badly hurt
and battered army,
23:49.433 --> 23:52.933 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
Cornwallis decided
to move his main operations
23:52.933 --> 23:56.433 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
from Wilmington up to the
Petersburg area of Virginia,
23:56.433 --> 23:59.933 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
where a strong British force
already was stationed.
23:59.933 --> 24:03.500 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
He did this without
consulting Sir Henry Clinton,
24:03.500 --> 24:05.500 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
his commander
in chief,
24:05.500 --> 24:08.500 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
who bitterly condemned
Charles Cornwallis's decision.
24:10.500 --> 24:13.500 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
When Cornwallis
marched north,
24:13.500 --> 24:17.266 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Nathanael Greene marched
back into South Carolina,
24:17.266 --> 24:19.533 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
and the war
in the South
24:19.533 --> 24:21.800 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
essentially was lost
by the British,
24:21.800 --> 24:25.166 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
even before the final siege
and capture of Yorktown
24:25.166 --> 24:27.666 align:left position:25% line:89% size:65%
on October 19, 1781.
24:29.266 --> 24:31.766 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
After the comparatively
easy captures
24:31.766 --> 24:33.700 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
of Savannah
and Charleston,
24:33.700 --> 24:35.700 align:left position:27.5% line:89% size:62.5%
the British, thus,
24:35.700 --> 24:38.200 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
committed one serious
error after another.
24:38.200 --> 24:40.700 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
As that
distinguished Marine,
24:40.700 --> 24:43.200 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
Brigadier General
Samuel Griffith,
24:43.200 --> 24:46.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
says in his introduction
to a translation
24:46.200 --> 24:49.700 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
of Mao Tse-tung's
"On Guerilla Warfare,"
24:49.700 --> 24:54.300 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
"Historical experience suggests
that there is very little hope
24:54.300 --> 24:58.700 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
"of destroying a revolutionary
guerilla movement
24:58.700 --> 25:01.400 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
"after it has survived
the first phase
25:01.400 --> 25:04.400 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
"and has acquired
the sympathetic support
25:04.400 --> 25:07.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
of a significant segment
of the population."
25:09.033 --> 25:11.533 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
Since it became
increasingly clear
25:11.533 --> 25:15.033 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
that the British could not
protect their adherents
25:15.033 --> 25:17.033 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
or control
the hinterland,
25:17.033 --> 25:20.033 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
an ever-growing number
of southerners
25:20.033 --> 25:22.533 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
supported
the partisans
25:22.533 --> 25:26.533 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
and kept the war
alive in the South.
25:26.533 --> 25:31.033 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Only a handful of British
officers ever understood
25:31.033 --> 25:33.966 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
or tried to understand
the men they fought
25:33.966 --> 25:37.966 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
or the land in which
the fighting took place...
25:37.966 --> 25:40.466 align:left position:37.5% line:83% size:52.5%
its intense
summer heat,
25:40.466 --> 25:42.966 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
its incapacitating
diseases,
25:42.966 --> 25:45.966 align:left position:30% line:83% size:60%
the vast swamps
and forests,
25:45.966 --> 25:49.466 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
the wide, deep,
and unbridged rivers,
25:49.466 --> 25:53.466 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
and the impenetrable laurel
thickets of its mountains.
25:53.466 --> 25:56.966 align:left position:17.5% line:83% size:72.5%
Here was a natural country
for guerilla warfare
25:56.966 --> 25:59.966 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
and an almost
impossible terrain
25:59.966 --> 26:03.033 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
for classic European
operational concepts.
26:05.033 --> 26:08.033 align:left position:32.5% line:83% size:57.5%
Both sides
made blunders,
26:08.033 --> 26:12.033 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
but the British mistakes
could not be remedied.
26:12.033 --> 26:16.033 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
The British lost
the war in the South,
26:16.033 --> 26:18.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
and the climactic
Franco-American victory
26:18.533 --> 26:21.033 align:left position:35% line:83% size:55%
in the South
at Yorktown,
26:21.033 --> 26:25.533 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
at Yorktown, Virginia,
assured our independence.
26:30.033 --> 26:40.000 align:left position:87.5% line:5% size:2.5%
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Program captioned by:
CompuScripts Captioning, Inc.
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