WEBVTT

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NOW, PARIS BACK TO YOU.

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>> NASA IS CURRENTLY AIMING TO

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SEND HUMANS TO MARS WITHIN THE

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NEXT TWO DECADES BUT SENDING

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ASTRONAUTS ON SPACE MISSIONS IS

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FRAUGHT WITH RISK.

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WE DON'T KNOW WHAT THE IMPACTS

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OF LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO ZERO

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GRAVITY AND RADIATION WILL BE ON

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THE HUMAN BODY A TEAM OF CHICAGO

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RESEARCHERS SENT A TEAM OF MINI

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ASTRONAUTS UP INTO SPACE TO

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STUDY THE RISK AND THE

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ASTRONAUTS ARE MICE.

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AND JOINS US TO TELL US ABOUT

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THAT RESEARCH IS MARTH

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HOTZVITATERNA, WHOSE RESEARCH

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FOCUSES ON MOUSE BEHAVIORAL

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GENETICS AND SLEEP.

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AND MARTH HOTZVITATERNA IS PART

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OF A TEAM OF CHICAGO RESEARCHERS

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TO UNDERSTAND THE LONGER TERM OF

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SPACE TRAVEL ON THE BODIES OF

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MICE AND HUMAN ASTRONAUTS.

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FIRST QUESTION:  WHY SEND MICE

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UP TO SPACE?

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>> WELL, THERE'S A LOT OF

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QUESTIONS ABOUT WHAT THE IMPACT

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OF SPACE FLIGHT AND LONG

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DURATION EXPOSURE TO THE SPACE

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ENVIRONMENT WILL BE ON A SYSTEM.

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AND MICE ARE A VERY GOOD SYSTEM

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TO UNDERSTAND REALLY BASIC

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BIOLOGICAL QUESTIONS THAT RELATE

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DIRECTLY BACK TO HUMANS.

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ONE OF THE ADVANTAGES OF WORKING

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WITH MICE IS THAT THEY RESPOND

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VERY QUICKLY TO BEING PUT IN THE

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SPACE ENVIRONMENT SO WE CAN

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STUDY THE CHANGES IN A MUCH MORE

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RAPID AND CONTROLLED MANNER.

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>> WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT BEING

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IN SPACE FOR A LONG PERIOD OF

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TIME AND THE EFFECTS ON A BODY

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BE IT MICE OR HUMAN?

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>> WELL, ONE OF THE MOST OBVIOUS

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CHANGES IS THERE IS LOSS OF BONE

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DENSITY, LOSS OF MUSCLE.

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BECAUSE THERE IS NO RESISTANCE

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EXERCISE, NO WEIGHT BEARING

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WALKING AROUND.

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BUT THEN THERE ARE OTHER CHANGES

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THAT HAPPEN MORE LONG-TERM SUCH

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AS CHANGES IN THE IMMUNE

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FUNCTION.

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>> WE ARE LOOKING AT THE

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ASTRONAUT SCOTT KELLY.

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WHO YOU HAVE STUDIED.

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YOU DID A HUMAN VERSION OF THE

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STUDY.

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SCOTT KELLY WAS IN SPACE FOR A

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YEAR AND HIS TWIN BROTHER MARK

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WAS DOWN ON EARTH.

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WHAT CAN YOU TELL US ABOUT THE

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STUDY?

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>> WE ARE WRAPPING UP OUR

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ANALYSIS OF THOSE TWO

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INDIVIDUALS.

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ALONG WITH NINE OTHER RESEARCH

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TEAMS.

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THERE'S 10 TEAMS ALTOGETHER THAT

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HAVE BEEN STUDYING THE KELLY

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TWINS.

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OUR ASPECT OF THE CHANGES

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ASSOCIATED WITH SPACE FLIGHT WAS

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TO STUDY THE MICRO BY YUM, THE

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BACTERIA IN THE GUT.

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>> SO YOU'RE STUDYING THE

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BACTERIA IN THE GUT WHAT DOES

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THAT TELL YOU ABOUT SPACE'S

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IMPACT ON THE BODY WHAT ARE YOU

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LEARNING?

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WE ARE SEEING CHANGES IN THE GUT

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BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH BEING

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IN SPACE.

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WE HAVE HAD THE OPPORTUNITY TO

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STUDY FECAL SAMPLES FROM MICE

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THAT FLEW ON A PREVIOUS

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EXPERIMENT.

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AND WE ARE SEEING VERY DISTINCT

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CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH SPACE

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FLIGHT.

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WE DON'T KNOW WHAT THE FULL

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CHANGES IS.

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BUT WE'RE HOPING THAT BY LOOKING

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AT THAT IN CONTEXT WITH OTHER

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PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES WE'LL

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START TO BE ABLE TO PIECE THINGS

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TOGETHER.

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>> AND THE CONNECTION HERE IS

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WHEN SOMEONE GOES TO SPACE FOR A

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WHILE THERE IS A DISRUPTION IN

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THEIR SLEEP.

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WHAT IS THE CONNECTION BETWEEN

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WHAT YOU'VE DISCOVERED WITH

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BACTERIA, AND SLEEP?

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>> WELL, WE DID AN EXPERIMENT

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HERE ON EARTH SOME TIME AGO WITH

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OUR COLLABORATORS AT THE OTHER

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UNIVERSITIES IN CHICAGO.

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LOOKING AT THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP

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DISRUPTION OR CIRCADIAN WRIST I

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AM DISRUPTION IN THE TIMING ON

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THE GUT BACTERIA IN MICE AND WE

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FOUND THAT IT PRODUCED PROFOUND

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CHANGES IN THE GUT BACTERIA.

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>> DOES IT HAVE IMPLICATIONS FOR

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PEOPLE ON EARTH GOING THROUGH

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TIME CHANGES AND THEY HAVE

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DISRUPTIONS?

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>> I THINK SO.

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I THINK IT'S SUGGESTING THAT THE

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CHANGES IN THE GUT BACTERIA MAY

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BE CONTRIBUTING TO WHAT PEOPLE

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EXPERIENCE WITH JETLAG AND WHILE

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THEY ARE DOING SHIFT WORK FOR

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EXAMPLE.

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>> AND TELL US ABOUT IN SPACE

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THERE'S 15 SUNRISES AND SUNSETS

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THAT SOMEONE GOES THROUGH.

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WHAT EFFECT DOES THAT HAVE ON

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THE BODY IN ONE DAY?

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>> 16 ACTUALLY.

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16, YEAH.

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I DON'T KNOW.

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BUT I CAN TELL YOU THAT IN THE

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SPACE STATION THEY DO HAVE A

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24-HOUR DAY-NIGHT CYCLE THAT THE

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ASTRONAUTS ARE EXPOSED TO.

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I DON'T KNOW THAT THE SUNRISES

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AND SUNSETS THEMSELVES ARE THE

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ISSUE.

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BUT THERE'S STILL SOMETHING

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ABOUT BEING IN MICRO GRAVITY

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THAT IS DISRUPTING CIRCADIAN

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WRIST I AMS AND MAKING SLEEP

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DIFFICULT.

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>> BACK TO THE MICE YOU PUT THE

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MICE ON THE ROCKET LAUNCHER WHAT

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WAS THAT EXPERIENCE LIKE?

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>> I TRANSFERRED THE MICE INTO

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THE TRANSPORT MODULE SO THEY

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HAVE A SPECIALIZED REINFORCED

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HABITAT THAT THEY PUT THE

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ANIMALS IN FOR WHEN THEY LAUNCH

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THEM TO THE SPACE STATION.

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AND I HAD THE HONOR, IS THE

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RIGHT WORD, OF PUTTING THE MICE

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INTO THE TRANSPORTER.

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AND VERY CAREFULLY TRANSFERRED

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THE MICE ONE AT A TIME FROM

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THEIR CAGE INTO THE TRANSPORT

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CAGE.

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AND I WAS SO FOCUSED ON DOING A

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GOOD CAREFUL JOB I WASN'T

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THINKING ABOUT THE SIGNIFICANCE

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OF WHAT I WAS DOING AT THE

05:45.533 --> 05:50.033 align:start position:10% line:74% size:17.5%
MOMENT.

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BUT AS SOON AS I WAS DONE IT HIT

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ME LIKE A TON OF BRICKS.

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THE MAGNITUDE OF WHAT I WAS

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INVOLVED IN AND I WAS SENDING

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THESE MICE INTO SPACE AND I HAD

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TO GO IN A CORNER AND CRY FOR A

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WHILE BECAUSE I WAS SO EMOTIONAL

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OVERWHELMED BY THAT EXPERIENCE.

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>> YOU HAD NO IDEA WHAT THEY

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WERE GETTING THEMSELVES INTO.

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WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONINGS OF

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THE STUDY AND THE FUTURE OF

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HUMAN SPACE TRAVEL?

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>> AS WE UNDERSTAND MORE AND

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MORE OF THE MICRO ORGANISMS THAT

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WE ARE DEPENDENT ON FOR OUR

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HEALTH AND WELL-BEING IT WILL

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HELP US UNDERSTAND HOW WE CAN

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HELP SUPPORT ASTRONAUT HEALTH.

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FOR LONG DURATION MISSIONS.

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MAYBE WE NEED TO COME UP WITH

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DESIGNED PREBIOTICS THAT WOULD

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HELP.

06:43.500 --> 06:49.900 align:start position:10% line:74% size:80%
AT THIS POINT WE DON'T KNOW WHAT

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THE IMPACT TRULY IS.

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SO IT'S HARD TO KNOW WHAT YOU

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WOULD ANTICIPATE NEEDING TO DO.

06:51.700 --> 06:56.933 align:start position:10% line:74% size:80%
>> IF SOMEONE IS GOING TO TRAVEL

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TO MARS THEY ARE GOING TO NEED

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TO SORT OF KNOW WHAT COMES OUT

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OF THE STUDY.