WEBVTT 00:04.137 --> 00:10.410 align:left position:87.5%,start line:83% size:2.5% far out in the remote northwestern Pacific Islands formed by an ancient 00:10.510 --> 00:18.018 align:left position:82.5%,start line:83% size:7.5% volcano rise out of this scene a very very hard to reach its very remote it's 00:18.118 --> 00:24.891 align:left position:80%,start line:83% size:10% E 500 miles from the nearest population center so it gets very few visitors it 00:24.991 --> 00:32.265 align:left position:80%,start line:83% size:10% was quite drastic but really when I was really impressed 00:32.365 --> 00:39.806 align:left position:85%,start line:83% size:5% these islands of MOG and uninhabited paradise near the northern tip of the 00:39.906 --> 00:45.278 align:left position:82.5%,start line:83% size:7.5% Mariana Islands margaritas unlike any other place I've ever been 00:45.378 --> 00:49.682 align:left position:80%,start line:83% size:10% world you're in the middle of absolutely nowhere and you come to what works from 00:49.783 --> 00:53.787 align:left position:80%,start line:83% size:10% a distance just like an island and then you see that it's a big volcanic crater 00:53.887 --> 00:58.324 align:left position:85%,start line:83% size:5% essentially and you able to set sail inside and it all of a sudden becomes 00:58.425 --> 01:04.230 align:left position:82.5%,start line:83% size:7.5% not just this big roiling Pacific but almost this lake inside the ocean black 01:04.330 --> 01:09.769 align:left position:80%,start line:83% size:10% home very pleasant with these big walls rising up around you and that innocent 01:09.869 --> 01:14.541 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% love itself is the special music 01:14.641 --> 01:20.246 align:left position:80%,start line:83% size:10% used to be a volcano that was above the water but there was a large eruption at 01:20.346 --> 01:24.350 align:left position:85%,start line:83% size:5% some point and the whole top of the volcano collapsed down and it left this 01:24.451 --> 01:29.089 align:left position:82.5%,start line:83% size:7.5% ring of three islands around that have openings big enough to drive a ship into 01:29.189 --> 01:36.930 align:left position:80%,start line:83% size:10% and it's about a mile and a half across so it's pretty good sized caldera inside 01:37.030 --> 01:46.272 align:left position:80%,start line:83% size:10% within this caldera are unspoiled coral reefs coral overseas investors 01:46.372 --> 01:52.745 align:left position:85%,start line:83% size:5% there's areas where almost a hundred percent coral coverage and just filled 01:52.846 --> 02:01.521 align:left position:82.5%,start line:83% size:7.5% so coral and most pristine reefs could imagine 02:01.621 --> 02:06.392 align:left position:12.5%,start line:83% size:77.5% but what makes these waters of particular interest to scientists is 02:06.493 --> 02:13.133 align:left position:87.5%,start line:83% size:2.5% what else can be found beneath the surface 02:13.233 --> 02:18.671 align:left position:85%,start line:83% size:5% you can jump in the water dive down thirty feet and feel that the ground 02:18.771 --> 02:23.143 align:left position:85%,start line:83% size:5% there is actually hot and you've got this hot water coming out and gas 02:23.243 --> 02:30.083 align:left position:80%,start line:83% size:10% bubbles heard someone say that it's like diving champagne absolutely is not an 02:30.183 --> 02:35.188 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% exaggeration it's pretty amazing volcanic gases are typically dominated 02:35.288 --> 02:40.059 align:left position:80%,start line:83% size:10% by co2 so when we heard that there were gas bubbles coming out within the coral 02:40.160 --> 02:44.531 align:left position:80%,start line:83% size:10% reef area something clicked and said hey this is an opportunity to go look at how 02:44.631 --> 02:51.204 align:left position:85%,start line:83% size:5% organic co2 might be affecting coral reef commuters and use it as an analog 02:51.304 --> 02:55.341 align:left position:82.5%,start line:89% size:7.5% to what's going on in the bigger ocean 02:55.441 --> 03:02.482 align:left position:82.5%,start line:83% size:7.5% the chemistry of seawater is changing throughout the world's oceans since the 03:02.582 --> 03:07.587 align:left position:80%,start line:83% size:10% dawn of the Industrial Revolution human activities have increased the amount of 03:07.687 --> 03:14.294 align:left position:80%,start line:83% size:10% co2 that is released into the atmosphere the oceans naturally absorb a percentage 03:14.394 --> 03:22.001 align:left position:80%,start line:83% size:10% of atmospheric carbon dioxide every year as the levels of co2 increase in the 03:22.101 --> 03:27.373 align:left position:82.5%,start line:83% size:7.5% atmosphere more of it will be taken up by the oceans as well 03:27.473 --> 03:33.513 align:left position:80%,start line:83% size:10% and this causes essentially on lower pH and a more acidic conditions so this 03:33.613 --> 03:39.052 align:left position:82.5%,start line:83% size:7.5% creates a situation where it's harder for corals any other organism that forms 03:39.152 --> 03:44.090 align:left position:80%,start line:83% size:10% a calcium carbonate ur heart skeleton to actually lay down those skeletons into 03:44.190 --> 03:52.432 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% calcified this is known as ocean acidification one of several effects 03:52.532 --> 03:56.703 align:left position:80%,start line:83% size:10% elevated levels of co2 is having on the world's oceans 03:56.803 --> 04:03.676 align:left position:80%,start line:83% size:10% it's predicted to severely impact coral reefs in the future 04:03.776 --> 04:09.882 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% we could use this local volcanic activity to stay that process in an 04:09.983 --> 04:14.721 align:left position:80%,start line:83% size:10% experiment that sort of set up by nature forest where the volcano is putting co2 04:14.821 --> 04:20.326 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% into the water and affecting the chemistry and if conditions were right 04:20.426 --> 04:24.664 align:left position:80%,start line:83% size:10% we could possibly use that to study how ocean acidification might affect coral 04:24.764 --> 04:28.764 align:left position:25%,start line:89% size:65% reefs in the future