WEBVTT 00:01.868 --> 00:04.170 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% (woman) Manitoba was built 00:04.170 --> 00:06.673 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% on agriculture and the family farm. 00:06.673 --> 00:09.776 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% [fiddle plays in bright rhythm] 00:09.776 --> 00:13.246 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% At the turn of the century, agriculture was the reason 00:13.246 --> 00:15.815 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that the Manitoba legislative building 00:15.815 --> 00:19.019 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% is this huge beautiful building, because it was booming, 00:19.019 --> 00:22.922 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% we were going to be the Chicago of the North. 00:22.922 --> 01:13.106 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% [drums, guitar, & melodica play in bright rhythm] 01:13.106 --> 01:33.893 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% [woman voices the following credits] 01:33.893 --> 01:39.966 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% And the members of... 01:39.966 --> 01:43.970 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% (male narrator) 200 years ago, Lord Selkirk had a dream 01:43.970 --> 01:46.039 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% of building an agricultural community 01:46.039 --> 01:48.641 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% on the cold prairies of Manitoba. 01:48.641 --> 01:50.543 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Agriculture did become established 01:50.543 --> 01:53.346 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and his dream was realized. 01:53.346 --> 01:57.183 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% But over those 200 years, this prairie region 01:57.183 --> 02:00.286 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% would witness massive changes in farming, business, 02:00.286 --> 02:03.756 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the makeup of society and the role of women. 02:03.756 --> 02:07.160 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Various institutions, regulatory agencies and exchanges 02:07.160 --> 02:11.965 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% would emerge along with a series of farmer-run organizations. 02:11.965 --> 02:15.535 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% (Laura Rance) Around the turn of the 20th century, 02:15.535 --> 02:18.605 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% there was just a huge measure of discontent 02:18.605 --> 02:21.007 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% with how the grain handling system 02:21.007 --> 02:23.443 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and the marketing system was treating farmers. 02:23.443 --> 02:26.179 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% They felt that they were being wronged 02:26.179 --> 02:28.715 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% not only on the driveway of the elevators 02:28.715 --> 02:30.483 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% that they were delivering to, 02:30.483 --> 02:32.752 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but by the Winnipeg Grain Exchange, 02:32.752 --> 02:35.455 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% which was where, in farmers' eyes, the speculators 02:35.455 --> 02:38.258 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% were being used to drive down prices artificially. 02:38.258 --> 02:42.529 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% In the late 1800s, early 1900s, agriculture was becoming 02:42.529 --> 02:47.233 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% very significant in Western Canada, and the issue was that 02:47.233 --> 02:50.837 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% producers felt that they were bound by a couple of things. 02:50.837 --> 02:53.940 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% One was they couldn't get railcars from the railway 02:53.940 --> 02:57.410 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and that forced them to go through the grain companies. 02:57.410 --> 03:01.080 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% They would have to deliver their grain to the grain companies 03:01.080 --> 03:04.450 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and they really felt that on both quality and quantity, 03:04.450 --> 03:11.457 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% they were not necessarily being treated fairly. 03:11.457 --> 03:14.928 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Essentially what we had happen was the agrarian movement 03:14.928 --> 03:17.130 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% coalesced around the common enemy 03:17.130 --> 03:20.833 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and they began to build a structure, 03:20.833 --> 03:23.069 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% they began to lobby very heavily with the government 03:23.069 --> 03:24.837 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% to get legislation in place. 03:24.837 --> 03:26.739 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% There was the Manitoba Grain Act, 03:26.739 --> 03:29.309 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% which was followed by the Canada Grain Act. 03:29.309 --> 03:32.445 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% And from there you had these farmer-owned grain companies 03:32.445 --> 03:35.648 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% start to build a system where they felt 03:35.648 --> 03:38.418 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that they should take back grain-handling marketing 03:38.418 --> 03:40.687 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% from the speculators in Winnipeg. 03:40.687 --> 03:43.456 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% And one way to do that was by establishing cooperatives. 03:43.456 --> 03:46.359 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% (Brian Hayward) And really, it was a vehicle 03:46.359 --> 03:49.429 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% for farmers at the time to take control of their marketing 03:49.429 --> 03:51.998 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% by virtue of having their own people trading. 03:51.998 --> 03:54.567 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% There was a lot of suspicion that the markets were rigged, 03:54.567 --> 03:56.302 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% that there was speculation that 03:56.302 --> 03:59.606 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% was not in the interest of farmers. 03:59.606 --> 04:03.042 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% There were co-ops, the pool organizations in particular 04:03.042 --> 04:06.379 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% in Western Canada that espoused more of 04:06.379 --> 04:09.349 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% a left-of-center controlled marketing environment. 04:09.349 --> 04:13.019 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% United Grain Growers on the other side 04:13.019 --> 04:16.556 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% tended to espouse and promote out laissez-faire 04:16.556 --> 04:19.225 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% free enterprise environment for marketing grain. 04:19.225 --> 04:23.229 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% The pooling organizations were set up in the 1920s 04:23.229 --> 04:27.700 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and they had a much more radical, if you like, 04:27.700 --> 04:30.536 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% pure and idealistic version of co-opertism, 04:30.536 --> 04:33.840 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and they also wanted to get around the machinations 04:33.840 --> 04:36.276 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% of the grain exchange, which they considered 04:36.276 --> 04:38.945 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% to be an evil gambling game. 04:38.945 --> 04:42.015 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% (Mike McAndless) Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, 04:42.015 --> 04:44.784 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% the 3 largest food-grain producing provinces, 04:44.784 --> 04:46.986 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% actually established their own cooperatives, 04:46.986 --> 04:49.222 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Manitoba Pool, Saskatchewan Wheat Pool 04:49.222 --> 04:52.558 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and Alberta Wheat Pool as a balance 04:52.558 --> 04:54.994 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% against the privately-held companies at that time. 04:54.994 --> 04:58.231 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It's like any competition, the way it would have 04:58.231 --> 05:00.767 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% provided leverage is by giving farmers an option. 05:00.767 --> 05:02.969 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Certainly the cooperative members 05:02.969 --> 05:05.838 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% would likely deal with their own cooperatives to offer pricing 05:05.838 --> 05:08.775 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and service alternatives to what they had up until 05:08.775 --> 05:12.612 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that point or what they felt they had up until that point. 05:12.612 --> 05:16.182 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% They became larger than the privately-held companies ultimately. 05:16.182 --> 05:20.720 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% (Peter Cox) It resulted in a lot of farmers 05:20.720 --> 05:25.325 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% who saw cooperation not as much of a political movement 05:25.325 --> 05:28.995 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% as just a pragmatic way of cooperating. 05:28.995 --> 05:33.566 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% (narrator) Few individuals have had as significant an impact 05:33.566 --> 05:37.370 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% on prairie history as Edward Alexander Partridge. 05:37.370 --> 05:41.074 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% He was 6 foot tall with blue eyes that flashed when he talked 05:41.074 --> 05:43.042 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and hands that were constantly in motion. 05:43.042 --> 05:46.145 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% He was a dreamer, an idea man. 05:46.145 --> 05:48.815 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% When he talked, people listened. 05:48.815 --> 05:52.385 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% He believed that farmers should and could have more control 05:52.385 --> 05:54.687 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% over their destiny if they united. 05:54.687 --> 05:57.623 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% (Dr. Paul Earl) It was a child 05:57.623 --> 05:59.692 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% of the Territorial Grain Growers Association 05:59.692 --> 06:02.662 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and more specifically, a child of Ed Partridge, 06:02.662 --> 06:06.165 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% who was very much a moving spirit behind both the formation 06:06.165 --> 06:08.401 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% of the Territorial Grain Growers Association 06:08.401 --> 06:11.337 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and then subsequently a moving spirit behind the creation 06:11.337 --> 06:13.606 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% of the Grain Growers Grain Company. 06:13.606 --> 06:17.610 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% He and a small group in Sintaluta started 06:17.610 --> 06:21.080 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the Territorial Association, but Partridge had bigger plans 06:21.080 --> 06:25.952 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and a larger vision, and he wanted to set up 06:25.952 --> 06:30.590 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% a cooperative grain-handling and marketing company as well. 06:30.590 --> 06:34.494 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% (narrator) In 1906 Partridge saw part of his dream come alive, 06:34.494 --> 06:37.764 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but his continued butting of heads with the Grain Exchange 06:37.764 --> 06:40.433 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% led to the Grain Growers Grain Company 06:40.433 --> 06:42.702 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% losing trading privileges at the Grain Exchange. 06:42.702 --> 06:44.871 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Obviously a matter of belligerence 06:44.871 --> 06:49.075 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% on both the part of Ed Partridge who hated the Exchange 06:49.075 --> 06:53.913 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and on the part of the Exchange, who wasn't that happy with him. 06:53.913 --> 06:57.950 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% (narrator) Partridge was fond of calling the Winnipeg Grain Exchange 06:57.950 --> 07:01.287 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% "A combine with gambling hell thrown in." 07:01.287 --> 07:04.991 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% The Exchange also wanted Partridge out, no question, 07:04.991 --> 07:08.995 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and so the company replaced Partridge as the official member 07:08.995 --> 07:11.731 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% with another person in the company. 07:11.731 --> 07:14.300 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% (narrator) Ed Partridge did not disappear. 07:14.300 --> 07:17.170 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% He became editor of the company's monthly journal, 07:17.170 --> 07:19.138 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% "The Grain Growers Guide," 07:19.138 --> 07:21.841 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% often contributing fiery articles of his own. 07:21.841 --> 07:24.243 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% He authored "The Partridge Plan," 07:24.243 --> 07:27.847 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that called for public ownership of grain elevators 07:27.847 --> 07:31.417 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and advocated a nationwide overhaul of the grain business. 07:31.417 --> 07:34.320 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Because Ed Partridge was a moving spirit 07:34.320 --> 07:37.356 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% behind the Territorial Grain Growers and was 07:37.356 --> 07:40.893 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% a moving spirit behind the Grain Growers Grain Company, 07:40.893 --> 07:43.029 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% his history after that is rather interesting, 07:43.029 --> 07:45.898 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% because he stayed on the board of directors 07:45.898 --> 07:48.134 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% of the Grain Growers Grain Company until 1912, 07:48.134 --> 07:50.570 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and then he had a falling out. 07:50.570 --> 07:52.872 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% (narrator) Tragedy was part of Partridge's life. 07:52.872 --> 07:56.476 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% He lost a leg in a farming accident, 07:56.476 --> 08:00.379 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% one of his daughters drowned, his wife died of a heart attack, 08:00.379 --> 08:03.483 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and he lost 2 sons in the First World War. 08:03.483 --> 08:07.153 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% When Partridge left, he tried to start up another grain company 08:07.153 --> 08:10.389 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and it failed, and then he became an activist 08:10.389 --> 08:13.526 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and then he wrote a book called, "Poverty" 08:13.526 --> 08:16.762 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and was active in some very left-wing organizations, and 08:16.762 --> 08:20.466 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% then sort of just disappeared out to the West Coast, 08:20.466 --> 08:23.436 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% lived with his daughter, and then he just disappeared. 08:23.436 --> 08:25.671 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% That's what happens with radicals. 08:25.671 --> 08:29.275 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% (narrator) Farmer, teacher, businessman, agrarian radical, 08:29.275 --> 08:33.079 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Ed Partridge died of asphyxiation in 1931 08:33.079 --> 08:35.715 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% at the age of 69, 08:35.715 --> 08:39.318 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% alone in a boarding house in Victoria, British Colombia. 08:39.318 --> 08:42.922 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% His only income for a number of years 08:42.922 --> 08:48.761 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% was a monthly stipend of $75 from the United Grain Growers. 08:48.761 --> 08:52.064 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% The structure of the co-ops was always changing, 08:52.064 --> 08:55.668 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and in the 21st century, they began to disappear. 08:55.668 --> 08:58.471 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Co-ops needed money for capital expansion, 08:58.471 --> 09:02.808 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and as co-ops, being able to raise that money from members 09:02.808 --> 09:05.511 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% was becoming more and more difficult. 09:05.511 --> 09:09.215 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% (Dr. Paul Earl) They had invested so long ago 09:09.215 --> 09:12.118 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and the facilities were so far written off, 09:12.118 --> 09:14.320 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% to actually build modern facilities 09:14.320 --> 09:17.456 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% was going to require a massive injection of capital. 09:17.456 --> 09:20.560 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Throughout most of the 20th century, 09:20.560 --> 09:23.195 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% there's been a consolidation of cooperatives, 09:23.195 --> 09:25.731 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% of companies generally. 09:25.731 --> 09:29.101 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% In the 1990s there was probably the last phase of it 09:29.101 --> 09:31.103 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% where the big co-ops amalgamated, 09:31.103 --> 09:33.940 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% at the time they had become public companies even, 09:33.940 --> 09:36.676 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% so they really weren't member farmers 09:36.676 --> 09:39.445 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and operated by member farmers, they'd become member-owned 09:39.445 --> 09:41.247 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% or completely publicly traded companies. 09:41.247 --> 09:44.750 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% To a certain extent, it was a bit of a surprise 09:44.750 --> 09:47.420 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% that they all disappeared just in terms of an approach. 09:47.420 --> 09:49.555 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% They just weren't generating 09:49.555 --> 09:53.559 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% enough profits in the first place to be able to reinvest 09:53.559 --> 09:56.262 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% in the capital required to build new facilities. 09:56.262 --> 10:00.366 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% And by 1919, all the co-ops 10:00.366 --> 10:03.703 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% were facing severe financial challenges. 10:03.703 --> 10:16.582 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% The pools were and UGG was, and what do we do about this? 10:16.582 --> 10:20.152 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% It's ultimately the producer that decided in the end 10:20.152 --> 10:22.989 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% that there wasn't a requirement 10:22.989 --> 10:26.325 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% for the sort of cooperative style of business. 10:26.325 --> 10:28.928 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% And today, all that's really remaining 10:28.928 --> 10:31.864 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% are private grain companies and no cooperatives. 10:31.864 --> 10:35.201 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So the producer himself has changed his requirement, 10:35.201 --> 10:38.137 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and I think that the grain business, the agrigrain business 10:38.137 --> 10:40.339 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% in Canada has changed to meet that demand. 10:40.339 --> 10:43.776 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% [banjo plays softly] 10:43.776 --> 10:47.413 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% (Bob Roehle) Well, the Wheat Board came into being, 10:47.413 --> 10:50.783 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I guess, largely because the 4 pools failed. 10:50.783 --> 10:55.054 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% There was a Wheat Board back in 1919 for one year 10:55.054 --> 10:57.690 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and so when the government 10:57.690 --> 11:00.493 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% disbanded the original Wheat Board, farmers weren't happy. 11:00.493 --> 11:03.062 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% In their mind at least, 11:03.062 --> 11:06.265 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% the Wheat Board had to do with getting higher prices. 11:06.265 --> 11:08.401 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% When they first established the Wheat Board, 11:08.401 --> 11:11.504 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% one of the reasons they needed it or wanted it 11:11.504 --> 11:14.073 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% was that Canada was a major supplier to Britain 11:14.073 --> 11:16.942 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% during the war years and this was a way 11:16.942 --> 11:18.844 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% of securing supply for that. 11:18.844 --> 11:20.780 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% But the first Wheat Board was established 11:20.780 --> 11:22.982 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% after the First World War. 11:22.982 --> 11:26.218 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Governments of the day wanted to return to the open market 11:26.218 --> 11:29.321 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and they tried to return to the open market, 11:29.321 --> 11:32.425 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but farmers again lobbied very heavily to have that returned, 11:32.425 --> 11:34.593 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and ultimately, the Wheat Board 11:34.593 --> 11:37.029 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% did become mandatory in the 1930s. 11:37.029 --> 11:39.932 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% The government stepped in and formed the Wheat Board 11:39.932 --> 11:42.768 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% in order to handle the grain for the farmers 11:42.768 --> 11:45.204 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and sell it on the world market. 11:45.204 --> 11:47.306 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% It was felt that because Canada was 11:47.306 --> 11:49.241 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% such a large supplier of the world markets, 11:49.241 --> 11:51.277 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% we could get better prices 11:51.277 --> 11:53.846 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% with a "single desk seller," as it was described. 11:53.846 --> 11:56.082 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% (Bob Roehle) That experiment in their experience 11:56.082 --> 11:58.651 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% made them want a Wheat Board, and of course, 11:58.651 --> 12:00.352 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% there was this underlying egalitarian notion 12:00.352 --> 12:02.688 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that all farmers should be treated equally 12:02.688 --> 12:05.725 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and they should get the same price for the same quality. 12:05.725 --> 12:08.494 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% And so they lobbied long and hard, and eventually, 12:08.494 --> 12:11.097 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% they got a Wheat Board in 1935. 12:11.097 --> 12:13.432 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% And so that was part of the agrarian movement, 12:13.432 --> 12:15.901 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% it was an extension of the whole notion 12:15.901 --> 12:18.637 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that we're in this together, and we should help each other. 12:18.637 --> 12:21.874 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% After the war, and as new crops came along, 12:21.874 --> 12:24.677 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% farmers began to take a much broader interest 12:24.677 --> 12:27.880 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% in what they were doing, in the whole process 12:27.880 --> 12:29.749 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% of not only production, but also marketing, 12:29.749 --> 12:31.617 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and they discovered they could 12:31.617 --> 12:33.519 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% quite readily market their canola. 12:33.519 --> 12:37.089 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% And I think as the age of the farmer has changed, 12:37.089 --> 12:40.392 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the ones who had grown up in the 1930s and '40s 12:40.392 --> 12:42.895 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% were no longer around, the importance of the Wheat Board 12:42.895 --> 12:45.097 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% historically tended to diminish. 12:45.097 --> 12:48.868 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Then over time, over the last I would say probably 15, 20 years 12:48.868 --> 12:51.837 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that one could see the Wheat Board starting to lose 12:51.837 --> 12:54.607 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% some of its power for a variety of reasons. 12:54.607 --> 12:57.243 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% There wasn't the same public support for it, 12:57.243 --> 12:59.245 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% farmers were better marketers. 12:59.245 --> 13:02.148 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% One might also say there were ideological issues. 13:02.148 --> 13:04.850 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% (narrator) The Canadian Wheat Board disbanded 13:04.850 --> 13:08.554 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the single desk marketing power on August 1, 2012. 13:08.554 --> 13:12.124 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Irrespective of the economics, the idea 13:12.124 --> 13:16.362 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% that the farmer cannot sell his own property [laugh] 13:16.362 --> 13:20.833 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% at whatever price he wants, I find it abhorrent! 13:20.833 --> 13:24.170 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% In my personal opinion, the Wheat Board was a perfect tool. 13:24.170 --> 13:27.206 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% It allowed me to market my grain without worrying 13:27.206 --> 13:30.242 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% about whether I was getting a better price than my neighbor. 13:30.242 --> 13:32.278 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I had come to a mental conclusion 13:32.278 --> 13:34.446 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that I would accept the average of the year, the pool, 13:34.446 --> 13:36.282 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that was the principle behind the pool. 13:36.282 --> 13:38.450 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I wouldn't get the high, I wouldn't get the low, 13:38.450 --> 13:40.886 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I didn't have to worry it was Thursday or Monday 13:40.886 --> 13:43.589 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% or if my neighbor went before me or I was ahead of my neighbor, 13:43.589 --> 13:45.724 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% who got there first, who got there last. 13:45.724 --> 13:48.661 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% We got the pool price; that was the whole term of pool meant, 13:48.661 --> 13:50.496 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% it meant average, right across the board. 13:50.496 --> 13:52.798 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% I didn't have to wake up in the morning saying, 13:52.798 --> 13:54.633 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% oh, where's the market today? 13:54.633 --> 13:57.469 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% [piano plays softly] 13:57.469 --> 14:01.640 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% (narrator) In the early 20th century, grain elevators dotted the prairies 14:01.640 --> 14:06.045 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% every 6 to 10 miles or 10 to 15 kilometers apart, 14:06.045 --> 14:09.048 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% a distance that was a good day's journey 14:09.048 --> 14:12.351 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% for farmer and horse with a full load. 14:12.351 --> 14:15.487 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Probably every 10 miles there was a grain elevator. 14:15.487 --> 14:20.025 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Nowadays, you might go 50, 60 miles 14:20.025 --> 14:22.595 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% without seeing grain-handling facility. 14:22.595 --> 14:27.766 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Branch line network strung like spiderwebs across the west. 14:27.766 --> 14:30.836 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% In the '70s and '80s there was 14:30.836 --> 14:33.873 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% a great deal of branch line abandonment. 14:33.873 --> 14:40.412 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% (narrator) By 1930, there were 5,733 grain elevators in Western Canada 14:40.412 --> 14:45.551 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and now, only 346 grain elevators stand. 14:45.551 --> 14:48.420 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Particularly in the grain handling business 14:48.420 --> 14:52.157 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% where you have now far fewer, 14:52.157 --> 14:55.361 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% a fraction of the number of elevators 14:55.361 --> 14:59.164 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% spread across the prairies, the farmers have to haul 14:59.164 --> 15:03.002 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% long distances anyway, and if one company gets control 15:03.002 --> 15:07.139 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% over too many grain elevators in one area, the farmer 15:07.139 --> 15:10.442 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% really, for all practical purposes, has not choice, 15:10.442 --> 15:14.280 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% because he'd have to truck his grain hundreds of kilometers. 15:14.280 --> 15:16.982 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So much is becoming not capitalism but corporatism. 15:16.982 --> 15:20.686 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% And I think that is where the danger lies. 15:20.686 --> 15:25.157 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% (narrator) Over the past 150 years, the role of private grain companies 15:25.157 --> 15:28.594 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% has been important to the development of Western Canada. 15:28.594 --> 15:31.997 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Winnipeg was the hub of all of that at that time, 15:31.997 --> 15:34.900 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% it was the gateway to Western Canada, 15:34.900 --> 15:37.536 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% it was a transportation center, a distribution center, 15:37.536 --> 15:40.272 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and it was a headquarters of the agricultural business 15:40.272 --> 15:42.408 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% in Western Canada, particularly the grain trade, 15:42.408 --> 15:44.777 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% because there was thousands of participants 15:44.777 --> 15:47.713 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% in the grain trade in Canada and hundreds of companies 15:47.713 --> 15:50.115 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% involved in the grain industry back then. 15:50.115 --> 15:55.921 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% We could probably count them on 1 or 2 hands today. 15:55.921 --> 15:59.391 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% We were started in 1909, 15:59.391 --> 16:03.762 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% started by a 50-year-old Parrish and a 30-year-old Heimbecker, 16:03.762 --> 16:06.231 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% so I'm the 4th-generation Parrish. 16:06.231 --> 16:09.234 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% It was a bit more of a cowboy era then. 16:09.234 --> 16:11.370 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% (John Heimbecker) The Heimbeckers were 16:11.370 --> 16:14.506 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% flour millers in Ontario around the turn of the century. 16:14.506 --> 16:17.543 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% They decided that they needed to take a much larger interest 16:17.543 --> 16:19.611 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% in procuring wheat for their flour business 16:19.611 --> 16:22.214 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and they dispatched their son, Norman, 16:22.214 --> 16:25.818 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% who was the oldest of 10 children out to Western Canada 16:25.818 --> 16:28.620 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% to learn more about the procurement of wheat. 16:28.620 --> 16:32.191 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% He ran into and made friends with W.L. Parrish, who was 16:32.191 --> 16:34.927 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% already trading grain under the name of Parrish and Lindsay. 16:34.927 --> 16:36.929 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% They struck up a friendship that obviously morphed 16:36.929 --> 16:38.664 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% into something that was greater, 16:38.664 --> 16:41.400 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% which became Parrish and Heimbecker. 16:41.400 --> 16:45.704 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% The founder of the business was actually by training a tailor, 16:45.704 --> 16:49.708 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and as part of his business back in 1857 16:49.708 --> 16:53.278 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% of creating clothing for people in that community 16:53.278 --> 16:55.881 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% around Kingston, Ontario, it was not uncommon to take payment 16:55.881 --> 16:58.951 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% in the form of barter, and one of the elements of barter 16:58.951 --> 17:01.186 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the farmers in the Kingston area had of course, 17:01.186 --> 17:03.122 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% was their production, their grain. 17:03.122 --> 17:05.190 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So he became an owner of grain, inadvertently, 17:05.190 --> 17:07.893 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% in return for the clothing that he was making 17:07.893 --> 17:10.963 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and he started to merchandise that grain to be able to create 17:10.963 --> 17:13.932 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% cash flow to be able to continue doing what he was doing. 17:13.932 --> 17:16.235 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Well, he thought he was actually pretty good 17:16.235 --> 17:18.203 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% at merchandising grain and decided 17:18.203 --> 17:21.006 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that might be a better pursuit to him than tailoring 17:21.006 --> 17:23.642 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and that was the beginning, the genesis of the company 17:23.642 --> 17:27.746 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and it's carried through 5 generations to today. 17:27.746 --> 17:30.949 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% (Andrew Paterson) There's been 4 generations of Patersons 17:30.949 --> 17:33.986 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% involved in the grain business in Western Canada. 17:33.986 --> 17:36.555 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Our company has marketed grain before the Wheat Board, 17:36.555 --> 17:38.724 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% with the Wheat Board, and now again 17:38.724 --> 17:41.126 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% after the Wheat Board is gone. 17:41.126 --> 17:43.996 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% The company was formed by my grandfather, 17:43.996 --> 17:46.865 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but actually my great grandfather, H.S. Paterson, 17:46.865 --> 17:49.134 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% merchandised the first cargo of wheat 17:49.134 --> 17:52.237 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% out of the Province of Manitoba. 17:52.237 --> 17:54.073 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% It's surprising how many multigenerational relationships 17:54.073 --> 17:56.175 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% exist between the Richardson family 17:56.175 --> 17:59.211 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and a number of farm families in Western Canada 17:59.211 --> 18:01.280 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% where we were doing business 18:01.280 --> 18:04.283 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% built on service and trust over the years. 18:04.283 --> 18:06.919 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% The management of Parrish and Heimbecker 18:06.919 --> 18:10.122 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% are actively involved out in the country with producers 18:10.122 --> 18:12.925 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and we still think that matters. 18:12.925 --> 18:16.161 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% And the feedback that we get is they find it amazing that 18:16.161 --> 18:18.730 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the owners of the businesses would actually take the time 18:18.730 --> 18:20.999 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% to come out to the individual country locations, 18:20.999 --> 18:23.202 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% meet with them, actually hear their concerns, versus 18:23.202 --> 18:25.170 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% having them sort of filtered through the grain elevator 18:25.170 --> 18:27.406 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% and the merchants, etc. 18:27.406 --> 18:30.843 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So we spend a lot of time to build that communication link 18:30.843 --> 18:34.613 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and foster the growth of the relationship. 18:34.613 --> 18:36.715 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% (Laura Rance) It's been said 18:36.715 --> 18:39.618 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% that if men were the pioneers, women were the settlers. 18:39.618 --> 18:42.821 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% They were the ones that created a home out of some very, 18:42.821 --> 18:44.957 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% very sparse resources they had to work with 18:44.957 --> 18:46.692 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% when people first arrived here. 18:46.692 --> 18:49.228 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% And they were doing this all the time 18:49.228 --> 18:51.497 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% while they were caring for and producing children, 18:51.497 --> 18:54.533 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% which were a major source of labor on the farm. 18:54.533 --> 18:57.870 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% (Loyd Kitchig) On the day I was born, the thrashing crew 18:57.870 --> 19:00.105 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% pulled in that morning to start thrashing. 19:00.105 --> 19:03.475 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% And Mother not only had to look after me, 19:03.475 --> 19:06.745 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% she had to feed the thrashing gang, about a dozen men. 19:06.745 --> 19:09.681 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% And one of the neighbors came over to help her 19:09.681 --> 19:11.650 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% look after feeding the thrashing crew 19:11.650 --> 19:17.556 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and a week later she had a baby of her own. 19:17.556 --> 19:22.427 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% We had to make a living in the '30s and mother had to help 19:22.427 --> 19:26.331 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% with the milking at night and I guess we all learned 19:26.331 --> 19:29.968 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% because the men were busy with using horses to farm 19:29.968 --> 19:38.310 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and so it was a whole different era. 19:38.310 --> 19:41.680 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% (Laura Rance) We've seen the farm women's jobs change over time 19:41.680 --> 19:44.383 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% as all jobs on the farm have changed, 19:44.383 --> 19:46.485 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% but they're still the home builders 19:46.485 --> 19:48.887 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and they're still feeding the family. 19:48.887 --> 19:51.757 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% In many cases today, it's the farm wife 19:51.757 --> 19:54.960 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% that leaves the farm to work and it's her salary 19:54.960 --> 19:57.062 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% that helps to support the family. 19:57.062 --> 20:01.567 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% I think it's electricity was the bonus 20:01.567 --> 20:06.004 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% that came to all rural communities in 1947, 20:06.004 --> 20:08.207 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% because we had no electricity on the farm. 20:08.207 --> 20:10.742 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So it was the roles would be homemaker, 20:10.742 --> 20:14.279 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and you had to make the bread and if you did the milking, 20:14.279 --> 20:16.815 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% then you had to put it through the cream separator, 20:16.815 --> 20:19.184 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% which is a horrible thing to wash. 20:19.184 --> 20:24.256 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% But Mother would print up 15 pounds of butter at a time and 20:24.256 --> 20:28.293 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% send them to Deloraine and that was the money for groceries. 20:28.293 --> 20:30.662 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% (Laura Rance) As these farms became established, 20:30.662 --> 20:33.065 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% the attention very quickly turned 20:33.065 --> 20:34.866 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% towards community structures that provided 20:34.866 --> 20:36.735 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% some civilization and social support 20:36.735 --> 20:39.838 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% to what they were doing on the land. 20:39.838 --> 20:42.641 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% The women's movement becoming very powerful 20:42.641 --> 20:44.910 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% through organizations like the Women's Institute Organization, 20:44.910 --> 20:48.614 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and many of the women who were key players in that 20:48.614 --> 20:51.350 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% were people who came from pioneer stock. 20:51.350 --> 20:55.053 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% (Gwen Parker) I met one lady when I was working with W.I. 20:55.053 --> 20:56.955 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% telling me that when she was 20:56.955 --> 20:58.924 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% farming there, she would go 20:58.924 --> 21:01.360 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% to a W.I. meeting 6 miles away 21:01.360 --> 21:04.896 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and she would walk with a baby in her arms, 21:04.896 --> 21:07.499 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% another one over her shoulder and the little ones walking 21:07.499 --> 21:10.502 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% for 6 miles to cross a stream and go to that meeting 21:10.502 --> 21:12.904 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and then come home and do the chores. 21:12.904 --> 21:15.907 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% The Women's Institute Organization, which fought, 21:15.907 --> 21:20.379 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% of all things, for public restrooms, because in that time, 21:20.379 --> 21:23.015 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% women would come to town with the family, 21:23.015 --> 21:26.218 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the men could go to the pubs, but women weren't allowed there. 21:26.218 --> 21:29.054 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% There was no place for women and children to be, 21:29.054 --> 21:32.124 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and that was the foundation of the restrooms. 21:32.124 --> 21:36.161 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% For a lot of women, Women's Institute was 21:36.161 --> 21:39.898 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% their only contact as a group together. 21:39.898 --> 21:43.835 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% An older lady said that one of their members came in 21:43.835 --> 21:47.739 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and she was pregnant and she had 9 children already at home. 21:47.739 --> 21:50.609 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% The group gathered around her and just cried 21:50.609 --> 21:53.245 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% because family planning wasn't legal at that time. 21:53.245 --> 21:55.881 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Cases like that, you feel that you've been 21:55.881 --> 22:02.087 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% right inside a person's heart. 22:02.087 --> 22:05.424 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Though farmers for the most part were exempt 22:05.424 --> 22:09.127 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% from military service and that doesn't mean they didn't go, 22:09.127 --> 22:12.998 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% but I think that's where one found the women taking 22:12.998 --> 22:16.435 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% a much bigger role in the management of agriculture. 22:16.435 --> 22:20.405 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% And I think when the fellas came back after the war, 22:20.405 --> 22:23.842 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the ladies had taken over a certain amount of doing 22:23.842 --> 22:28.347 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% some of these things and I think we find a lot of farms now 22:28.347 --> 22:30.882 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that the role played by women, particularly women 22:30.882 --> 22:33.018 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% who graduate with degrees in agriculture, 22:33.018 --> 22:35.587 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% more than half of the students taking agriculture 22:35.587 --> 22:38.123 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% at the University of Manitoba are women. 22:38.123 --> 22:41.860 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% The first woman, Dorothy Clark, graduated in 1922. 22:41.860 --> 22:46.031 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% It wasn't until 13 years later that the second woman graduated. 22:46.031 --> 22:50.068 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% And looking at the statistics, up until the mid '60s, 22:50.068 --> 22:53.705 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% from the time the college started until the mid '60s, 22:53.705 --> 22:56.541 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% there had been only 21 women students graduate. 22:56.541 --> 22:59.344 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% From the mid '90s, two of the years 22:59.344 --> 23:01.980 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% there was actually 75% of the student body were women. 23:01.980 --> 23:04.950 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% Now it's about 50/50. 23:04.950 --> 23:07.986 align:left position:10%,start line:77% size:80% (narrator) The University of Manitoba, from its earliest days, 23:07.986 --> 23:11.690 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% had a unique way of providing education to its citizens. 23:11.690 --> 23:15.327 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% (Dawn Harris) The college at that time had a very close association 23:15.327 --> 23:17.462 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% with the Ministry of Agriculture, 23:17.462 --> 23:21.066 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% and one of the things that it did, starting in 1907, and it 23:21.066 --> 23:23.869 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% carried on to the mid '20s, was put out extension trains. 23:23.869 --> 23:26.304 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% And these were actual trains that went out, 23:26.304 --> 23:29.241 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% there would be 2 or 3 cars and they went out 23:29.241 --> 23:31.143 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% to various communities, and there was one 23:31.143 --> 23:33.845 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% that was the Dairy Special and it would have 23:33.845 --> 23:36.148 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% the newest milking equipment, the newest kind of technology 23:36.148 --> 23:38.650 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% that was available, how you would feed your dairy cow. 23:38.650 --> 23:40.685 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% And this would be contained in these cars, 23:40.685 --> 23:42.687 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% they would attract the local farmers, 23:42.687 --> 23:44.423 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% they would come out and gather information 23:44.423 --> 23:46.491 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% or there would be a lecture given. 23:46.491 --> 23:49.394 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% There were a number of these different trains. 23:49.394 --> 23:52.264 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% They lasted into the '20s and they stopped 23:52.264 --> 23:54.499 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% at 150 different points in Manitoba 23:54.499 --> 23:57.068 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and reached more than 35,000 people. 23:57.068 --> 23:59.371 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% So that was the degree 23:59.371 --> 24:01.139 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% of importance that was placed 24:01.139 --> 24:03.442 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% on this information that was 24:03.442 --> 24:06.278 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% being taken from the college out into the countryside. 24:06.278 --> 24:10.682 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% Cora Hind was a woman who came 24:10.682 --> 24:15.153 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% to Western Canada in the early 1800s. 24:15.153 --> 24:19.458 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% She had come out here to work as a school teacher 24:19.458 --> 24:22.594 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and wanted to become a newspaper reporter. 24:22.594 --> 24:25.564 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% She was originally turned down, it was considered newspapers 24:25.564 --> 24:29.301 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% were no place for women to be, but she ultimately became 24:29.301 --> 24:32.070 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% the agricultural editor of the "Winnipeg Free Press." 24:32.070 --> 24:36.107 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% And she took that job and created a persona around herself 24:36.107 --> 24:39.144 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% because of her very intuitive ability to judge 24:39.144 --> 24:42.280 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% how much the crops were going to produce. 24:42.280 --> 24:44.616 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Every year, she traveled across Western Canada 24:44.616 --> 24:47.519 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and looked at the crops and wrote what she thought 24:47.519 --> 24:49.788 align:left position:10%,start line:89% size:80% that crop was going to produce 24:49.788 --> 24:53.225 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and she was remarkably accurate in her projections. 24:53.225 --> 24:55.794 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% And she was widely followed by anyone in the world 24:55.794 --> 24:58.129 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% that had an interest in what Western Canada 24:58.129 --> 25:00.599 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% was going to contribute to the world grain trade. 25:00.599 --> 25:04.402 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% She was also very active in the Suffragette Movement 25:04.402 --> 25:08.173 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% and very active in securing social supports for women. 25:08.173 --> 25:12.644 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% After fighting so hard to get a job working in the press, 25:12.644 --> 25:15.280 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% she was ultimately paid the best compliment 25:15.280 --> 25:18.250 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% she could have received at the time. 25:18.250 --> 25:21.953 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% Her colleagues reported that the best newspaperman 25:21.953 --> 25:28.960 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% in Western Canada was a woman, and that was E. Cora Hind. 25:28.960 --> 26:13.104 align:left position:10%,start line:83% size:80% [drums & melodica play in bright rhythm] 26:13.104 --> 26:34.292 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% [woman voices the following credits] 26:34.292 --> 26:38.363 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% And the members of... 26:38.363 --> 26:41.600 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% To order a copy of the 4-part series "Built on Agriculture," 26:41.600 --> 26:45.600 align:left position:10%,start line:5% size:80% call, or visit our on-line store...