WEBVTT 00:09.275 --> 00:10.908 align:start >>> I JUST SAW THE MOVIE LAST 00:10.911 --> 00:12.143 align:start WEEKEND. 00:12.146 --> 00:13.277 align:start I WAS JUST THRILLED TO SEE OUR 00:13.280 --> 00:15.079 align:start PATH FINDER CAMERA WAS ONE OF 00:15.082 --> 00:16.981 align:start THE STARS OF THE SHOW. 00:16.984 --> 00:18.383 align:start BECAUSE THIS BECOMES THE 00:18.386 --> 00:20.351 align:start COMMUNICATION PATH FOR MARS TO 00:20.354 --> 00:21.419 align:start THE EARTH. 00:21.422 --> 00:22.353 align:start RETRIEVING OF THE OLD PATH 00:22.356 --> 00:23.688 align:start FINDER SYSTEM. 00:23.691 --> 00:26.724 align:start POWERING IT UP AGAIN AFTER ALL 00:26.727 --> 00:30.328 align:start THESE YEARS AND THEN USING IT TO 00:30.331 --> 00:30.628 align:start COMMUNICATE BOTH PICTURES AND 00:30.631 --> 00:32.630 align:start DATA. 00:32.633 --> 00:33.765 align:start REALLY EXCITING TO SEE OUR 00:33.768 --> 00:35.466 align:start CAMERA USED THAT WAY. 00:35.469 --> 00:35.800 align:start >> SUSTAINING LIFE ON THE RED 00:35.803 --> 00:39.570 align:start PLANET. 00:39.573 --> 00:39.971 align:start WE'LL GO INSIDE THE MARS 00:39.974 --> 00:42.273 align:start GREENHOUSE. 00:42.276 --> 00:44.876 align:start >> SHOULD BE ABLE TO PRODUCE 50% 00:44.879 --> 00:46.511 align:start OF THE COLORS NEEDED BY AN 00:46.514 --> 00:48.646 align:start ASTRONAUT PER DAY. 00:48.649 --> 00:53.384 align:start AND AT THE SAME TIME, COMPLETELY 00:53.387 --> 00:54.052 align:start RECYCLE OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE 00:54.055 --> 01:13.137 align:start AND WATER. 01:13.140 --> 01:15.006 align:start >> THIS IS ARIZONA WEEK. 01:15.009 --> 01:15.306 align:start >> THE MARTIAN, A MOVIE ABOUT 01:15.309 --> 01:17.875 align:start MARS. 01:17.878 --> 01:19.010 align:start OUT JUST A FEW WEEKS IN THE 01:19.013 --> 01:20.545 align:start SCIENCE COMMUNITY IS CONSIDERED 01:20.548 --> 01:22.246 align:start TO BE ONE OF THE MOST REALISTIC 01:22.249 --> 01:23.981 align:start SPACE MOVIES OF ALL TIME. 01:23.984 --> 01:25.550 align:start AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, 01:25.553 --> 01:27.618 align:start SCIENTISTS HAVE BEEN WORKING ON 01:27.621 --> 01:30.221 align:start EARLY MARS EXPLORATION. 01:30.224 --> 01:31.889 align:start HERE'S THE PRINCIPAL 01:31.892 --> 01:32.223 align:start INVESTIGATOR OF THE PHOENIX MARS 01:32.226 --> 01:34.325 align:start MISSION. 01:34.328 --> 01:35.893 align:start PETER SMITH, A PROFESSOR HERE AT 01:35.896 --> 01:37.195 align:start THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA. 01:37.198 --> 01:37.729 align:start DESCRIBED TO US WHERE WE ARE 01:37.732 --> 01:39.897 align:start SITTING, CURRENTLY. 01:39.900 --> 01:40.298 align:start >> WE'RE SITTING ON THE MARS 01:40.301 --> 01:41.599 align:start GARDEN. 01:41.602 --> 01:43.468 align:start THIS IS PART OF THE UNIVERSITY 01:43.471 --> 01:44.969 align:start OF ARIZONA'S FACILITY FOR 01:44.972 --> 01:47.572 align:start TESTING MARS CAMERAS. 01:47.575 --> 01:49.941 align:start WE BUILT IT HERE, THE PATH 01:49.944 --> 01:52.143 align:start FINDER CAMERA, THIS IS, IN 1995. 01:52.146 --> 01:52.643 align:start AND TESTED IT RIGHT IN THIS 01:52.646 --> 01:54.412 align:start SPACE. 01:54.415 --> 01:54.712 align:start AND IT'S BEEN MARS-LIKE EVER 01:54.715 --> 01:55.980 align:start SINCE. 01:55.983 --> 01:57.482 align:start >> TELL ME, WHAT IS YOUR 01:57.485 --> 01:59.751 align:start FASCINATION WITH MARS? 01:59.754 --> 02:01.786 align:start HOW DID THIS ALL GET STARTED? 02:01.789 --> 02:02.453 align:start >> WHEN I WAS A CHILD READING 02:02.456 --> 02:04.789 align:start SCIENCE FICTION. 02:04.792 --> 02:05.623 align:start LIKE MOST SCIENTISTS, I WAS 02:05.626 --> 02:07.725 align:start FASCINATED WITH SCIENCE FICTION 02:07.728 --> 02:09.727 align:start AND EXPLOSIVES. 02:09.730 --> 02:11.295 align:start SO BOTH OF THEM CAME TOGETHER IN 02:11.298 --> 02:16.901 align:start THE IDEA OF EXPLORING MARS. 02:16.904 --> 02:17.568 align:start THE LAUNCH, THE LONG CRUISE, THE 02:17.571 --> 02:19.504 align:start LANDINGS AND THE EXTREMELY 02:19.507 --> 02:21.139 align:start BEAUTIFUL LANDSCAPES ON MARS. 02:21.142 --> 02:21.472 align:start WE'VE BEEN PUZZLING OVER FOR 02:21.475 --> 02:23.708 align:start YEARS. 02:23.711 --> 02:24.075 align:start >> HOW WOULD YOU DESCRIBE MARS 02:24.078 --> 02:27.512 align:start TO PEOPLE? 02:27.515 --> 02:28.413 align:start >> IT'S A VERY DESOLATE PLACE. 02:28.416 --> 02:29.814 align:start UNLIKE THE EARTH, IT'S COVERED 02:29.817 --> 02:31.516 align:start IN CRATERS FROM THE ASTEROIDS 02:31.519 --> 02:32.350 align:start THAT HIT IT OVER THE LAST DAYS 02:32.353 --> 02:34.085 align:start AND YEARS. 02:34.088 --> 02:35.586 align:start THEY'RE STILL THERE BECAUSE 02:35.589 --> 02:37.355 align:start THERE'S VERY LITTLE RAIN. 02:37.358 --> 02:38.923 align:start PROBABLY NO RAIN AND MAYBE A 02:38.926 --> 02:40.158 align:start LITTLE SNOW AND THE EROSION 02:40.161 --> 02:42.760 align:start RATES ARE EXTREMELY SLOW. 02:42.763 --> 02:44.128 align:start SO IT'S A PLANET THAT HAD ITS 02:44.131 --> 02:45.163 align:start GLORY DAYS. 02:45.166 --> 02:48.866 align:start SEVERAL BILLION YEARS AGO AND 02:48.869 --> 02:49.167 align:start NOW IT'S KIND OF A DORMANT 02:49.170 --> 02:52.670 align:start PLACE. 02:52.673 --> 02:58.376 align:start >> HOW IS THE CLIMATE ON MARS? 02:58.379 --> 02:59.777 align:start >> MARS HAS A EXTREMELY THIN 02:59.780 --> 03:00.511 align:start ATMOSPHERE. 03:00.514 --> 03:01.179 align:start IN THE DAYTIME, IT MIGHT GET UP 03:01.182 --> 03:01.546 align:start TO 50 DEGREES AND AT NIGHT, 03:01.549 --> 03:03.748 align:start MINUS 150. 03:03.751 --> 03:05.616 align:start IT'S AN EXTREME CONDITION DAY TO 03:05.619 --> 03:07.919 align:start NIGHT EVERY DAY AND EVERY NIGHT. 03:07.922 --> 03:08.886 align:start >> THE WIND STORMS, CAN YOU 03:08.889 --> 03:10.888 align:start EXPLAIN HOW THAT HAPPENS? 03:10.891 --> 03:12.890 align:start >> BECAUSE THE ATMOSPHERE IS SO 03:12.893 --> 03:13.291 align:start THIN, THE MARTIAN WAS A LITTLE 03:13.294 --> 03:14.859 align:start EXAGGERATED. 03:14.862 --> 03:17.895 align:start MAYBE A LOT EXAGGERATED. 03:17.898 --> 03:19.831 align:start THE AMOUNT OF AIR THAT'S 03:19.834 --> 03:21.165 align:start ACTUALLY MOVING PAST EVEN IN THE 03:21.168 --> 03:23.701 align:start STRONG WIND IS NOT ENOUGH TO 03:23.704 --> 03:25.236 align:start PICK UP AN ANTENNA AND THROW IT 03:25.239 --> 03:27.105 align:start INTO THE ASTRONAUT. 03:27.108 --> 03:28.973 align:start IT'S JUST NOT THAT STRONG. 03:28.976 --> 03:29.640 align:start >> YOU GET THE GO AHEAD TO DO 03:29.643 --> 03:31.376 align:start RESEARCH ON MARS. 03:31.379 --> 03:32.810 align:start TELL ME ABOUT THAT EXPERIENCE 03:32.813 --> 03:35.613 align:start KNOWING THAT WE CAN FINALLY 03:35.616 --> 03:36.681 align:start CHECK THIS PLACE OUT. 03:36.684 --> 03:38.349 align:start >> WELL, WE WERE THRILLED TO 03:38.352 --> 03:40.051 align:start HAVE A CHANCE TO BUILD A CAMERA 03:40.054 --> 03:41.352 align:start AND WE THOUGHT WE'D BUILT THE 03:41.355 --> 03:42.086 align:start BEST CAMERA WE POSSIBLY COULD 03:42.089 --> 03:44.889 align:start FOR THE AMOUNT OF MONEY THEY 03:44.892 --> 03:47.658 align:start WERE GIVING US. 03:47.661 --> 03:48.393 align:start SO WE PUT IN SPECIAL FILTERS. 03:48.396 --> 03:49.727 align:start AND THE SPECIAL FILTERS ALLOWED 03:49.730 --> 03:50.828 align:start US TO DO THINGS WAY BEYOND A 03:50.831 --> 03:52.597 align:start NORMAL CAMERA. 03:52.600 --> 03:54.565 align:start AND FOR INSTANCE, ONE OF THESE 03:54.568 --> 03:56.100 align:start ROCKS HERE ON THE SURFACE, SEE 03:56.103 --> 03:57.135 align:start IT'S KIND OF GREENISH. 03:57.138 --> 04:01.706 align:start OUR CAMERA COULD HAVE PICKED 04:01.709 --> 04:04.108 align:start THIS UP LIKE A SEARCH LIGHT. 04:04.111 --> 04:05.476 align:start THIS IS ON THE EARTH, WE TRADE 04:05.479 --> 04:08.346 align:start FROM ROCKS THAT HAVE BEEN PULLED 04:08.349 --> 04:10.314 align:start UP FROM 10 TO 12 MILES UNDER THE 04:10.317 --> 04:12.050 align:start SERVICE AND THESE ARE ROCKS THAT 04:12.053 --> 04:12.417 align:start MADE UP THE MANTLE OF THE 04:12.420 --> 04:13.351 align:start CONTINENT. 04:13.354 --> 04:14.018 align:start SO WE ARE LOOKING FOR THINGS 04:14.021 --> 04:16.320 align:start LIKE THIS. 04:16.323 --> 04:17.021 align:start CLUES WITHIN THE ROCK STRUCTURE 04:17.024 --> 04:19.157 align:start OF THE SURFACE. 04:19.160 --> 04:19.457 align:start IT WILL TELL US THE HISTORY OF 04:19.460 --> 04:23.728 align:start MARS. 04:23.731 --> 04:24.595 align:start JULY 4th, 1997. 04:24.598 --> 04:27.532 align:start THIS HAS BEEN A SMALL MISSION 04:27.535 --> 04:30.935 align:start FOR NASA AND NOT MUCH PUBLICITY. 04:30.938 --> 04:31.803 align:start SO WE HAPPEN TO LAND JULY 4th. 04:31.806 --> 04:32.170 align:start WHICH WASN'T EXACTLY AN 04:32.173 --> 04:34.205 align:start ACCIDENT. 04:34.208 --> 04:36.107 align:start WE KNEW WE'D LAND ON JULY 4th. 04:36.110 --> 04:42.347 align:start BUT NOBODY WAS TOO SURE WHETHER 04:42.350 --> 04:42.914 align:start WE'D SEE PICTURES THE FIRST DAY 04:42.917 --> 04:43.581 align:start OR WHAT WOULD HAPPEN. 04:43.584 --> 04:44.248 align:start IT WAS A SLOW NEWS DAY ON A 04:44.251 --> 04:45.883 align:start FRIDAY BEFORE THE JULY 4th 04:45.886 --> 04:47.618 align:start WEEKEND AND LOTS OF PEOPLE WERE 04:47.621 --> 04:48.586 align:start WATCHING TELEVISION ALL ACROSS 04:48.589 --> 04:51.356 align:start THE COUNTRY. 04:51.359 --> 04:52.290 align:start WHEN WE CAME DOWN, BOUNCING ON 04:52.293 --> 04:54.392 align:start TO THE SURFACE AND THE PICTURES 04:54.395 --> 04:55.960 align:start STARTED TO COME BACK ONE BY ONE, 04:55.963 --> 04:57.528 align:start THERE WAS TREMENDOUS EXCITEMENT. 04:57.531 --> 04:59.130 align:start IT WENT WORLDWIDE. 04:59.133 --> 05:01.132 align:start >> PART OF THE REASON I INVITED 05:01.135 --> 05:01.466 align:start YOU ON TODAY IS THE MOVIE, THE 05:01.469 --> 05:03.401 align:start MARTIAN. 05:03.404 --> 05:03.735 align:start THIS IS INTRIGUING TO A LOT OF 05:03.738 --> 05:05.436 align:start PEOPLE. 05:05.439 --> 05:08.506 align:start YOU'VE KIND OF KNOWN THIS FOR A 05:08.509 --> 05:11.376 align:start REALLY LONG TIME ABOUT MARS. 05:11.379 --> 05:12.043 align:start WHAT ARE YOU MOST FASCINATED TO 05:12.046 --> 05:14.479 align:start FIND OUT ABOUT MARS? 05:14.482 --> 05:14.812 align:start >> I JUST SAW THE MOVIE LAST 05:14.815 --> 05:16.214 align:start WEEKEND. 05:16.217 --> 05:17.915 align:start AND I WAS JUST THRILLED TO SEE 05:17.918 --> 05:19.784 align:start THAT OUR PATH FINDER CAMERA WAS 05:19.787 --> 05:21.753 align:start ONE OF THE STARS OF THE SHOW 05:21.756 --> 05:23.087 align:start BECAUSE THIS BECOMES THE 05:23.090 --> 05:24.255 align:start COMMUNICATION PATH FOR MARS AND 05:24.258 --> 05:25.757 align:start THE EARTH. 05:25.760 --> 05:26.391 align:start RETRIEVING OF THE OLD PATH 05:26.394 --> 05:27.725 align:start FINDER SYSTEM. 05:27.728 --> 05:29.260 align:start POWERING IT UP AGAIN AFTER ALL 05:29.263 --> 05:31.829 align:start OF THESE YEARS. 05:31.832 --> 05:34.799 align:start AND THEN USING IT TO COMMUNICATE 05:34.802 --> 05:36.267 align:start BOTH PICTURES AND DATA. 05:36.270 --> 05:37.502 align:start REALLY EXCITING TO SEE OUR 05:37.505 --> 05:38.636 align:start CAMERA USED THAT WAY. 05:38.639 --> 05:42.206 align:start >> HOW BIG IS THE CAMERA? 05:42.209 --> 05:42.540 align:start I MEAN, YOU SEE IT IN HOLLYWOOD. 05:42.543 --> 05:43.908 align:start BUT -- 05:43.911 --> 05:46.911 align:start >> WELL, WE USED TO SAY THE SIZE 05:46.914 --> 05:47.178 align:start OF A FOSTER BEER CAN, ABOUT THIS 05:47.181 --> 05:48.179 align:start BIG. 05:48.182 --> 05:50.014 align:start EIGHT INCHES ACROSS. 05:50.017 --> 05:53.284 align:start FOUR INCHES IN DIAMETER. 05:53.287 --> 05:56.888 align:start AND ALSO, IT HAS EYEBROWS. 05:56.891 --> 06:00.925 align:start SO THE REASON IS, WHEN IT LOOKS 06:00.928 --> 06:03.961 align:start STRAIGHT DOWN, THE EYEBROWS 06:03.964 --> 06:05.363 align:start PROTECT IT FROM ALL THE DUST. 06:05.366 --> 06:08.966 align:start THE SAME REASON WE HAVE EYEBROWS 06:08.969 --> 06:10.335 align:start AND EYELASHES WHEN IT'S DUSTY, 06:10.338 --> 06:12.337 align:start THE CAMERA HAS IT ALSO. 06:12.340 --> 06:14.939 align:start IT'S A HUMANOID TYPE OF CAMERA. 06:14.942 --> 06:16.140 align:start >> TELL ME WHAT SOME OF THESE 06:16.143 --> 06:17.942 align:start PICTURES HAVE SHOWN ABOUT MARS. 06:17.945 --> 06:18.242 align:start >> MARS IS KNOWN TO BE A ROCKY 06:18.245 --> 06:19.744 align:start PLACE. 06:19.747 --> 06:20.878 align:start WE GO THERE KNOWING YOU'RE GOING 06:20.881 --> 06:22.046 align:start TO HAVE DUST AND ROCKS. 06:22.049 --> 06:22.714 align:start THAT'S WHAT WE KNOW WE'RE GOING 06:22.717 --> 06:26.050 align:start TO SEE. 06:26.053 --> 06:26.751 align:start NOW, WE'RE ALSO LOOKING FOR 06:26.754 --> 06:27.852 align:start TRACES OF WATER ACTIVITY. 06:27.855 --> 06:29.754 align:start TRACES OF WATER ACTIVITY. 06:29.757 --> 06:30.421 align:start AND WATER BEING THE BASIS OF 06:30.424 --> 06:32.256 align:start LIFE ON THE EARTH. 06:32.259 --> 06:34.993 align:start ANYTHING THAT TELLS US ABOUT THE 06:34.996 --> 06:35.360 align:start HISTORY OF WATER WOULD BE VERY 06:35.363 --> 06:37.395 align:start EXCITING. 06:37.398 --> 06:38.863 align:start AND WE DID SEE SOME HINTS OF 06:38.866 --> 06:41.766 align:start THAT, NOT SO MUCH AT THE PATH 06:41.769 --> 06:42.500 align:start FINDER SITE AND THE NEXT MISSION 06:42.503 --> 06:43.835 align:start I WAS INVOLVED WITH, THE PHOENIX 06:43.838 --> 06:45.536 align:start MISSION, WE WERE ABLE TO DIG 06:45.539 --> 06:46.471 align:start UNDER THE SURFACE AND FIND ICE, 06:46.474 --> 06:52.010 align:start WATER ICE. 06:52.013 --> 06:54.045 align:start AND THIS IS EXCITING BECAUSE IT 06:54.048 --> 06:55.480 align:start TELLS US THAT WATER IS A VERY 06:55.483 --> 06:56.147 align:start COMMON INGREDIENT OF THE MARS 06:56.150 --> 06:57.648 align:start SURFACE. 06:57.651 --> 07:00.418 align:start IT'S JUST NOT RAINING UP THERE 07:00.421 --> 07:04.722 align:start AND MOSTLY IN THE FORM OF SOME 07:04.725 --> 07:06.791 align:start ICE OR VERY HEAVILY SALTED 07:06.794 --> 07:12.530 align:start WATER. 07:12.533 --> 07:21.372 align:start >> McCUE, PLANETARY GEOLOGY AT 07:21.375 --> 07:28.846 align:start THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA AND 07:28.849 --> 07:30.181 align:start THE MARS RECONNOSANCE ORBITORS. 07:30.184 --> 07:31.883 align:start >> IT WAS IN A POSITIVE AND 07:31.886 --> 07:33.418 align:start REALISTIC MANNER, SCIENTISTS 07:33.421 --> 07:34.585 align:start HAVING A SENSE OF HUMOR. 07:34.588 --> 07:35.520 align:start WHO KNEW THAT WAS POSSIBLE FROM 07:35.523 --> 07:38.823 align:start HOLLYWOOD, RIGHT? 07:38.826 --> 07:39.657 align:start AND PERFECT JOB, GREAT SCENERY. 07:39.660 --> 07:41.859 align:start BEAUTIFUL STORY. 07:41.862 --> 07:42.860 align:start FEEL GOOD MOVIE. 07:42.863 --> 07:43.795 align:start IT WAS DEFINITELY RECOMMENDED 07:43.798 --> 07:46.564 align:start GOING TO SEE IT. 07:46.567 --> 07:47.298 align:start >> BEHIND YOU, WE HAVE SOME 07:47.301 --> 07:47.765 align:start PHOTOS OF WHAT THE IMAGES HAVE 07:47.768 --> 07:49.233 align:start BEEN SENT BACK. 07:49.236 --> 07:49.600 align:start TELL ME A LITTLE BIT ABOUT 07:49.603 --> 07:51.803 align:start HIGH-RISE. 07:51.806 --> 07:53.771 align:start >> SO HIGH-RISE IS THE HIGH 07:53.774 --> 07:54.172 align:start RESOLUTION IMAGING SCIENCE 07:54.175 --> 07:55.773 align:start EXPERIMENT. 07:55.776 --> 07:56.741 align:start IT'S A BIG CAMERA THAT WE SENT 07:56.744 --> 07:59.344 align:start TO MARS. 07:59.347 --> 08:02.847 align:start AND WE ACQUIRE IMAGES OF ABOUT 08:02.850 --> 08:03.414 align:start 30 SENT METERS, ABOUT A FOOT PER 08:03.417 --> 08:04.882 align:start PIXEL ON THE GROUND. 08:04.885 --> 08:07.852 align:start THIS IS THE HIGHEST RESOLUTION 08:07.855 --> 08:09.987 align:start OF ANY OTHER PLANET, IMAGES HAVE 08:09.990 --> 08:10.388 align:start BEEN THERE FOR ALMOST TEN YEARS 08:10.391 --> 08:10.955 align:start NOW. 08:10.958 --> 08:13.791 align:start ACTUALLY. 08:13.794 --> 08:16.527 align:start WE ACQUIRE THESE HIGH RESOLUTION 08:16.530 --> 08:19.797 align:start IMAGES IN COLOR AND WE PICK OUT 08:19.800 --> 08:26.170 align:start TARGETS OF INTEREST BASED ON 08:26.173 --> 08:27.939 align:start VARIOUS RATIONALE FOR SCIENCE, A 08:27.942 --> 08:29.474 align:start BIG PURPOSE OF HIGH REZ AS WELL. 08:29.477 --> 08:29.874 align:start >> IT'S TRANSMITTING IMAGES 08:29.877 --> 08:33.044 align:start TODAY? 08:33.047 --> 08:34.879 align:start >> YES, HIGH-RISES IN BUSINESS 08:34.882 --> 08:35.179 align:start TODAY WILL GET NEW IMAGES EVERY 08:35.182 --> 08:37.248 align:start DAY. 08:37.251 --> 08:37.982 align:start >> WHAT ARE YOU MOST PROUD OF 08:37.985 --> 08:41.452 align:start WHEN YOU SEE THE IMAGES? 08:41.455 --> 08:42.420 align:start IT'S CAPTURING WHAT YOU WANTED 08:42.423 --> 08:45.089 align:start IT TO DO. 08:45.092 --> 08:46.324 align:start >> I LOVE EVERY HIGH REZ IMAGE. 08:46.327 --> 08:49.961 align:start IT'S REMARKABLE TO LOOK AT THEM 08:49.964 --> 08:53.197 align:start AND SEE THE SHARPNESS OF THE 08:53.200 --> 08:56.334 align:start FEATURES AND BETTER. 08:56.337 --> 08:56.934 align:start >> HOW MANY SPOTS EACH DAY? 08:56.937 --> 08:58.870 align:start WOULD YOU DESCRIBE THAT? 08:58.873 --> 09:04.175 align:start >> IT'S A CIRCULAR ORBIT. 09:04.178 --> 09:04.442 align:start IT CIRCLES MARS 8.5 TIMES PER 09:04.445 --> 09:07.278 align:start DAY. 09:07.281 --> 09:07.979 align:start AND WE CAN TAKE TYPICALLY ONE OR 09:07.982 --> 09:09.447 align:start TWO PER ORBIT. 09:09.450 --> 09:11.015 align:start WE HAVE ACCESS WITH POINTING 09:11.018 --> 09:12.850 align:start WITHIN ABOUT A TWO WEEK PERIOD 09:12.853 --> 09:13.251 align:start OF ANYWHERE ON THE MARTIAN 09:13.254 --> 09:16.421 align:start SURFACE. 09:16.424 --> 09:17.989 align:start >> AND IS HIGH RES SHOWING YOU 09:17.992 --> 09:18.956 align:start ANYTHING THAT SURPRISED YOU OR 09:18.959 --> 09:20.391 align:start CAUGHT YOU OFF GUARD? 09:20.394 --> 09:22.160 align:start >> CERTAINLY A NUMBER OF THINGS 09:22.163 --> 09:22.960 align:start AND ONE PARTICULAR TOPIC WHICH 09:22.963 --> 09:31.769 align:start HAD QUITE A BIT OF ATTENTION A 09:31.772 --> 09:32.870 align:start COUPLE OF WEEKS AGO ARE THESE 09:32.873 --> 09:34.906 align:start RECURING SLOPE. 09:34.909 --> 09:36.307 align:start THESE ARE DOWNSLOPES AND 09:36.310 --> 09:37.275 align:start ASSOCIATED WITH WATER IN SOME 09:37.278 --> 09:38.710 align:start WAY. 09:38.713 --> 09:39.744 align:start LIQUID WATER TODAY ON MARS. 09:39.747 --> 09:41.012 align:start THAT'S SURPRISING. 09:41.015 --> 09:43.414 align:start >> WITH ALL THE EXCITEMENT ABOUT 09:43.417 --> 09:44.449 align:start WATER ON MARS CAME OUT RECENTLY, 09:44.452 --> 09:45.817 align:start THAT WAS THE PHOTOS FOUND 09:45.820 --> 09:46.784 align:start SPOTTED HERE AT THE U OF A. 09:46.787 --> 09:47.418 align:start >> RIGHT. 09:47.421 --> 09:48.519 align:start THAT WAS ORIGINALLY WE 09:48.522 --> 09:51.255 align:start DISCOVERED THE FEATURES WITH THE 09:51.258 --> 09:56.527 align:start HIGH-RISE CAMERA. 09:56.530 --> 09:58.629 align:start THE MOST RECENT RESULT FROM THE 09:58.632 --> 09:59.063 align:start SPECTROMETER WITH THE 09:59.066 --> 10:01.332 align:start COMPOSITION. 10:01.335 --> 10:05.903 align:start >> HOW YOU DESCRIBE IT TO ME? 10:05.906 --> 10:06.237 align:start >> IT'S ABOUT THE SIZE OF A 10:06.240 --> 10:08.039 align:start PERSON. 10:08.042 --> 10:09.140 align:start SO THAT'S BIG FOR SOMETHING WE 10:09.143 --> 10:11.409 align:start SEND TO ANOTHER PLANET. 10:11.412 --> 10:12.877 align:start NOT BIG COMPARED TO WHAT THEY DO 10:12.880 --> 10:15.013 align:start IN THE MIRROR LABS ACROSS THE 10:15.016 --> 10:15.413 align:start WALL HERE, MUCH BIGGER 10:15.416 --> 10:16.147 align:start TELESCOPES. 10:16.150 --> 10:16.814 align:start >> YOU'RE CURRENTLY WORKING ON 10:16.817 --> 10:19.384 align:start OTHER MISSIONS. 10:19.387 --> 10:19.751 align:start TELL ME A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THOSE 10:19.754 --> 10:20.084 align:start PROJECTS? 10:20.087 --> 10:23.287 align:start >> SURE. 10:23.290 --> 10:28.226 align:start I'M WORKING ON THE CAMERA FOR 10:28.229 --> 10:31.796 align:start THE NEXT MARS ORBITER. 10:31.799 --> 10:36.634 align:start AND THE CAMERA THERE. 10:36.637 --> 10:40.004 align:start THE CSSINI MISSION, GOT A FEW 10:40.007 --> 10:43.541 align:start YEARS LEFT. 10:43.544 --> 10:51.749 align:start AND THE ULOPA MISSION. 10:51.752 --> 10:52.383 align:start >> WHAT'S YOUR HOPE, CONTINUE 10:52.386 --> 10:54.252 align:start WHAT HIGH RES IS DOING? 10:54.255 --> 10:55.787 align:start >> SOME ARE TO CONTINUE 10:55.790 --> 10:57.388 align:start MISSIONS, MOST LOWER RESOLUTION 10:57.391 --> 10:58.623 align:start BUT MORE COLOR IMAGING AT 10:58.626 --> 11:00.892 align:start DIFFERENT TIMES OF DAY. 11:00.895 --> 11:03.594 align:start THAT WILL BE UNIQUE. 11:03.597 --> 11:04.162 align:start FOR THE OPEN MISSION, A RANGE OF 11:04.165 --> 11:05.330 align:start RESOLUTIONS. 11:05.333 --> 11:07.632 align:start VARIOUS DURING THE CLOSE. 11:07.635 --> 11:10.868 align:start IT WILL BE SIMILAR TO HIGH-RISE 11:10.871 --> 11:13.471 align:start IMAGES OF EUROPA. 11:13.474 --> 11:14.706 align:start >> GOING BACK, IT WAS WELL DONE 11:14.709 --> 11:16.140 align:start IN THE MOST REALISTIC SPACE FILM 11:16.143 --> 11:17.975 align:start WE'VE SEEN IN A LONG TIME. 11:17.978 --> 11:19.877 align:start MAYBE THE ONLY ONE WE'LL SEE. 11:19.880 --> 11:21.679 align:start DO YOU SUSPECT MAYBE THIS IS 11:21.682 --> 11:23.314 align:start GOOD FOR THE INDUSTRY, SO TO 11:23.317 --> 11:24.515 align:start SPEAK, WITH WHAT YOU'RE DOING 11:24.518 --> 11:25.216 align:start AND WHAT'S HAPPENING HERE AT THE 11:25.219 --> 11:27.785 align:start UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA? 11:27.788 --> 11:29.253 align:start >> IT'S ALL GOOD, FOR SURE. 11:29.256 --> 11:32.490 align:start THIS WILL HELP PROMOTE INTEREST 11:32.493 --> 11:34.092 align:start IN SCIENCE AND MARS EXPLORATION. 11:34.095 --> 11:36.327 align:start IT MAY NOT TRANSFORM NASA OR 11:36.330 --> 11:36.627 align:start ANYTHING LIKE THAT, BUT IT'S 11:36.630 --> 11:37.862 align:start GOOD. 11:37.865 --> 11:42.000 align:start >> WONDERFUL. 11:42.003 --> 11:44.335 align:start THANK YOU, DR. McQUAN. 11:44.338 --> 11:45.970 align:start NOW HOPE TO HAVE MANNED 11:45.973 --> 11:49.073 align:start EXPLORATION IN THE MID 2030s. 11:49.076 --> 11:52.510 align:start HOW AN ASTRONAUT WOULD SUSTAIN 11:52.513 --> 11:52.844 align:start LIFE IS BEING RESEARCHED HERE IN 11:52.847 --> 11:54.412 align:start TUCSON. 11:54.415 --> 11:55.513 align:start A SPACE ENGINEER TOOK US INSIDE 11:55.516 --> 11:58.549 align:start WHAT'S KNOWN AS THE MARS 11:58.552 --> 12:01.019 align:start GREENHOUSE. 12:01.022 --> 12:02.954 align:start >> IN THE FILM THE MARTIAN, WE 12:02.957 --> 12:06.057 align:start SEE THAT THE ASTRONAUT IS ABLE 12:06.060 --> 12:06.457 align:start TO MAKE WATER TO SUPPORT HIS 12:06.460 --> 12:10.061 align:start GREENHOUSE. 12:10.064 --> 12:21.539 align:start HOW LIKELY IS THAT? 12:21.542 --> 12:25.243 align:start >> THAT'S AN INTERESTING POINT. 12:25.246 --> 12:26.844 align:start THEY'RE ABLE TO RECYCLE SOME. 12:26.847 --> 12:27.145 align:start INDEED, WE HAVE ONE COMPONENT 12:27.148 --> 12:28.946 align:start HERE. 12:28.949 --> 12:31.049 align:start CURRENTLY, ANALYZED AND TESTED 12:31.052 --> 12:37.455 align:start WITH A SEPARATE SYSTEM. 12:37.458 --> 12:38.923 align:start IT'S CALLED EVAPORATE COMPOSTER. 12:38.926 --> 12:40.925 align:start BASICALLY, A SYSTEM WHERE YOU 12:40.928 --> 12:42.193 align:start TAKE ALL THE WASTE INCLUDING 12:42.196 --> 12:47.899 align:start BIOMASS, RIGHT, FOR EXAMPLE WHEN 12:47.902 --> 12:48.199 align:start YOU HARVEST AND YOU TAKE YOUR 12:48.202 --> 12:50.168 align:start CROPS. 12:50.171 --> 12:50.501 align:start YOU HAVE A LOT OF INEDIBLE 12:50.504 --> 12:52.437 align:start BIOMASS. 12:52.440 --> 12:53.237 align:start IN THIS CASE, IT'S CONSIDERED 12:53.240 --> 12:54.405 align:start WASTE. 12:54.408 --> 12:56.174 align:start YOU CAN GO INSIDE, FOR EXAMPLE, 12:56.177 --> 12:57.942 align:start HUMAN WASTE IN A COMPOSTER AND 12:57.945 --> 12:58.943 align:start THE SYSTEM DIGESTS AND PROCESSES 12:58.946 --> 13:00.745 align:start THAT. 13:00.748 --> 13:07.652 align:start BASICALLY, TRANSFORM WHAT IS 13:07.655 --> 13:10.321 align:start CALLED BLACK WATER INTO GRAY 13:10.324 --> 13:13.291 align:start WATER. 13:13.294 --> 13:17.061 align:start USED FOR PLANTS IRRIGATION. 13:17.064 --> 13:20.031 align:start WITH NUTRIENTS, WE STREAM IT TO 13:20.034 --> 13:22.133 align:start THE PLANTS AND ALLOW THE 13:22.136 --> 13:25.269 align:start HYDROPONIC SYSTEM. 13:25.272 --> 13:28.673 align:start THE PLANTS ABSORB THE NUTRIENTS 13:28.676 --> 13:31.275 align:start AND THEY PERFORM WHAT THEY CALL 13:31.278 --> 13:34.679 align:start THE TRANSFORMATION. 13:34.682 --> 13:35.646 align:start BASICALLY, THE WATER VAPOR IN 13:35.649 --> 13:37.482 align:start THE ATMOSPHERE. 13:37.485 --> 13:38.916 align:start IF YOU HAVE A CONDENSER, YOU CAN 13:38.919 --> 13:41.219 align:start CONDENSE WATER. 13:41.222 --> 13:41.519 align:start THERE YOU HAVE COMPLETELY WHITE 13:41.522 --> 13:46.657 align:start WATER. 13:46.660 --> 13:52.597 align:start THEN YOU CAN USE IT. 13:52.600 --> 13:54.265 align:start SO THE PROCESS, THE WATER IS 13:54.268 --> 13:56.000 align:start STILL AND ONE OF THE BY-PRODUCTS 13:56.003 --> 14:00.238 align:start OF THE EXPERIMENT IS MEASURING 14:00.241 --> 14:01.939 align:start HOW MUCH WATER WE'RE ABLE TO 14:01.942 --> 14:04.809 align:start COLLECT, RIGHT? 14:04.812 --> 14:09.514 align:start AND MEASURE HOW MUCH WE'RE 14:09.517 --> 14:10.248 align:start PUTTING IN. 14:10.251 --> 14:10.748 align:start WE TRY TO ESTABLISH WHAT WE CALL 14:10.751 --> 14:12.650 align:start A WATER BALANCE. 14:12.653 --> 14:13.051 align:start >> THE PROTOTYPE FOR ONE OF THE 14:13.054 --> 14:14.018 align:start GREENHOUSES. 14:14.021 --> 14:15.253 align:start IF YOU WOULD START BY DESCRIBING 14:15.256 --> 14:18.423 align:start THE LIGHT SYSTEM IN HERE. 14:18.426 --> 14:20.425 align:start >> THE LIGHT SYSTEM IS AN 14:20.428 --> 14:21.459 align:start IMPORTANT SYSTEM BECAUSE, YOU 14:21.462 --> 14:23.027 align:start KNOW, YOU NEED LIGHT AT A 14:23.030 --> 14:24.829 align:start CERTAIN LEVEL OF INTENSITY TO 14:24.832 --> 14:27.265 align:start GROW PLANTS. 14:27.268 --> 14:31.102 align:start IN THIS CONDITION. 14:31.105 --> 14:32.270 align:start SO CONVENTIONALLY FOR GREENHOUSE 14:32.273 --> 14:36.207 align:start APPLICATION, YOU USE SOMETHING 14:36.210 --> 14:39.477 align:start CALLED THE HIGH PRESSURE LENS. 14:39.480 --> 14:42.680 align:start EXTREMELY POWER HUNGRY, RIGHT? 14:42.683 --> 14:45.783 align:start AND HERE, EXPERIMENTING WITH A 14:45.786 --> 14:49.153 align:start DIFFERENT TYPE OF LIGHT SYSTEM 14:49.156 --> 14:50.621 align:start PROVIDED BY PHILLIPS, LED BASED. 14:50.624 --> 14:51.622 align:start SUPPOSED TO BE MUCH MORE 14:51.625 --> 14:54.058 align:start EFFICIENT AND OF COURSE, THIS 14:54.061 --> 14:58.296 align:start WOULD HELP US BECAUSE THE POWER 14:58.299 --> 15:00.565 align:start THAT YOU NEED TO GROW THIS 15:00.568 --> 15:01.232 align:start SYSTEM NEEDS TO COME FROM 15:01.235 --> 15:04.602 align:start SOMEWHERE. 15:04.605 --> 15:06.237 align:start AND USUALLY, MASS AND POWER ARE 15:06.240 --> 15:09.240 align:start EXTREMELY PRECIOUS COMMODICOMMO. 15:09.243 --> 15:10.508 align:start SO WE'RE TRYING TO EXPERIMENT 15:10.511 --> 15:13.111 align:start DIFFERENT LIGHT LEVELS. 15:13.114 --> 15:14.946 align:start AND THIS TYPE OF HARDWARE SO WE 15:14.949 --> 15:15.246 align:start FIND THE SOLUTION MINIMIZED 15:15.249 --> 15:16.514 align:start POWER. 15:16.517 --> 15:18.750 align:start >> NOW TELL ME ABOUT THE CROPS 15:18.753 --> 15:19.317 align:start THAT ARE IN HERE. 15:19.320 --> 15:22.687 align:start >> YEAH. 15:22.690 --> 15:27.125 align:start WE'VE BEEN EXPERIMENTING WITH 15:27.128 --> 15:28.393 align:start THE PARTICLE POSSESSION SYSTEM. 15:28.396 --> 15:31.329 align:start MULTI-CROP. 15:31.332 --> 15:35.433 align:start THEY GREW IN THE CLOSE LOOP 15:35.436 --> 15:36.834 align:start TESTING FOR GROWING IN THE 15:36.837 --> 15:37.502 align:start LIFE-SUPPORT AND GROWING ONE 15:37.505 --> 15:39.837 align:start CROP AT A TIME. 15:39.840 --> 15:41.673 align:start HERE, WE'RE TRYING TO HAVE ONE 15:41.676 --> 15:44.609 align:start TO ONE THAT WE CAN TRY TO PUT 15:44.612 --> 15:46.344 align:start DIFFERENT TYPE OF CROPS. 15:46.347 --> 15:48.346 align:start AND OUR GOAL, AS A MATTER OF 15:48.349 --> 15:52.016 align:start FACT, FOR ONE AND WE HAVE FOUR 15:52.019 --> 15:55.319 align:start LEFT IS THAT ONE UNIT CAN 15:55.322 --> 15:57.689 align:start SUPPORT ONE ASTRONAUT USING 50% 15:57.692 --> 15:59.323 align:start OF THE CALORIES PER DAY. 15:59.326 --> 16:02.427 align:start WHILE AT THE SAME TIME, CLOSING 16:02.430 --> 16:04.662 align:start THE OXYGEN LOOP, THE WATER LOOP, 16:04.665 --> 16:10.668 align:start AND THE CARBON DIOXIDE LOOP. 16:10.671 --> 16:13.137 align:start BASICALLY, IT HELPS SUSTAIN. 16:13.140 --> 16:15.540 align:start BUT TO DO SO, YOU HAVE TO PUT 16:15.543 --> 16:17.408 align:start DIFFERENT CROPS TOGETHER. 16:17.411 --> 16:19.877 align:start FOR EXAMPLE, HERE, WE HAVE THE 16:19.880 --> 16:26.784 align:start SWEET POTATOES, RIGHT? 16:26.787 --> 16:35.126 align:start AND ONE OF OUR -- TO INCREASE 16:35.129 --> 16:38.696 align:start THE CALORIE OUTPUT. 16:38.699 --> 16:40.131 align:start GROW THE LETTUCE AND WE ALSO 16:40.134 --> 16:40.565 align:start HAVE, YOU KNOW, BED FIELD 16:40.568 --> 16:42.700 align:start STRAWBERRIES. 16:42.703 --> 16:44.769 align:start AT THIS POINT, WE'RE NOT ON THE 16:44.772 --> 16:49.340 align:start POINT WHERE WE HAVE, WE'RE GOING 16:49.343 --> 16:51.476 align:start TO USE IT TO RECYCLE. 16:51.479 --> 16:51.876 align:start AND WE'RE GOING TO HAVE CROPS AT 16:51.879 --> 16:53.611 align:start THIS POINT. 16:53.614 --> 16:55.880 align:start >> NO SOIL IN HERE. 16:55.883 --> 16:57.582 align:start >> ABSOLUTELY NOT. 16:57.585 --> 17:01.586 align:start HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS. 17:01.589 --> 17:02.553 align:start AND HERE, REALLY HAVE EXPERTS IN 17:02.556 --> 17:05.189 align:start HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS. 17:05.192 --> 17:06.391 align:start AND BASICALLY, WE COME UP WITH 17:06.394 --> 17:10.828 align:start THE CULTURE SYSTEM. 17:10.831 --> 17:12.397 align:start WHAT YOU SEE HERE, MORE 17:12.400 --> 17:13.097 align:start SPECIFICALLY, IS A SET OF 17:13.100 --> 17:14.999 align:start POCKETS, RIGHT? 17:15.002 --> 17:17.335 align:start AND INSIDE THE POCKETS, 17:17.338 --> 17:22.573 align:start BASICALLY WHAT YOU DO IS PUT THE 17:22.576 --> 17:22.907 align:start SEEDS AND USUALLY, PUT THEM DOWN 17:22.910 --> 17:25.143 align:start INSIDE. 17:25.146 --> 17:27.011 align:start RIGHT HERE. 17:27.014 --> 17:30.048 align:start AND THEN NO SOIL, RIGHT? 17:30.051 --> 17:32.483 align:start AND THEN THE CABLE CULTURE 17:32.486 --> 17:37.121 align:start SYSTEM AS WE CALL IT, YOU CAN 17:37.124 --> 17:39.290 align:start KIND OF PARK THEM TOGETHER. 17:39.293 --> 17:41.125 align:start AND WHAT HAPPENS, THIS 17:41.128 --> 17:44.128 align:start STRUCTURE, THE WAY WE SEE IS 17:44.131 --> 17:46.364 align:start BASICALLY CAN BE COLLAPSED AND 17:46.367 --> 17:48.933 align:start NOW YOU SEE THE DEPLOYMENT. 17:48.936 --> 17:50.401 align:start AND IT'S FULLY EXPANDED. 17:50.404 --> 17:53.871 align:start BUT EITHER ON THE MOON OR ON 17:53.874 --> 17:55.306 align:start MARS, WHICH YOU WOULD DO, JUST 17:55.309 --> 18:00.078 align:start COMPRESS IT. 18:00.081 --> 18:04.182 align:start AND HAVE THE CULTURE WHERE YOU 18:04.185 --> 18:05.983 align:start CAN PRETTY MUCH PACK AND PUT 18:05.986 --> 18:10.121 align:start QUITE A BIT INSIDE AND THEN ONCE 18:10.124 --> 18:14.058 align:start YOU'RE OUT THERE, HAVE 18:14.061 --> 18:17.528 align:start NUTRIENTS, THE WATER AND THE 18:17.531 --> 18:17.829 align:start NUTRIENTS SLOW DOWN AND THE 18:17.832 --> 18:20.098 align:start CYCLE. 18:20.101 --> 18:21.699 align:start THEY HAD THE ARRIVAL OF THE 18:21.702 --> 18:24.035 align:start ASTRONAUTS, SO ONCE AGAIN, THEY 18:24.038 --> 18:25.737 align:start HAD A FRESH FRUIT AVAILABLE. 18:25.740 --> 18:28.906 align:start >> DESCRIBE THE SIZE IN IT. 18:28.909 --> 18:29.273 align:start WHY IS IT STRUCTURED WITH A 18:29.276 --> 18:32.977 align:start CYLINDER? 18:32.980 --> 18:37.015 align:start >> THE STRUCTURE OF THE CYLINDER 18:37.018 --> 18:41.753 align:start BECAUSE THE MOON DEPLOYMENT, 18:41.756 --> 18:44.722 align:start BASICALLY WE HAD CONCEIVED THAT 18:44.725 --> 18:45.957 align:start THE SYSTEM WOULD BE DEPLOYED ON 18:45.960 --> 18:47.992 align:start MARS. 18:47.995 --> 18:53.364 align:start AND THE SYSTEM CONSIDERED THE 18:53.367 --> 18:53.665 align:start CENTRAL HUB AND DIFFERENT FOLKS. 18:53.668 --> 18:58.202 align:start RIGHT? 18:58.205 --> 18:58.603 align:start ONE OF THOSE UNITS WOULD BE 18:58.606 --> 18:59.771 align:start GREENHOUSES. 18:59.774 --> 19:01.639 align:start THE SYSTEM CALLED FOOD 19:01.642 --> 19:02.874 align:start PRODUCTION, OXYGEN, AND WATER 19:02.877 --> 19:08.179 align:start AND SO ON. 19:08.182 --> 19:09.280 align:start >> SO WE SEND A MAN TO THE MOON 19:09.283 --> 19:10.882 align:start OR MARS. 19:10.885 --> 19:13.584 align:start HE OR SHE WOULD BE ABLE TO 19:13.587 --> 19:16.988 align:start SUSTAIN HER LIFE. 19:16.991 --> 19:18.523 align:start >> OF COURSE, THERE'S A LOT OF 19:18.526 --> 19:19.957 align:start CHALLENGES, YOU KNOW TO DO IT. 19:19.960 --> 19:21.092 align:start BUT WE'RE COLLECTING DATA. 19:21.095 --> 19:22.827 align:start WE'RE MONITORING. 19:22.830 --> 19:24.929 align:start WE'RE TRYING TO PUSH THE 19:24.932 --> 19:26.531 align:start ENVELOPE ON WHAT'S POSSIBLE. 19:26.534 --> 19:29.967 align:start >> HERE AGAIN IS PETER SMITH 19:29.970 --> 19:31.803 align:start WITH HIS THOUGHTS ON THE FUTURE 19:31.806 --> 19:33.604 align:start OF MARS EXPLOEXPLORATION. 19:33.607 --> 19:34.038 align:start >> THE PATH FINDER MISSION WAS A 19:34.041 --> 19:35.640 align:start HUGE SUCCESS. 19:35.643 --> 19:37.175 align:start WE LOVED IT. 19:37.178 --> 19:39.043 align:start EVERYBODY LIKED THE PICTURES. 19:39.046 --> 19:41.446 align:start WE WATCHED THE ROVER DRIVE 19:41.449 --> 19:41.746 align:start AROUND AND EXPLORE THE ROCKS UP 19:41.749 --> 19:46.417 align:start CLOSE. 19:46.420 --> 19:47.719 align:start AND IN FACT, WE HAD THE FIRST 19:47.722 --> 19:51.556 align:start TRAFFIC ACCIDENT OUTSIDE OF THE 19:51.559 --> 19:52.090 align:start PLANET EARTH AS THE RIVER HIT A 19:52.093 --> 19:53.224 align:start ROCK. 19:53.227 --> 19:53.624 align:start SO, YOU KNOW, THERE WAS A LOT OF 19:53.627 --> 19:54.926 align:start EXCITEMENT. 19:54.929 --> 19:57.228 align:start IT WAS JUST THRILLING. 19:57.231 --> 19:58.796 align:start BUT THEN SEVERAL YEARS LATER IN 19:58.799 --> 20:00.498 align:start 1999, WE CAME ON A RETURN 20:00.501 --> 20:00.832 align:start MISSION AND WE LOST THE WHOLE 20:00.835 --> 20:02.633 align:start MISSION. 20:02.636 --> 20:04.202 align:start SO WE'D GONE FROM THIS HUGE 20:04.205 --> 20:07.505 align:start SUCCESS AND THE THRILL OF 20:07.508 --> 20:08.773 align:start LANDING ON MARS AND TAKING 20:08.776 --> 20:10.008 align:start PICTURES AND DOING EXPLORATION 20:10.011 --> 20:12.877 align:start TO A COMPLETE FAILURE. 20:12.880 --> 20:13.578 align:start WE HAD NO PICTURES, NO 20:13.581 --> 20:16.714 align:start EXPLORATION POSSIBLE. 20:16.717 --> 20:18.249 align:start AND IT JUST SHOWS HOW DIFFICULT 20:18.252 --> 20:20.852 align:start IT IS TO DO SCIENCE ON MARS. 20:20.855 --> 20:23.454 align:start AND ALSO, HOW DIFFICULT IT WILL 20:23.457 --> 20:25.089 align:start BE FOR PEOPLE TO GO TO MARS. 20:25.092 --> 20:26.958 align:start NOT A SIMPLE THING. 20:26.961 --> 20:28.826 align:start WE LOOK FORWARD TO IT, BUT I'M 20:28.829 --> 20:31.362 align:start AFRAID IT MAY BE A LONG TIME 20:31.365 --> 20:32.764 align:start BEFORE WE'RE REALLY PREPARED TO 20:32.767 --> 20:34.365 align:start SEND PEOPLE. 20:34.368 --> 20:34.666 align:start >> CAN LIFE SUSTAIN ITSELF ON 20:34.669 --> 20:36.934 align:start MARS? 20:36.937 --> 20:38.870 align:start >> WELL, THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION. 20:38.873 --> 20:42.340 align:start THAT'S SORT OF THE HOLY GRAIL OF 20:42.343 --> 20:43.474 align:start OUR MISSION IS TO TRY AND FIND 20:43.477 --> 20:45.476 align:start IF LIFE CAN SURVIVE ON MARS AS 20:45.479 --> 20:49.380 align:start IT DID IN PRIMITIVE EARTH, WHICH 20:49.383 --> 20:50.381 align:start WAS A HARSH ENVIRONMENT ALSO. 20:50.384 --> 20:53.284 align:start CERTAINLY COULD. 20:53.287 --> 20:53.618 align:start BUT NOT COMMONLY FOUND ON THE 20:53.621 --> 20:55.119 align:start SURFACE. 20:55.122 --> 20:57.255 align:start IT WOULD BE IN LITTLE NICHES OR 20:57.258 --> 20:59.924 align:start CAVES OR UNDERGROUND SITUATIONS 20:59.927 --> 21:01.659 align:start WHERE IT'S PROTECTED. 21:01.662 --> 21:01.959 align:start >> YOU LIKED MARS BEFORE IT WAS 21:01.962 --> 21:03.661 align:start COOL. 21:03.664 --> 21:03.928 align:start THE MOVIE THE MARTIAN JUST CAME 21:03.931 --> 21:07.465 align:start OUT. 21:07.468 --> 21:08.599 align:start A LOT OF PEOPLE JUMP ON THE BAND 21:08.602 --> 21:09.634 align:start WAGON RIGHT NOW. 21:09.637 --> 21:12.003 align:start PROBABLY LITTLE KIDS LIKE YOU 21:12.006 --> 21:13.204 align:start WERE WATCHING IT. 21:13.207 --> 21:13.705 align:start IS THIS A NEW CONCEPT INTO 21:13.708 --> 21:15.039 align:start LOVING SCIENCE? 21:15.042 --> 21:15.573 align:start >> THAT WOULD BE A WONDERFUL 21:15.576 --> 21:17.308 align:start THING, YES. 21:17.311 --> 21:18.276 align:start SCIENCE IS A GREAT WAY TO LEARN 21:18.279 --> 21:19.410 align:start ABOUT THE WORLD. 21:19.413 --> 21:21.713 align:start AND A WONDERFUL CAREER. 21:21.716 --> 21:24.982 align:start SO I REALLY HOPE IT DOES 21:24.985 --> 21:25.350 align:start ENCOURAGE KIDS TO STUDY THEIR 21:25.353 --> 21:27.752 align:start SCIENCES. 21:27.755 --> 21:28.453 align:start YOU CAN CONSIDER CAREERS. 21:28.456 --> 21:29.554 align:start >> THE MARTIAN MOVIE DID NOT 21:29.557 --> 21:32.123 align:start NECESSARILY CONTACT YOU 21:32.126 --> 21:32.557 align:start DIRECTLY, BUT YOU HAD SOME ROLE 21:32.560 --> 21:35.526 align:start IN THIS FILM. 21:35.529 --> 21:37.195 align:start >> WELL, THE JET PROPULSION LAB 21:37.198 --> 21:40.465 align:start ASKED ME IF I HAD ANY OLD 21:40.468 --> 21:40.798 align:start PHOTOGRAPHS OF OUR CAMERA MOVING 21:40.801 --> 21:42.500 align:start AROUND. 21:42.503 --> 21:44.068 align:start I HAVE TO TELL YOU, I'M NOT 21:44.071 --> 21:46.604 align:start TOTALLY PROUD OF THIS, BUT THE 21:46.607 --> 21:46.971 align:start CAMERA DOESN'T MOVE AS NICE AND 21:46.974 --> 21:50.241 align:start SMOOTHLY. 21:50.244 --> 21:52.977 align:start IT ACTUALLY IS A LITTLE JERKY AS 21:52.980 --> 21:54.245 align:start IT TURNS. 21:54.248 --> 21:55.380 align:start IT WAS A LOW BUDGET CAMERA. 21:55.383 --> 21:57.582 align:start IT WAS A LITTLE JERKY. 21:57.585 --> 21:59.550 align:start WHEN I USED TO GO TO JPL DURING 21:59.553 --> 22:00.852 align:start THE DAY FOR THE MISSION, THE 22:00.855 --> 22:03.488 align:start PROJECT MANAGER TONY SPEARS, 22:03.491 --> 22:06.090 align:start WHEN HE WOULD SEE ME COMING, OH, 22:06.093 --> 22:06.391 align:start PETER, HE'D START MOVING HIS 22:06.394 --> 22:07.625 align:start HEAD. 22:07.628 --> 22:08.192 align:start >> TELL ME ABOUT THE PICTURE YOU 22:08.195 --> 22:10.795 align:start BROUGHT TODAY. 22:10.798 --> 22:13.498 align:start >> THE PICTURE I BROUGHT IS OUR 22:13.501 --> 22:16.034 align:start FLIGHT CAMERA TAKEN IN 1995 AS 22:16.037 --> 22:16.434 align:start IT WAS DELIVERED TO THE 22:16.437 --> 22:17.468 align:start SPACECRAFT. 22:17.471 --> 22:18.436 align:start RIGHT BEFORE DELIVERY, WE TOOK 22:18.439 --> 22:19.971 align:start THE LAST PICTURE OF IT. 22:19.974 --> 22:21.272 align:start I WANTED TO POINT OUT. 22:21.275 --> 22:21.839 align:start IT LOOKED VERY MUCH LIKE THE ONE 22:21.842 --> 22:24.809 align:start IN THE MOVIE. 22:24.812 --> 22:25.810 align:start IT HAS THE TWO EYES WHICH ALLOWS 22:25.813 --> 22:27.145 align:start THE STEREO VIEW. 22:27.148 --> 22:28.079 align:start IT HAS THE NECK THAT TURNS LIKE 22:28.082 --> 22:29.647 align:start THE HUMAN HEAD. 22:29.650 --> 22:30.782 align:start GIVES YOU A HUMAN VISION OF WHAT 22:30.785 --> 22:32.116 align:start MARS WOULD LOOK LIKE. 22:32.119 --> 22:32.417 align:start BUT IT'S A LITTLE DIFFERENT 22:32.420 --> 22:33.818 align:start MASS. 22:33.821 --> 22:34.786 align:start IN THE MOVIE, IT HAD THIS 22:34.789 --> 22:35.086 align:start BEAUTIFUL MASS THAT WENT UP AND 22:35.089 --> 22:36.354 align:start DOWN. 22:36.357 --> 22:37.789 align:start WE WOULDN'T AFFORD THAT. 22:37.792 --> 22:39.624 align:start SO WE'D HAVE A LITTLE JACK IN 22:39.627 --> 22:41.659 align:start THE BOX THING THAT WENT UP. 22:41.662 --> 22:45.163 align:start BUT IF YOU LOOK CLOSELY AT IT, 22:45.166 --> 22:46.331 align:start AND I WANT YOU TO ZOOM IN ON ITS 22:46.334 --> 22:46.631 align:start SO-CALLED FACE, YOU SEE THE 22:46.634 --> 22:48.199 align:start EYES. 22:48.202 --> 22:52.970 align:start IF YOU LOOK CAREFULLY, YOU'LL 22:52.973 --> 22:57.041 align:start SEE A LITTLE SMILE. 22:57.044 --> 22:58.109 align:start AND THOSE ARE THE VIN POOLS. 22:58.112 --> 22:59.310 align:start LET'S MAKE A SMILE. 22:59.313 --> 23:00.078 align:start IF YOU LOOK AT THE CAMERA, 23:00.081 --> 23:01.412 align:start YOU'LL SEE THE SMILE. 23:01.415 --> 23:01.713 align:start THEY DIDN'T GET THAT IN THE 23:01.716 --> 23:02.980 align:start MOVIE. 23:02.983 --> 23:03.348 align:start THEY SHOULD HAVE CALLED ME 23:03.351 --> 23:06.918 align:start DIRECTLY. 23:06.921 --> 23:08.653 align:start I WOULD HAVE POINTED IT OUT. 23:08.656 --> 23:09.821 align:start >> HOW PROUD MUST YOU BE OF YOUR 23:09.824 --> 23:11.756 align:start WORK HERE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 23:11.759 --> 23:12.056 align:start ARIZONA AND TO SEE IT NOW IN THE 23:12.059 --> 23:13.358 align:start MOVIE? 23:13.361 --> 23:15.626 align:start I MEAN, YOU'VE BEEN PROUD FOR A 23:15.629 --> 23:16.160 align:start LONG TIME, BUT NOW PEOPLE ARE 23:16.163 --> 23:18.629 align:start UNDERSTANDING. 23:18.632 --> 23:20.331 align:start >> WELL, I WAS BLESSED TO BE 23:20.334 --> 23:20.631 align:start BORN AT THE RIGHT TIME FOR 23:20.634 --> 23:23.868 align:start SPACE. 23:23.871 --> 23:25.603 align:start MY CAREER STARTED WITH THE 23:25.606 --> 23:27.705 align:start APOLLO PROGRAM AND CONTINUED 23:27.708 --> 23:29.707 align:start UNTIL THE DAY THE EXPLORATION OF 23:29.710 --> 23:31.309 align:start EVERY SINGLE ONE OF OUR PLANETS 23:31.312 --> 23:32.410 align:start AND EVEN ONE THAT'S NO LONGER A 23:32.413 --> 23:32.744 align:start PLANET HAPPENED DURING MY 23:32.747 --> 23:34.579 align:start CAREER. 23:34.582 --> 23:35.947 align:start SO I COULDN'T HAVE CHOSEN A 23:35.950 --> 23:36.280 align:start BETTER TIME TO GO INTO SPACE 23:36.283 --> 23:37.715 align:start SCIENCE. 23:44.591 --> 23:49.060 align:start >> JOINING ME NOW IS SARAH 23:49.063 --> 23:49.360 align:start HAMMOND, THE SCIENCE PRODUCER 23:49.363 --> 23:50.428 align:start HERE. 23:50.431 --> 23:50.728 align:start THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR JOINING ME 23:50.731 --> 23:53.498 align:start TODAY. 23:53.501 --> 23:54.198 align:start >> YOU'RE WELCOME. 23:54.201 --> 23:55.400 align:start >> HOW LONG HAS THIS RESEARCH 23:55.403 --> 23:56.234 align:start BEEN DONE HERE AT THE UNIVERSITY 23:56.237 --> 23:59.470 align:start WORKING WITH NASA? 23:59.473 --> 24:02.507 align:start >> WELL, THE PLANETARY LAB AND 24:02.510 --> 24:06.110 align:start THE SCIENCES DEPARTMENT STOOD UP 24:06.113 --> 24:07.412 align:start IN THE 1960s WHEN JER RON HYPER 24:07.415 --> 24:08.513 align:start WAS RECRUITED FROM THE 24:08.516 --> 24:14.085 align:start UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. 24:14.088 --> 24:14.619 align:start HE WAS MAPPING THE MOON FOR A 24:14.622 --> 24:16.020 align:start LUNAR LANDING SITE. 24:16.023 --> 24:16.621 align:start PRESIDENT KENNEDY WAS PASSIONATE 24:16.624 --> 24:18.189 align:start ABOUT IT. 24:18.192 --> 24:19.557 align:start IT JUST CONTINUED. 24:19.560 --> 24:22.327 align:start THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA HAS 24:22.330 --> 24:24.929 align:start BEEN INVOLVED IN LITERALLY ALL 24:24.932 --> 24:26.597 align:start IF NOT ALL OF PLANETARY 24:26.600 --> 24:27.565 align:start EXPLORATION SYSTEMS THROUGHOUT 24:27.568 --> 24:29.067 align:start OUR SOLAR SYSTEM. 24:29.070 --> 24:29.534 align:start THE LAST THREE OR FOUR DECADES 24:29.537 --> 24:30.535 align:start OR SO. 24:30.538 --> 24:33.671 align:start MANY MORE TO COME. 24:33.674 --> 24:35.807 align:start WHEN WE SEE A PROJECT LIKE THIS, 24:35.810 --> 24:36.941 align:start THE MARTIAN MOVIE WHERE EVERYONE 24:36.944 --> 24:38.242 align:start WONDERS, WHAT ARE THE SCIENTISTS 24:38.245 --> 24:38.609 align:start AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 24:38.612 --> 24:41.212 align:start THINKING? 24:41.215 --> 24:42.513 align:start IT GOES BEYOND THE U OF A. 24:42.516 --> 24:43.181 align:start IT HAPPENS IN OTHER UNIVERSITIES 24:43.184 --> 24:45.483 align:start AND THE STATE. 24:45.486 --> 24:48.219 align:start >> RIGHT. 24:48.222 --> 24:50.355 align:start WE HAVE A PLANETARY SCIENCES 24:50.358 --> 24:50.755 align:start DEPARTMENT HERE AT THE TUCSON 24:50.758 --> 24:51.622 align:start UNIVERSITY. 24:51.625 --> 24:54.592 align:start ARIZONA UNIVERSITY HAS DONE A 24:54.595 --> 24:58.596 align:start LOT OF WORK ON MARS EXPLORATION. 24:58.599 --> 25:00.698 align:start AND THE OBSERVATORY IN 25:00.701 --> 25:00.999 align:start FLAGSTAFF, OF COURSE, DISCOVERED 25:01.002 --> 25:03.167 align:start PLUTO. 25:03.170 --> 25:05.036 align:start AND THEY CONTINUE TO DO 25:05.039 --> 25:07.005 align:start IMPORTANT WORK THERE AS WELL. 25:07.008 --> 25:08.840 align:start SO ARIZONA IS PRETTY WELL KNOWN 25:08.843 --> 25:09.507 align:start FOR PLANETARY EXPLORATION IN 25:09.510 --> 25:10.808 align:start SCIENCE AND DISCOVERY. 25:10.811 --> 25:11.976 align:start >> AND THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 25:11.979 --> 25:14.312 align:start MADE SOME NEWS SEVERAL WEEKS 25:14.315 --> 25:15.046 align:start BACK WHEN WE HEARD NEWS OF WATER 25:15.049 --> 25:16.180 align:start ON MARS. 25:16.183 --> 25:18.950 align:start HOW DID THAT ALL HAPPEN? 25:18.953 --> 25:20.351 align:start >> INTERESTINGLY ENOUGH, THE 25:20.354 --> 25:23.488 align:start HIGH RES CAMERA WHICH WE JUST 25:23.491 --> 25:25.289 align:start HEARD ABOUT FROM DR. McKARIN, 25:25.292 --> 25:26.624 align:start CIRCLES MARS EVERY FEW HOURS AND 25:26.627 --> 25:27.959 align:start AND UNDERGRADUATE STUDENT 25:27.962 --> 25:30.595 align:start NOTICED THESE FEATURES ON MARS. 25:30.598 --> 25:33.698 align:start IT LOOKED LIKE THEY WERE 25:33.701 --> 25:36.434 align:start EXTENDED OUT AND GO BACK AWAY. 25:36.437 --> 25:37.101 align:start HE WENT TO DOCUMENT AND 25:37.104 --> 25:41.506 align:start DETERMINED THAT IS ACTUALLY 25:41.509 --> 25:42.140 align:start WATER FLOWING ON MARS DURING THE 25:42.143 --> 25:46.044 align:start SUMMER. 25:46.047 --> 25:51.783 align:start SO THE FAULTS ON MARS ALLOWS THE 25:51.786 --> 25:52.116 align:start WATER TO LIQUEFY AND SEE IT IN 25:52.119 --> 25:54.052 align:start WINTER. 25:54.055 --> 25:55.787 align:start THE FEATURES WERE FIRST 25:55.790 --> 25:58.322 align:start DISCOVERED BY HIGH RES AND THEN 25:58.325 --> 25:59.857 align:start ANOTHER INSTRUMENT ON THE MARS 25:59.860 --> 26:03.928 align:start CONFIRMED THEM. 26:03.931 --> 26:05.563 align:start >> SO SORT OF STARTED AT THE U 26:05.566 --> 26:07.398 align:start OF A AND THEN CAME FULL CIRCLE. 26:07.401 --> 26:08.299 align:start HAD THE SCIENTIFIC WORLD BUZZING 26:08.302 --> 26:08.833 align:start A FEW WEEKS AGO. 26:08.836 --> 26:10.101 align:start >> CERTAINLY. 26:10.104 --> 26:11.569 align:start >> THIS MOVIE, THE MARTIAN, 26:11.572 --> 26:12.236 align:start REALLY GAINING A LOT OF GROUND 26:12.239 --> 26:13.538 align:start IN HOLLYWOOD. 26:13.541 --> 26:15.406 align:start BUT I THINK ALSO REALLY 26:15.409 --> 26:15.807 align:start INSPIRING A NEW GENERATION OF 26:15.810 --> 26:17.909 align:start SCIENTISTS. 26:17.912 --> 26:20.211 align:start >> IT REALLY IS. 26:20.214 --> 26:21.612 align:start I SAT IN ON THE PANEL DISCUSSION 26:21.615 --> 26:22.947 align:start OVER AT THE SCIENCE THERE. 26:22.950 --> 26:26.217 align:start THERE ARE A NUMBER OF STUDENTS 26:26.220 --> 26:27.919 align:start THERE AND I THINK THE IDEA THAT 26:27.922 --> 26:29.487 align:start WE CAN LEARN ABOUT OTHER 26:29.490 --> 26:31.055 align:start PLANETS, PERHAPS GO TO OTHER 26:31.058 --> 26:33.324 align:start PLANETS SOME DAY, IS INSPIRING 26:33.327 --> 26:35.126 align:start FOR YOUNG PEOPLE TO BECOME 26:35.129 --> 26:37.161 align:start SCIENTISTS OR ENGINEERS. 26:37.164 --> 26:40.999 align:start AND REALLY CONTINUE ON WITH THE 26:41.002 --> 26:43.368 align:start WORK THAT'S BEEN GOING ON SINCE 26:43.371 --> 26:44.402 align:start THE '50s AND '60s. 26:44.405 --> 26:48.106 align:start >> THE PANEL DISCUSSION YOU WERE 26:48.109 --> 26:48.840 align:start ABLE TO SIT IN ON, A LOT SAY 26:48.843 --> 26:49.841 align:start THIS WAS DONE WELL CONSIDERING 26:49.844 --> 26:52.010 align:start THE CIRCUMSTANCES AND WHAT THEY 26:52.013 --> 26:52.643 align:start WERE TRYING TO PORTRAY. 26:52.646 --> 26:54.212 align:start >> ABSOLUTELY. 26:54.215 --> 26:57.215 align:start IT'S A FILM MADE FROM A LOCAL 26:57.218 --> 26:57.582 align:start FICTION, BUT THE AUTHOR DID HIS 26:57.585 --> 26:59.017 align:start HOMEWORK. 26:59.020 --> 27:02.353 align:start AND DID A LOT OF RESEARCH. 27:02.356 --> 27:02.754 align:start IT'S AS REALISTIC AS IT CAN 27:02.757 --> 27:05.556 align:start POSSIBLY BE. 27:05.559 --> 27:06.991 align:start IT IS A LOT OF FUN TOO. 27:06.994 --> 27:08.259 align:start AND THE INTEREST IN MARS. 27:08.262 --> 27:10.161 align:start YOU WANT TO GO SEE IT. 27:10.164 --> 27:11.429 align:start >> AND ALL OF THE PROFESSORS WE 27:11.432 --> 27:13.131 align:start SPOKE WITH AT THE UNIVERSITY 27:13.134 --> 27:14.532 align:start TALKED IN LENGTH ABOUT HOW IT 27:14.535 --> 27:14.899 align:start WAS WELL DONE AND THERE ARE SOME 27:14.902 --> 27:16.701 align:start CONCERNS. 27:16.704 --> 27:19.537 align:start BUT FOR THE MOST PART, IT DID A 27:19.540 --> 27:20.271 align:start REALLY GOOD JOB OF GIVING CREDIT 27:20.274 --> 27:20.972 align:start TO THE WORK THAT'S DONE HERE AT 27:20.975 --> 27:24.676 align:start THE U OF A. 27:24.679 --> 27:26.377 align:start >> HERE AT THE U OF A AND NASA, 27:26.380 --> 27:29.213 align:start THE JET PROPULSION LABORATORY 27:29.216 --> 27:29.881 align:start GOT A PRETTY GOOD SHOUTOUT WITH 27:29.884 --> 27:31.582 align:start THE MOVIE. 27:31.585 --> 27:33.885 align:start IT'S REALISTIC AND FUN. 27:33.888 --> 27:35.753 align:start >> SARAH HAMMOND, SCIENCE 27:35.756 --> 27:36.054 align:start PRODUCER HERE AT ARIZONA PUBLIC 27:36.057 --> 27:36.754 align:start MEDIA. 27:36.757 --> 27:37.121 align:start THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR 27:37.124 --> 27:37.655 align:start ANALYSIS. 27:37.658 --> 27:38.356 align:start >> YOU'RE WELCOME. 27:38.359 --> 27:38.756 align:start >> AND THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR 27:38.759 --> 27:42.327 align:start JOINING US. 27:42.330 --> 27:42.894 align:start FOR ALL OF US AT ARIZONA PUBLIC