1 00:00:03,666 --> 00:00:05,700 IN THE EXTREME SOUTHERN PORTION OF THE AMERICAS, 2 00:00:05,700 --> 00:00:08,900 SPANIARDS FOUND ON THE PACIFIC COAST A LAND 3 00:00:08,900 --> 00:00:13,766 OF STEAMING VOLCANOES, POUNDING RIVERS, ALIEN TREES AND MAPUCHE 4 00:00:13,766 --> 00:00:18,866 INDIANS WHO RESISTED THEIR ADVANCE. 5 00:00:18,866 --> 00:00:20,966 SEVERAL HUNDRED YEARS LATER, 6 00:00:20,966 --> 00:00:23,500 CHILEANS INVITED OTHER EUROPEANS TO SETTLE 7 00:00:23,500 --> 00:00:27,366 AND STAMP THE LANDSCAPE WITH THEIR CULTURE. 8 00:00:32,600 --> 00:00:36,500 FUNDING FOR IN THE AMERICAS WITH DAVID YETMAN 9 00:00:36,500 --> 00:00:41,366 WAS PROVIDED BY AGNES HAURY. 10 00:00:46,566 --> 00:00:56,533 ♪ MUSIC ♪ 11 00:01:11,266 --> 00:01:14,666 THE REPUBLIC OF CHILE IS OVER 3, 000 MILES LONG 12 00:01:14,666 --> 00:01:18,000 AND SELDOM MORE THAN ABOUT A HUNDRED MILES WIDE. 13 00:01:18,000 --> 00:01:21,500 THE CAPITAL CITY OF SANTIAGO LIES ROUGHLY IN THE CENTER. 14 00:01:21,500 --> 00:01:25,633 TO THE NORTH THE COUNTRY IS SEMI ARID TO HYPER ARID 15 00:01:25,633 --> 00:01:29,033 WITH THE DRIEST DESERTS IN THE WORLD. 16 00:01:29,033 --> 00:01:32,100 TO THE SOUTH THE CLIMATE BECOMES MORE AND MORE MOIST 17 00:01:32,100 --> 00:01:35,366 AND GRADUALLY YOU ENCOUNTER A LAND OF VOLCANOES, 18 00:01:35,366 --> 00:01:41,400 GLACIERS, SNOW PACKS, WILD RIVERS AND RAINFORESTS. 19 00:01:41,400 --> 00:01:49,033 IT IS ONE OF THE WONDERS OF THE AMERICAS. 20 00:01:49,033 --> 00:01:50,033 IT'S A GOOD REASON THAT THIS IS CALLED THE BAJA DE LA LUNA, 21 00:01:50,033 --> 00:01:51,933 THE VALLEY OF THE MOON. 22 00:01:51,933 --> 00:01:54,166 IT'S A MOONSCAPE AND IT'S ALL THE RESULT OF 23 00:01:54,166 --> 00:01:58,033 THE WORK OF THE LLAIMA VOLCANO UP HERE. 24 00:01:58,033 --> 00:02:01,900 FOR THE LAST 7,000 YEARS OR SO IT'S BEEN BLASTING THIS VALLEY. 25 00:02:01,900 --> 00:02:04,266 IN SOME PLACES THE VEGETATION, WHICH IS PRETTY RICH, 26 00:02:04,266 --> 00:02:06,900 HAS BEEN PRESERVED. 27 00:02:06,900 --> 00:02:10,666 IT'S OUT OF THE WAY OF THE LAVA FLOWS BUT NOTHING 28 00:02:10,666 --> 00:02:12,600 WILL PRESERVE ANY VEGETATION FROM SOMETHING LIKE THIS 29 00:02:12,600 --> 00:02:18,266 WHICH IS A VOLCANIC BOMB. 30 00:02:18,266 --> 00:02:20,566 ONE OF THE IRONIES OF VOLCANIC EXPLOSIONS IS 31 00:02:20,566 --> 00:02:23,566 THAT THEY KILL EVERYTHING AROUND BUT THEY ALSO GIVE BIRTH. 32 00:02:23,566 --> 00:02:26,600 THESE SOILS THEY LEAVE ARE VERY RICH AND HERE WE SEE 33 00:02:26,600 --> 00:02:30,866 A LITTLE CONIFER THAT WILL ONE DAY BE 90 TO 100 FEET TALL, 34 00:02:30,866 --> 00:02:35,900 JUST LIKE THOSE UP ON THE HILLSIDE. 35 00:02:35,900 --> 00:02:37,633 THIS LAVA BED'S PRETTY EASY TO WALK ON. 36 00:02:37,633 --> 00:02:39,466 IT'S KIND OF NICE. 37 00:02:39,466 --> 00:02:42,233 THE LAVA IS CALLED AA, HAWAIIAN TERM FOR 38 00:02:42,233 --> 00:02:45,366 THE REALLY ROUGH CRUNCHY STUFF THAT CAME OUT OF THE VOLCANO 39 00:02:45,366 --> 00:02:47,200 UP THERE AND FLOWED DOWN AND PLUGGED UP THE CANYON 40 00:02:47,200 --> 00:02:49,766 AND MADE THE LAKE. 41 00:02:49,766 --> 00:02:52,766 BUT AFTERWARDS THERE WAS A HUGE MASSIVE ERUPTION OF ASH 42 00:02:52,766 --> 00:02:56,300 AND IT BLEW DOWN HERE AND THE WIND BLEW IT 43 00:02:56,300 --> 00:02:58,366 AND IT SETTLED IN ALL THE CRACKS. 44 00:02:58,366 --> 00:03:00,300 HEY, THERE'S A PLANT. 45 00:03:00,300 --> 00:03:02,766 THERE'S EVEN PLANTS GROWING IN THIS LAVA 46 00:03:02,766 --> 00:03:04,466 WHICH MEANS PLANTS CAN GROW IN ANYTHING, 47 00:03:04,466 --> 00:03:11,366 EVEN IN THE VALLEY OF THE MOON. 48 00:03:11,366 --> 00:03:14,900 THE TOWERING FEATURE OF THE PARK OF COURSE IS THE LLAIMA VOLCANO. 49 00:03:14,900 --> 00:03:17,266 BUT EVEN IF IT WEREN'T THERE, 50 00:03:17,266 --> 00:03:21,833 IT HAS SOME FORESTS THAT ARE THE BEGINNING PART OF 51 00:03:21,833 --> 00:03:23,433 THE SOUTHERN FORESTS OF CHILE THAT ARE UNLIKE 52 00:03:23,433 --> 00:03:25,800 ANY OTHERS IN THE WORLD. 53 00:03:25,800 --> 00:03:28,533 THEY HAVE A VERY, VERY OLD SPECIES OF CONIFERS, 54 00:03:28,533 --> 00:03:33,166 TREES THAT ARE 4,000 OR 5,000 YEARS OLD, 55 00:03:33,166 --> 00:03:35,833 STRANGE AND WONDERFUL FORESTS AND THERE ARE LAKES 56 00:03:35,833 --> 00:03:41,366 ALSO DUE TO THE MOUNTAINS BUT LAKES OF VARIOUS COLORS. 57 00:03:41,366 --> 00:03:43,900 THERE'S ONE CALLED LAGUNA VERDE THAT IS SORT OF A 58 00:03:43,900 --> 00:03:50,466 GREENISH COLOR WHICH IS WHAT THE NAME MEANS. 59 00:03:53,433 --> 00:03:57,833 SO IT'S QUITE A CLIMB UP, OUT OF LAKE CONGUILLÍO. 60 00:03:57,833 --> 00:04:00,466 BUT TO GET TO THE PLACE WHERE YOU CAN GET THE BIG PICTURE, 61 00:04:00,466 --> 00:04:03,200 SEE WHAT'S REALLY GOING ON IN THE PARK, 62 00:04:03,200 --> 00:04:06,466 YOU HAVE TO DO A LOT OF CLIMBING SO UP THE TRAIL 63 00:04:06,466 --> 00:04:09,666 WE GO INTO THE DENSE BLACK FOREST. 64 00:04:12,900 --> 00:04:15,600 EVEN MORE UNUSUAL THAN THE VOLCANOES IS THIS TREE. 65 00:04:15,600 --> 00:04:17,566 IT'S CALLED THE PEWEN LOCALLY. 66 00:04:17,566 --> 00:04:20,500 IT'S SCIENTIFIC NAME IS ARAUCARIA. 67 00:04:20,500 --> 00:04:22,966 IT'S ALSO CALLED THE MONKEY PUZZLE TREE. 68 00:04:22,966 --> 00:04:25,033 IT'S FOUND ONLY IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE ANDES 69 00:04:25,033 --> 00:04:26,966 IN CHILE AND IN NEW ZEALAND. 70 00:04:26,966 --> 00:04:29,200 IT DOESN'T HAVE NEEDLES. 71 00:04:29,200 --> 00:04:31,300 IT IS OLDER THAN THE TREES THAT HAVE NEEDLES. 72 00:04:31,300 --> 00:04:33,566 IT'S FROM JURASSIC TIMES. 73 00:04:33,566 --> 00:04:36,533 IT'S A LIVING FOSSIL. 74 00:04:36,533 --> 00:04:39,733 THESE LITTLE PRECURSORS TO NEEDLES ARE VERY, 75 00:04:39,733 --> 00:04:43,333 VERY SHARP BUT THE LOCAL MAPUCHE PEOPLE HAVE LEARNED 76 00:04:43,333 --> 00:04:47,533 TO HARVEST THE CONES THAT ARE FULL OF A VERY NUTRITIOUS NUT. 77 00:04:47,533 --> 00:04:49,333 THE MONKEY PUZZLE TREES 78 00:04:49,333 --> 00:04:52,100 HAVE A NUMBER OF UNUSUAL CHARACTERISTICS. 79 00:04:52,100 --> 00:04:54,533 THEY'RE DIOECIOUS, THAT MEANS THEY HAVE BOTH MALE 80 00:04:54,533 --> 00:04:57,333 AND FEMALE TREES AND THE FEMALES DON'T BECOME 81 00:04:57,333 --> 00:05:04,033 SEXUALLY ACTIVE UNTIL THEY'RE 350 YEARS OLD. 82 00:05:04,033 --> 00:05:05,633 UP ON TOP OF THE RIDGE THE WIND'S BLOWING ABOUT 83 00:05:05,633 --> 00:05:08,866 30 MILES AN HOUR AND IT DOESN'T MATTER. 84 00:05:08,866 --> 00:05:11,500 THERE'S A WATERFALL OVER THERE WITH A RAINBOW, 85 00:05:11,500 --> 00:05:17,200 A GLACIER UP ABOVE AND THESE ARAUCARIA TREES 86 00:05:17,200 --> 00:05:19,800 THAT LOOK LIKE NOTHING MORE THAN INVERTED PARSNIPS 87 00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:21,533 COMING OUT OF THE GROUND, A HUNDRED MILLION OF THEM. 88 00:05:21,533 --> 00:05:26,400 I'M NOT SURE WHERE I AM. 89 00:05:26,400 --> 00:05:28,766 HAD TO CLIMB UP ABOUT OVER 1, 000 FEET 90 00:05:28,766 --> 00:05:31,566 TO GET THIS VIEW AND WHAT A PRIVILEGE 91 00:05:31,566 --> 00:05:35,100 TO BE ABLE TO STAND UP HERE AND TAKE IT. 92 00:05:35,100 --> 00:05:39,666 THE VOLCANO HAS CREATED ALL THESE LAVA FLOWS 93 00:05:39,666 --> 00:05:43,833 WHICH PLUG UP THE VALLEYS AND CREATE THESE LAKES. 94 00:05:43,833 --> 00:05:47,400 IT'S JUST A WONDERFUL THING TO SEE HAPPENING. 95 00:05:47,400 --> 00:05:49,166 AND THE LEVELS RISE AND FALL DEPENDING ON 96 00:05:49,166 --> 00:05:52,466 HOW MUCH SNOW MELT THERE IS. 97 00:05:52,466 --> 00:05:55,100 THEN UP ABOVE US THERE IS A GLACIER, 98 00:05:55,100 --> 00:05:58,833 SMALL ONE BUT A GLACIER NEVERTHELESS. 99 00:05:58,833 --> 00:06:01,966 THIS RIDGE REALLY IS A KNIFE EDGE. 100 00:06:01,966 --> 00:06:05,800 ON ONE SIDE THERE'S A DEEP CANYON AND ON THIS SIDE 101 00:06:05,800 --> 00:06:09,233 IS THE BASIN OR THE LAKE IN IT AND I THINK I'M FAR ENOUGH AWAY 102 00:06:09,233 --> 00:06:13,233 FROM LLAIMA VOLCANO THAT IF IT DOES ERUPT IT WON'T GET ME. 103 00:06:13,233 --> 00:06:14,766 IT LOOKS LIKE THERE'S A LITTLE STUFF 104 00:06:14,766 --> 00:06:20,033 COMING OUT OF THE SIDE THERE. 105 00:06:20,033 --> 00:06:22,666 NEAR THE COAST IN THE SOUTH CENTRAL PART OF THE 106 00:06:22,666 --> 00:06:26,600 COUNTRY IS THE LARGEST SALT LAKE IN ALL OF SOUTH AMERICA. 107 00:06:26,600 --> 00:06:33,833 AROUND IT AND INLAND LIVE THE MAPUCHE PEOPLE. 108 00:06:33,833 --> 00:06:36,100 THIS DRUM IS ACTUALLY A REPRODUCTION OF WHERE 109 00:06:36,100 --> 00:06:38,900 THEY ARE IN THE UNIVERSE. 110 00:06:38,900 --> 00:06:41,833 THE MAPUCHE FROM RIGHT HERE ARE IN THE CENTER. 111 00:06:41,833 --> 00:06:43,500 WHEN HE'S BEATING THE DRUM, 112 00:06:43,500 --> 00:06:48,900 THAT'S AN INDICATION OF THEM. 113 00:06:48,900 --> 00:06:50,400 EACH DIRECTION REFERS TO FOUR OTHER DIFFERENT PEOPLES. 114 00:06:50,400 --> 00:06:52,766 ONE IN THE DIRECTION OF THE SEA, 115 00:06:52,766 --> 00:06:54,700 ONE IN THE DIRECTION OF THE ANDES TO THE EAST, 116 00:06:54,700 --> 00:06:56,533 ONE OF ANOTHER PEOPLE TO THE NORTH 117 00:06:56,533 --> 00:07:01,600 AND ANOTHER PEOPLE TO THE SOUTH. 118 00:07:01,600 --> 00:07:04,833 EVEN WITH THE WIND AND THE FOG THE HARVEST MUST GO ON. 119 00:07:04,833 --> 00:07:07,600 SO THEY BROUGHT ALL THESE SHEAVES OF WHEAT UP HERE 120 00:07:07,600 --> 00:07:10,833 AND WITH THE HELP OF THE PATIENT AND LOVING OXEN. 121 00:07:10,833 --> 00:07:13,566 AND THEY WILL LEAVE THIS HERE AND A MECHANICAL THRESHER 122 00:07:13,566 --> 00:07:16,433 WILL COME IN AND STOMP THIS DOWN AND THEY CAN 123 00:07:16,433 --> 00:07:19,866 ONLY PRAY THAT IT DOESN'T RAIN AND THE GRAIN GET WET 124 00:07:19,866 --> 00:07:25,700 BECAUSE THE WINNOWING WON'T WORK AT ALL ONCE IT'S WET. 125 00:07:25,700 --> 00:07:30,166 SO THE WHEAT, IT DOESN'T TAKE MUCH TO REMOVE IT FROM THE HUSK 126 00:07:30,166 --> 00:07:39,466 AND THERE YOU HAVE THE LOVELY KERNELS OF WHEAT. 127 00:07:39,466 --> 00:07:41,800 IF YOU THROW IT UP IN THE AIR, 128 00:07:41,800 --> 00:07:44,600 YOU GET MORE WHEAT COMING DOWN AND IF YOU DO IT AGAIN, 129 00:07:44,600 --> 00:07:48,000 BETTER THAN I DO, YOU GET MOST OF THE 130 00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:51,800 CHAFF BLOWN AWAY AND YOU WIND UP WITH PURE KERNELS OF WHEAT. 131 00:07:57,033 --> 00:08:03,366 THE TRADITIONAL MAPUCHE CEREMONY CONSISTS OF 132 00:08:03,366 --> 00:08:07,133 A BEGINNING BY A YOUNGER PERSON INTRODUCING 133 00:08:07,133 --> 00:08:09,500 AN ELDER WHO THEN INTRODUCES AN OLD WOMAN WHO TELLS 134 00:08:09,500 --> 00:08:16,533 A STORY IN MAPUCHE LANGUAGE. 135 00:08:16,533 --> 00:08:19,133 AND THAT'S FOLLOWED BY A CEREMONY OF THE HARVEST 136 00:08:19,133 --> 00:08:21,733 AND THAT ULTIMATELY THEN IS FOLLOWED BY A DANCE 137 00:08:21,733 --> 00:08:24,700 ALL THE WAY AROUND THE PLAZA TO DRUMS AND FLUTES 138 00:08:24,700 --> 00:08:27,133 AND HORNS AND WHATEVER TRADITIONAL INSTRUMENTS 139 00:08:27,133 --> 00:08:29,333 HAVE BEEN ASSEMBLED, 140 00:08:29,333 --> 00:08:32,566 MUCH TO THE GREAT DELIGHT OF EVERYBODY HERE. 141 00:08:38,266 --> 00:08:43,233 THE FLAGS HAVE A SPECIAL SIGNIFICANCE HERE. 142 00:08:43,233 --> 00:08:46,500 YOU HAVE TO KEEP IN MIND THAT THEY HAVE SIX MONTHS 143 00:08:46,500 --> 00:08:49,633 OF VERY TOUGH WEATHER HERE IN THE SOUTHERN PART 144 00:08:49,633 --> 00:08:51,533 OF CHILE WHEN IT'S RAINING ALMOST ALL THE TIME SO 145 00:08:51,533 --> 00:08:54,900 THEY LOVE IT WHEN IT CLEARS UP 146 00:08:54,900 --> 00:08:57,866 AND THE WHITE PART OF THE FLAG IS FOR GOOD WEATHER, 147 00:08:57,866 --> 00:09:00,400 THE BLACK IS FOR THE OTHER KIND OF WEATHER THAT MAY 148 00:09:00,400 --> 00:09:03,666 BRING RAIN BUT THEY NEED AN EQUILIBRIUM 149 00:09:03,666 --> 00:09:06,033 AND SO THE WHITE AND BLACK ARE A BALANCE OF NATURE. 150 00:09:06,033 --> 00:09:08,866 THE BLUE REPRESENTS THE SKY. 151 00:09:08,866 --> 00:09:11,833 SO ALL THOSE ARE VERY SYMBOLIC FOR THE CHANGE OF SEASONS, 152 00:09:11,833 --> 00:09:17,433 THE CONTROL OF HARVEST. 153 00:09:17,433 --> 00:09:20,133 THIS OBVIOUSLY ISN'T A HUGE CEREMONY. 154 00:09:20,133 --> 00:09:22,600 IT'S AN ATTEMPT TO BUY THE LEADERS OF THIS COMMUNITY 155 00:09:22,600 --> 00:09:25,100 TO BRING BACK SOME OF THE TRADITIONS BECAUSE THEY'RE 156 00:09:25,100 --> 00:09:26,966 VERY AWARE THAT THEY ARE LOSING THEM 157 00:09:26,966 --> 00:09:29,333 AND UNLESS THEY DO SOMETHING TO RESCUE THEM, 158 00:09:29,333 --> 00:09:34,500 IT WILL BE LOST FOR THEIR CHILDREN AND THEN FOREVER. 159 00:09:34,500 --> 00:09:37,400 I WASN'T TOO EAGER TO JOIN IN ON THE DANCING 160 00:09:37,400 --> 00:09:40,266 AND PROCESSION BUT WHEN IT COMES TO FERMENTED BEVERAGES, 161 00:09:40,266 --> 00:09:42,533 I'M ALWAYS WILLING TO BE A GUINEA PIG 162 00:09:42,533 --> 00:09:45,066 AND PARTICIPATE IN THE HIGHEST SPIRITUALITY OFFERED. 163 00:09:45,066 --> 00:09:46,233 HERE IT COMES. 164 00:09:46,233 --> 00:09:49,833 I'M IN. 165 00:09:58,200 --> 00:10:01,133 THIS MAPUCHE FEAST IS BASED MOSTLY ON WHEAT. 166 00:10:01,133 --> 00:10:03,366 THIS IS HORSE MEAT AND I THINK I'LL FOREGO THAT 167 00:10:03,366 --> 00:10:07,500 BUT THIS IS ALGAE FROM THE NEARBY SEA. 168 00:10:07,500 --> 00:10:10,633 WE'LL TRY THAT AND I'LL PUT A LITTLE BIT OF THIS 169 00:10:10,633 --> 00:10:17,266 SORT OF BARLEY WHICH HAS BEEN TOASTED IN ASHES, 170 00:10:17,266 --> 00:10:19,400 SHOULD BE A GOOD COMBINATION. 171 00:10:19,400 --> 00:10:21,400 LET'S SEE IF I CAN DO IT WITHOUT SPILLING IT ALL OVER EVERYTHING. 172 00:10:21,400 --> 00:10:24,366 MMM. 173 00:10:24,366 --> 00:10:27,033 IT'S REALLY QUITE TASTY. 174 00:10:27,033 --> 00:10:29,633 IT HAS A GOOD MIXTURE OF FLAVORS, 175 00:10:29,633 --> 00:10:35,000 PARTICULARLY THE ALGAE HAS A NICE FEEL AND TASTE TO IT. 176 00:10:35,000 --> 00:10:37,333 THE MAPUCHE WERE THE MOST RESISTANT, 177 00:10:37,333 --> 00:10:40,433 THE FIERCEST OPPONENTS OF THE SPANISH BUT TODAY 178 00:10:40,433 --> 00:10:44,166 THEY HAVE INCORPORATED FOOD BROUGHT FROM EUROPE 179 00:10:44,166 --> 00:10:50,333 BY THE SPANIARDS INTO THEIR BASIC DIET. 180 00:10:50,333 --> 00:10:52,100 ONE OF THE MOST UNUSUAL ASPECTS OF THE CULTURE 181 00:10:52,100 --> 00:10:54,000 OF THE MAPUCHE IS THEIR CHICKENS. 182 00:10:54,000 --> 00:10:57,333 THEY LAY BLUE EGGS. 183 00:10:57,333 --> 00:10:59,833 THE PURE STRAINS ARE NOT RELATED TO OTHER STRAINS 184 00:10:59,833 --> 00:11:02,933 OF CHICKENS THAT CAME FROM EUROPE. 185 00:11:02,933 --> 00:11:06,466 GENETIC STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT THEIR ORIGIN IS IN POLYNESIA 186 00:11:06,466 --> 00:11:09,866 AND SOMEHOW THEY MADE IT HERE ACROSS THE PACIFIC. 187 00:11:09,866 --> 00:11:13,300 THIS MEANS THAT THE MAPUCHE MAY HAVE HISTORICAL CONNECTIONS 188 00:11:13,300 --> 00:11:16,666 TO OTHER PEOPLES UNLIKE ANY OTHER PEOPLE 189 00:11:16,666 --> 00:11:21,733 IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. 190 00:11:21,733 --> 00:11:23,933 I'M LOOKING FORWARD TO SEEING THE BOAT THAT 191 00:11:23,933 --> 00:11:26,600 HERNÁN HAS MADE, THE DUGOUT. 192 00:11:26,600 --> 00:11:30,066 HE TELLS ME IT'S...AH, THERE IT IS. 193 00:11:30,066 --> 00:11:32,333 HE SAYS IT'S THREE METERS LONG, 10 FEET. 194 00:11:32,333 --> 00:11:34,966 IT'S MADE OF OAK. 195 00:11:34,966 --> 00:11:38,166 OH, MY GOSH! 196 00:11:38,166 --> 00:11:40,366 YES, IT'S MADE OUT OF OAK. 197 00:11:40,366 --> 00:11:42,900 BOY, THAT'S BEAUTIFUL! 198 00:11:42,900 --> 00:11:44,733 WAMPO. 199 00:11:44,733 --> 00:11:50,600 ALL RIGHT, THIS IS CALLED A WAMPO. 200 00:11:53,400 --> 00:11:57,233 THE WAY THEY FISH HERE IS NOT WITH A NET OR WITH 201 00:11:57,233 --> 00:12:03,300 A FISHING LINE BUT THEY LITERALLY SPEAR THEM. 202 00:12:03,300 --> 00:12:05,633 I GET THE FEELING THAT HERNÁN HAS DONE THIS BEFORE 203 00:12:05,633 --> 00:12:08,833 AND I WANT TO MAKE SURE THAT HE STAYS UPRIGHT IN THAT. 204 00:12:08,833 --> 00:12:16,933 I'M GLAD I'M NOT THERE. 205 00:12:16,933 --> 00:12:19,966 THE IDEA OF THESE BOATS WAS NOT ONLY TO FISH, 206 00:12:19,966 --> 00:12:21,966 THAT WAS IMPORTANT, BUT TO TRANSPORT PEOPLE 207 00:12:21,966 --> 00:12:26,600 AND GOODS ACROSS THE RIVER. 208 00:12:26,600 --> 00:12:28,200 THAT'S A LONG WAY AND IF THEY HAD STUFF TO BRING TO TOWN, 209 00:12:28,200 --> 00:12:30,066 THERE'S NO WAY THEY COULD GET ACROSS. 210 00:12:30,066 --> 00:12:31,833 THAT WAS BEFORE THE BRIDGE WAS MADE BUT EVEN NOW 211 00:12:31,833 --> 00:12:34,033 IT'S IDEAL FOR FISHING. 212 00:12:34,033 --> 00:12:35,500 AND HOW HE KEEPS HIS BALANCE, 213 00:12:35,500 --> 00:12:38,433 I THINK IT TAKES PRACTICE. 214 00:12:38,433 --> 00:12:40,666 THE MAPUCHE NOW OCCUPY ONLY A TINY PORTION OF 215 00:12:40,666 --> 00:12:43,300 THE LAND THAT WAS PREVIOUSLY THEIRS, 216 00:12:43,300 --> 00:12:50,866 A VAST TERRITORY OF RIVERS, LAKES AND FORESTS. 217 00:12:50,866 --> 00:12:53,566 I GET THE FEELING THAT I'M IN A PRIMEVAL FOREST, 218 00:12:53,566 --> 00:12:56,933 SEEING FOR THE FIRST TIME AN UNEXPLORED 219 00:12:56,933 --> 00:13:00,400 AND UNKNOWN WATERFALL BUT I HAVE TO REMIND MYSELF THAT 220 00:13:00,400 --> 00:13:05,766 THERE HAVE BEEN PEOPLE IN THIS AREA FOR OVER 13, 000 YEARS 221 00:13:05,766 --> 00:13:11,166 AND SPANIARDS TRYING TO COLONIZE ARRIVED HERE 450 YEARS AGO 222 00:13:11,166 --> 00:13:13,700 AND THAT'S 60 YEARS BEFORE THE PILGRIMS ARRIVED 223 00:13:13,700 --> 00:13:20,633 AT PLYMOUTH ROCK SO I'M REALLY A LATECOMER. 224 00:13:20,633 --> 00:13:22,766 SO I CAN NOW SEE THE FALLS IN THE DISTANCE 225 00:13:22,766 --> 00:13:25,266 AND IF I CAN MAKE IT ACROSS THESE LOGS, 226 00:13:25,266 --> 00:13:27,733 I'LL ACTUALLY BE ABLE TO GET THERE. 227 00:13:27,733 --> 00:13:29,333 EVERYTHING'S SLICK HERE BECAUSE OF THE SPRAY 228 00:13:29,333 --> 00:13:33,500 THAT REACHES THIS FAR DOWN. 229 00:13:33,500 --> 00:13:39,966 THIS IS THE LION FALLS. 230 00:13:39,966 --> 00:13:43,100 IT'S ONE OF DOZENS THAT COME OVER 231 00:13:43,100 --> 00:13:45,833 THE SIDE OF THE VILLARRICA VOLCANO. 232 00:13:45,833 --> 00:13:48,466 IT NEVER DRIES OUT HERE. 233 00:13:48,466 --> 00:13:51,000 THIS IS IN A LOW FLOW SEASON SO WE CAN IMAGINE 234 00:13:51,000 --> 00:13:56,800 HOW ENORMOUS IT MUST BE WHEN IT'S REALLY ROARING. 235 00:14:00,533 --> 00:14:02,866 AND THE MONKEY FLOWER I SAW AT THE FALLS, 236 00:14:02,866 --> 00:14:07,833 THEY ALL BENEFIT BY HAVING PERMANENT SPRAY. 237 00:14:07,833 --> 00:14:09,233 IT WOULDN'T BE A GOOD PLACE FOR THE CACTI THAT 238 00:14:09,233 --> 00:14:14,166 I'M USED TO IN ARIZONA. 239 00:14:14,166 --> 00:14:22,766 IT'S A PERMANENTLY WET OASIS WITHIN AN OASIS WITHIN AN OASIS. 240 00:14:22,766 --> 00:14:26,600 THE ONE I'M LOOKING FOR IS WHAT THEY CALL COIHUE, 241 00:14:26,600 --> 00:14:29,833 WHICH IS A HUGE TREE RELATED TO THE OAKS AND HERE IS ONE. 242 00:14:29,833 --> 00:14:31,966 THIS IS HUGE. 243 00:14:31,966 --> 00:14:34,933 I DON'T KNOW HOW BIG AROUND IT IS BUT, OKAY, 244 00:14:34,933 --> 00:14:39,866 MY FINGERTIPS ARE ABOUT, A LITTLE OVER SIX FEET SO IF 245 00:14:39,866 --> 00:14:44,433 WE CAN MULTIPLY THAT BY FOUR OR FIVE, 246 00:14:44,433 --> 00:14:47,633 THAT'S FIVE YETMAN WINGTIPS, 247 00:14:47,633 --> 00:14:51,666 IT'S GOT TO BE AT LEAST 25 FEET IN CIRCUMFERENCE BUT 248 00:14:51,666 --> 00:14:58,033 IT'S GOT TO BE AT LEAST 150 FEET TALL, MAYBE MORE. 249 00:14:58,033 --> 00:15:04,700 AND THEY TELL ME THAT THESE LIVE BETWEEN 250 AND 300 YEARS. 250 00:15:04,700 --> 00:15:06,966 IN SOUTH AMERICA THEY HAVE GOBS OF FLOWERS THAT 251 00:15:06,966 --> 00:15:09,233 I CAN'T EVEN COME CLOSE TO IDENTIFYING. 252 00:15:09,233 --> 00:15:11,933 I DO KNOW THAT THIS ONE IS LIKE A DANDELION. 253 00:15:11,933 --> 00:15:15,333 IT'S A DASTARDLY YELLOW COMPOSITE. 254 00:15:15,333 --> 00:15:17,300 AND THIS ONE MIGHT BE A ROSE. 255 00:15:17,300 --> 00:15:20,633 THEY CALL IT ARRAYAN HERE. 256 00:15:20,633 --> 00:15:23,100 IT DOESN'T HAVE ANY SMELL AND THIS ONE I CAN 257 00:15:23,100 --> 00:15:26,866 GUARANTEE YOU IS A FUCHSIA WITH PURPLE FLOWERS AND 258 00:15:26,866 --> 00:15:29,933 THESE WONDERFUL SEPALS OF RED. 259 00:15:29,933 --> 00:15:31,966 WHAT A GORGEOUS COMBINATION. 260 00:15:31,966 --> 00:15:34,800 THE BUMBLEBEES AREN'T LOOKING FOR POLLEN. 261 00:15:34,800 --> 00:15:37,466 THEY'RE LOOKING FOR NECTAR AND THEY FIND IT BEST AT THE BASE. 262 00:15:37,466 --> 00:15:39,166 THEY CAN'T GET INSIDE THERE SO THEY CHEW HOLES 263 00:15:39,166 --> 00:15:41,800 RIGHT AT THE VERY BOTTOM OF THE FLOWER 264 00:15:41,800 --> 00:15:46,266 AND THEY SUCK THE NECTAR OUT OF THOSE HOLES. 265 00:15:51,800 --> 00:15:54,266 THIS IS THE FORT THE SPANIARDS CALLED NIEBLA. 266 00:15:54,266 --> 00:15:56,166 THEY COULDN'T VERY WELL PROTECT THEMSELVES 267 00:15:56,166 --> 00:15:58,500 FROM THE MAPUCHE COMING FROM THE INLAND BUT THEY 268 00:15:58,500 --> 00:16:01,033 JOLLY WELL WERE ABLE TO PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM 269 00:16:01,033 --> 00:16:05,266 PIRATES AS THEY CALL THEM FROM ENGLAND, FRANCE AND HOLLAND. 270 00:16:05,266 --> 00:16:07,100 SO THEY BUILT THIS FORT HERE, 271 00:16:07,100 --> 00:16:10,066 ONE ON AN ISLAND OVER THERE AND ONE ACROSS THE WAY 272 00:16:10,066 --> 00:16:13,466 THAT GAVE AN IMPREGNABLE FORTRESS QUALITY, 273 00:16:13,466 --> 00:16:16,766 THE VALDIVIA, AND LASTED THEM FOR OVER 150 YEARS 274 00:16:16,766 --> 00:16:24,433 AND THEN CHILE WELL AFTER THAT. 275 00:16:24,433 --> 00:16:28,133 WHEN THIS AREA ACHIEVED INDEPENDENCE IN 1820, 276 00:16:28,133 --> 00:16:31,733 THE NEW GOVERNMENT WANTED TO DEVELOP THE AREA. 277 00:16:31,733 --> 00:16:37,000 AN IMMIGRATION TREATY WAS SIGNED IN 1848. 278 00:16:37,000 --> 00:16:39,000 IMMIGRANTS STARTED TO COME. 279 00:16:39,000 --> 00:16:42,966 THEY CAME AND SETTLED IN VALDIVIA 280 00:16:42,966 --> 00:16:48,800 AND LLANQUIHUE AND FRUTILLAR. 281 00:16:48,800 --> 00:16:51,000 SOME INTERMARRIED WITH SOME OF THE LOCALS BUT 282 00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:55,466 THE GERMANS ARE THE PRINCIPLE GROUP OF IMMIGRANTS FOUND HERE. 283 00:16:55,466 --> 00:16:57,566 GERMAN IMMIGRANTS FOUNDED THE TOWN OF FRUTILLAR AT 284 00:16:57,566 --> 00:16:59,333 THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY. 285 00:16:59,333 --> 00:17:01,633 THEY BROUGHT WITH THEM FROM GERMANY THEIR 286 00:17:01,633 --> 00:17:05,466 ARCHITECTURAL STYLES WHICH INCLUDED THE SORT OF 287 00:17:05,466 --> 00:17:08,900 GINGERBREAD HOUSE STYLE THAT MIGHT HAVE COME FROM BAVARIA. 288 00:17:08,900 --> 00:17:17,700 I NEVER DID EXPECT TO SEE A CHESS MATCH 289 00:17:17,700 --> 00:17:22,633 HERE IN SOUTHERN CHILE. 290 00:17:22,633 --> 00:17:29,266 AND NOT JUST AN ORDINARY CHESS BOARD BUT A KIND OF BIG ONE. 291 00:17:29,266 --> 00:17:32,766 THIS SIGN SAYS THAT THE COLONEL VICENTE PEREZ ROSALES 292 00:17:32,766 --> 00:17:35,633 WHO WAS CHILEAN SAID TO THE FIRST GERMAN SETTLERS, 293 00:17:35,633 --> 00:17:39,300 'BE ACTIVE, PRUDENT AND HONORABLE 294 00:17:39,300 --> 00:17:42,833 AND THE SKY WILL BLESS YOUR WORK, ' 295 00:17:42,833 --> 00:17:47,300 AND THEY TOOK HIM SERIOUSLY. 296 00:17:47,300 --> 00:17:49,433 IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 19TH CENTURY THE CHILEAN GOVERNMENT 297 00:17:49,433 --> 00:17:53,333 OFFERED GERMANS VIRTUALLY FREE LAND IF 298 00:17:53,333 --> 00:17:55,900 THEY WOULD COME SETTLE HERE IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF CHILE 299 00:17:55,900 --> 00:17:58,066 AND THEY BROUGHT WITH THEM THEIR MOST IMPORTANT INDUSTRIES. 300 00:17:58,066 --> 00:18:05,433 THE MOST IMPORTANT OF ALL WAS BEER. 301 00:18:05,433 --> 00:18:08,700 SO HERE I AM IN HEIDELBERG AT THE OKTOBERFEST. 302 00:18:08,700 --> 00:18:10,533 OH, I'M SORRY, I'M IN CHILE. 303 00:18:10,533 --> 00:18:12,000 I'M IN VALDIVIA. 304 00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:15,100 GRACIAS, LAS TRAVESA. 305 00:18:15,100 --> 00:18:17,000 I INITIALLY WANTED TO ORDER TWO OR THREE OF 306 00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:19,066 THESE BUT I'M GOING TO DRINK THIS ONE FIRST 307 00:18:19,066 --> 00:18:21,533 BEFORE I START ON THE SECOND AND THIRD ONES, 308 00:18:21,533 --> 00:18:24,266 BUT TO THE GERMANS FOR IMPROVING THE INDUSTRY OF 309 00:18:24,266 --> 00:18:29,800 SOUTHERN CHILE 100 YEARS OR SO AGO. 310 00:18:29,800 --> 00:18:32,433 THIS IS NOT TYPICAL CHILEAN FOOD. 311 00:18:32,433 --> 00:18:35,066 THIS IS GERMAN FOOD. 312 00:18:35,066 --> 00:18:37,100 FORTUNATELY YOU CAN GET IT HERE AND IT'S VERY, VERY GOOD. 313 00:18:37,100 --> 00:18:42,066 THANKS TO THE IMMIGRANTS. 314 00:18:42,066 --> 00:18:44,333 WOW, THAT WAS GREAT. 315 00:18:44,333 --> 00:18:47,233 I HOPE THAT COME THE WORLD CUP, 316 00:18:47,233 --> 00:18:55,300 THE FINAL MATCH IS BETWEEN CHILE AND GERMANY AND CHILE WINS. 317 00:18:55,300 --> 00:18:57,233 ONE MORE OF THESE, AS WE SAY IN SPANISH, 318 00:18:57,233 --> 00:19:02,200 UNO MAS Y NOS VAMOS, ONE MORE, I'LL BE OUT OF HERE. 319 00:19:02,200 --> 00:19:06,233 AH! 320 00:19:06,233 --> 00:19:08,866 GERMANS BROUGHT BEER BUT ITALIANS BROUGHT 321 00:19:08,866 --> 00:19:13,666 THEIR OWN TREASURE, PROSCIUTTO. 322 00:19:13,666 --> 00:19:16,466 THE SMALL TOWN OF CAPITÁN PASTENE SITS IN SPLENDID 323 00:19:16,466 --> 00:19:22,800 ISOLATION A COUPLE HUNDRED MILES TO THE NORTH. 324 00:19:22,800 --> 00:19:25,033 WE BELIEVE THAT 60 TO 70 PERCENT OF THE POPULATION 325 00:19:25,033 --> 00:19:28,000 HERE ARE ITALIAN DESCENDENTS. 326 00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:31,000 SOME INTERMARRIED WITH NATIVES 327 00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:34,166 BUT THEIR RELATIVES COME FROM ITALY. 328 00:19:34,166 --> 00:19:36,066 WE ARE GRANDCHILDREN OF ITALIANS WHICH MAKES US 329 00:19:36,066 --> 00:19:39,833 SECOND GENERATION ITALIANS. 330 00:19:39,833 --> 00:19:43,266 THE ART OF MAKING PROSCIUTTO, 331 00:19:43,266 --> 00:19:46,766 SALAMI AND CURING HAM IS ONE WE LEARNED AS 332 00:19:46,766 --> 00:19:49,666 WE WERE GROWING UP AS KIDS. 333 00:19:49,666 --> 00:19:51,600 IT WAS PASSED ON THROUGH THE GENERATIONS, 334 00:19:51,600 --> 00:19:57,433 TRANSPLANTED HERE FROM ITALY. 335 00:19:57,433 --> 00:20:01,466 THIS TOWN IS A RESULT OF A COLONIZATION PROJECT 336 00:20:01,466 --> 00:20:04,833 BETWEEN CHILEAN AND ITALIAN GOVERNMENTS. 337 00:20:04,833 --> 00:20:06,233 CHILE WANTED TO FOSTER DEVELOPMENT 338 00:20:06,233 --> 00:20:10,433 IN FALLOW COUNTRYSIDE. 339 00:20:10,433 --> 00:20:13,166 THE INITIAL IDEA WAS TO BRING OVER 100 FARMERS 340 00:20:13,166 --> 00:20:18,333 FROM THE NORTHERN PART OF ITALY. 341 00:20:18,333 --> 00:20:21,466 WHEN THE MILL WAS BUILT, IT MADE A HUGE DIFFERENCE 342 00:20:21,466 --> 00:20:24,066 IN THE LIVES OF THE FAMILIES HERE BECAUSE THEY 343 00:20:24,066 --> 00:20:27,366 NO LONGER HAD TO GRIND THEIR OWN WHEAT, 344 00:20:27,366 --> 00:20:31,233 THEY COULD BRING IT HERE AND EVEN NOWADAYS $3.50 345 00:20:31,233 --> 00:20:34,000 TO GRIND 100 POUNDS OF WHEAT INTO FLOUR, 346 00:20:34,000 --> 00:20:36,133 IT MAKES AN ENORMOUS DIFFERENCE IN THE ABILITY 347 00:20:36,133 --> 00:20:41,466 OF FAMILIES TO PROVIDE FOR THEMSELVES. 348 00:20:41,466 --> 00:20:46,300 IN 1904 35 FAMILIES EMBARKED ON A BOAT FROM A 349 00:20:46,300 --> 00:20:50,266 PORT IN FRANCE AND UPON ARRIVING ON THE CHILEAN 350 00:20:50,266 --> 00:20:55,733 COAST THEY TRAVELED INLAND BY CART, ON FOOT, 351 00:20:55,733 --> 00:21:05,766 ON HORSEBACK UNTIL THEY ARRIVED HERE IN CAPITÁN PASTENE. 352 00:21:06,833 --> 00:21:09,866 THEY FOUND ABSOLUTELY NOTHING HERE WHEN THEY ARRIVED. 353 00:21:09,866 --> 00:21:15,133 HOWEVER, THEY WERE HIGHLY MOTIVATED AND TENACIOUS. 354 00:21:15,133 --> 00:21:19,233 THEIR OBJECTIVE WAS TO BETTER THE LIVES OF THEIR FAMILIES. 355 00:21:19,233 --> 00:21:20,733 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT THE ITALIANS BROUGHT WITH THEM 356 00:21:20,733 --> 00:21:24,866 WAS CERTAINLY GRAPES AND GRAPES HAVE MORPHED INTO 357 00:21:24,866 --> 00:21:28,300 THE FINEST OF WINES HERE IN CHILE AS WELL AS TABLE 358 00:21:28,300 --> 00:21:31,200 GRAPES AND THE ITALIANS HAVE LEFT THEIR CULINARY 359 00:21:31,200 --> 00:21:35,633 FINESSE WITH THE ENTIRE COUNTRY AND NOWHERE IN ALL 360 00:21:35,633 --> 00:21:42,200 OF CHILE CAN YOU GET BETTER FOOD THAN HERE. 361 00:21:42,200 --> 00:21:48,466 53 FAMILIES STAYED AND ACHIEVED THEIR GOAL. 362 00:21:48,466 --> 00:21:48,900 HERE COMES THEIR LIVING PROOF. 363 00:21:48,900 --> 00:21:51,833 AH. 364 00:21:51,833 --> 00:21:54,800 THIS IS JUST A SAMPLE OF THE PRODUCTS MADE HERE. 365 00:21:54,800 --> 00:22:01,400 OH, MY GOODNESS, LOOK AT THAT. 366 00:22:01,400 --> 00:22:05,733 I'VE BEEN INSTRUCTED TO USE MY FINGERS. 367 00:22:05,733 --> 00:22:08,533 PROSCIUTTO FOR EVERYTHING. 368 00:22:08,533 --> 00:22:15,166 OH, MY GOODNESS! 369 00:22:15,166 --> 00:22:18,600 I HAVE NEVER HAD PROSCIUTTO SO GOOD. 370 00:22:18,600 --> 00:22:20,433 IF THE OTHERS ARE AS GOOD AS THIS, 371 00:22:20,433 --> 00:22:25,900 I'M GOING TO STAY HERE AND LET THE REST OF THE WORLD GO ON. 372 00:22:25,900 --> 00:22:27,533 ITALIA Y CHILE! 373 00:22:27,533 --> 00:22:33,266 SALUTE. 374 00:22:33,266 --> 00:22:36,366 WHETHER YOU ARE ITALIAN, GERMAN, MAPUCHE 375 00:22:36,366 --> 00:22:41,200 OR OF MIXED ORIGIN THE LAKE COUNTRY STILL BECKONS. 376 00:22:41,200 --> 00:22:43,100 IT'S A RECREATIONAL PARADISE EVEN WITH 377 00:22:43,100 --> 00:22:49,033 RUMBLINGS FROM THE RING OF FIRE. 378 00:22:49,033 --> 00:22:51,900 THIS IS A SUNDAY AFTERNOON AT THE END OF SUMMER 379 00:22:51,900 --> 00:22:54,500 IN LAKE LLANQUIHUE. 380 00:22:54,500 --> 00:22:56,500 PEOPLE ARE HAVING A MARVELOUS TIME THINKING 381 00:22:56,500 --> 00:22:58,833 OF THE RAIN THAT SOON WILL COME. 382 00:22:58,833 --> 00:23:00,566 THEY DON'T SEEM TO BE BOTHERED BY THE FACT THAT 383 00:23:00,566 --> 00:23:02,166 30 MILES TO THE EAST LIES THE SLUMBERING 384 00:23:02,166 --> 00:23:06,700 VOLCANO CALLED OSORNO. 385 00:23:09,400 --> 00:23:11,800 OSORNO IS ONLY A LITTLE OVER 9,000 FEET HIGH, BUT , 386 00:23:11,800 --> 00:23:15,066 IT IS SO DOMINATING OF THE LANDSCAPE THAT FROM OUT TO 387 00:23:15,066 --> 00:23:19,133 SEA TO THE SOUTH 100 MILES AWAY YOU CAN STILL SEE IT. 388 00:23:19,133 --> 00:23:20,633 THE SNOW, THE PERFECTION OF THE CONE JUST STAND OUT 389 00:23:20,633 --> 00:23:22,733 ON A CLEAR DAY. 390 00:23:22,733 --> 00:23:25,566 IT'S PART OF CHILE'S RIM OF FIRE, 391 00:23:25,566 --> 00:23:30,066 A SERIES OF VOLCANOES THAT BEGAN 3, 000 MILES TO THE NORTH 392 00:23:30,066 --> 00:23:33,266 AND MAKE BOTH FOR VOLCANIC INSTABILITY 393 00:23:33,266 --> 00:23:36,300 HERE AS WELL AS PROVIDING FERTILIZING ASH 394 00:23:36,300 --> 00:23:38,933 FLOWS FOR ALL THIS GREENERY THAT WE SEE OUT 395 00:23:38,933 --> 00:23:44,633 HERE SO THE VOLCANOES DESTROY AND THEN THEY GIVE. 396 00:23:51,600 --> 00:23:54,033 THE WATERFALLS HERE AT PICHIHUE HAVE BECOME ONE 397 00:23:54,033 --> 00:23:57,433 OF CHILE'S TOP TOURIST ATTRACTIONS FOR GOOD REASON. 398 00:23:57,433 --> 00:24:00,066 CHILEANS AND FOREIGNERS ALIKE JUST FLOCK HERE 399 00:24:00,066 --> 00:24:03,733 AND THANKS TO THE VOLCANIC ACTIVITY IN THIS VALLEY 400 00:24:03,733 --> 00:24:07,600 WE HAD A MASSIVE LAVA FLOW A FEW THOUSAND YEARS AGO 401 00:24:07,600 --> 00:24:10,700 THAT PLUGGED UP THE BOTTOM OF THE RIVER AND GRADUALLY 402 00:24:10,700 --> 00:24:13,533 THE WATER BROKE THROUGH AND CREATED THIS CRAZY 403 00:24:13,533 --> 00:24:18,233 NETWORK OF CHANNELS, UNDERGROUND FLOWS, 404 00:24:18,233 --> 00:24:22,066 COLUMNAR BASALTS AND HUGE POOLS THAT 405 00:24:22,066 --> 00:24:26,500 BOATS CAN ACTUALLY GET INTO. 406 00:24:30,700 --> 00:24:33,666 THE TOWN OF CONCÓN IN SOUTHERN CHILE NOW 407 00:24:33,666 --> 00:24:36,066 ATTRACTS MORE OUTDOOR ADVENTURISTS THAN ANY 408 00:24:36,066 --> 00:24:46,000 OTHER PLACE IN SOUTH AMERICA AND VOLCANO WATCHING. 409 00:24:49,200 --> 00:24:51,300 IT'S BEEN OVER 450 YEARS SINCE SPANIARDS FIRST 410 00:24:51,300 --> 00:24:53,666 ARRIVED HERE IN SOUTHERN CHILE 411 00:24:53,666 --> 00:24:56,800 AND ATTEMPTED TO ESTABLISH THEIR CULTURE. 412 00:24:56,800 --> 00:24:58,900 AFTER ALL THESE CENTURIES, SEVERAL GROUPS STILL 413 00:24:58,900 --> 00:25:02,400 RETAIN THEIR IDENTITY AND MAKE CHILE INTO THE 414 00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:04,700 ETHNICALLY DIVERSE COUNTRY THAT IT IS TODAY. 415 00:25:09,600 --> 00:25:11,266 COLONIES OF EXPATRIATE JAPANESE CAN BE FOUND IN 416 00:25:11,266 --> 00:25:13,633 MANY CITIES OF THE WORLD 417 00:25:13,633 --> 00:25:17,400 INCLUDING THE MEGOPOLIS OF SAN PAULO, BRAZIL. 418 00:25:17,400 --> 00:25:19,633 ONE SMALL TOWN OF JAPANESE IMMIGRANTS 419 00:25:19,633 --> 00:25:23,400 IN THE HEART OF THE AMAZON FLOURISHES TODAY. 420 00:25:23,400 --> 00:25:25,566 ITS FORTUNES ARE BASED ON BLACK PEPPER, 421 00:25:25,566 --> 00:25:32,200 FRUIT PULP AND AN ENDURING SENSE OF COMMUNITY. 422 00:25:32,200 --> 00:25:33,500 JOIN US NEXT TIME IN THE AMERICAS WITH ME, 423 00:25:33,500 --> 00:25:35,400 DAVID YETMAN. 424 00:25:38,866 --> 00:25:40,266 SO THE RIVER STARTS OFF REAL PLACID. 425 00:25:40,266 --> 00:25:42,533 IT LOOKS LIKE NOTHING. 426 00:25:42,533 --> 00:25:44,766 BUT THEN WE GO THROUGH A PRETTY GOOD RAPID 427 00:25:44,766 --> 00:25:46,333 AND THEN A REAL ONE, THE DEVIL'S THROAT. 428 00:25:46,333 --> 00:25:50,733 OKAY, HERE GOES. 429 00:25:50,733 --> 00:26:00,766 [SCREAMING] 430 00:26:09,500 --> 00:26:12,966 FUNDING FOR IN THE AMERICAS WITH DAVID YETMAN 431 00:26:12,966 --> 00:26:17,000 WAS PROVIDED BY AGNES HAURY. 432 00:26:22,833 --> 00:26:25,433 COPIES OF THIS AND OTHER EPISODES OF IN THE AMERICAS WITH 433 00:26:25,433 --> 00:26:27,800 DAVID YETMAN ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE SOUTHWEST CENTER. 434 00:26:27,800 --> 00:26:32,500 TO ORDER CALL 1-800-937-8632. 435 00:26:32,500 --> 00:26:35,866 PLEASE MENTION THE EPISODE NUMBER AND PROGRAM TITLE. 436 00:26:38,066 --> 00:26:40,333 AND PLEASE BE SURE TO VISIT US AT 437 00:26:40,333 --> 00:26:41,933 INTHEAMERICAS.COM OR INTHEAMERICAS.ORG.