WEBVTT

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- Swimming in a river with
water so stained with tannins

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that it's impossible
to see through,

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where there are alligators too,

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that is not my idea
of a good time.

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None of this bothers
this guy, though.

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He's a fossil hunter,
and he's about to enter

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a whole other world.

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Down there are fragments of
Florida's ancient history,

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parts of fossilized animals
that help tell a story

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about what this place
used to look like

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and what used to live here.

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There are a lot of
misconceptions about
this hobby, though.

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Fossil hunters
often make headlines

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for being money hungry and
at odds with paleontologists.

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Some sell their fossils
to the highest bidder,

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or remove fossils
without consideration

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for the environment
where they were found.

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But these bad apples
overshadow the folks

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who've got an entirely
different motivation.

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As a matter of fact, fossil
hunters can actually help

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paleontologists uncover
our prehistoric past.

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(upbeat music)

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Meet Jonathan Valentine.

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He's a Florida fossil
hunter and creator

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of the website and YouTube
channel, Digging Science.

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- You could be a
eight-year-old kid

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who just got your
first dinosaur book,

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and you're putting dinosaur
stickers on the wall.

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I'm in the same
category as that.

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- I think you're
selling yourself a
little bit short, okay?

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Now, paleontologists
use fossils to study

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the history of life on Earth.

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Fossil hunters,
they're not required

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to carry out such research.

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Some do, but the majority
are purely hobbyists.

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- I've been looking for fossils
since I could hold a shovel.

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My dad, to his credit,
really developed that.

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But I don't think he
understood where that

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was gonna take me, a lifelong
passion and addiction.

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- So when I think of hunting,

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I think of like
predator and prey.

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And fossils by definition
have been sitting there

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for thousands,
millions of years.

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- The reason why most
of us use hunting

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is because there's such an
active primal component of it.

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You're not just going out
to like the grocery store

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and picking one off the shelf

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and taking it back
to your house.

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Last time I went fossil
hunting, I got bit by a catfish.

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- Oh, okay, so the
fossils have subcontracted

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their security to the
living creatures. (chuckles)

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- [Jonathan] A lot
of people will ask me

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how does it feel
when I find a fossil.

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And I think they're
missing the journey.

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It starts the night beforehand.

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And I always have dreams about
alligators in the wildlife.

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But as soon as I
get in the river,

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there's this anticipation
that starts to build.

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You've gotta go actively
swimming, looking around edges.

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You're entirely in the moment.

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You have no idea what's
gonna be uncovered,

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but you can tell that
something's around the corner.

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And that whole process of
that anticipation building,

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that's the best part.

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And then finding it is
just the cherry on top.

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Onto the next spot.

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Whoo.

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- I'm sold on the language,
and then certainly

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the activity of what you're
doing with fossil hunting.

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So what sort of
fossils do you hunt?

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- [Jonathan] The
majority, at least

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in the Southeastern United
States and in Florida,

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there's two really awesome
deposits of fossils

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that are very common,
the big shark teeth,

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and the extinct Ice Age animals.

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And so those are my two
favorite things to hunt.

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- Florida is
chock-full of fossils,

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which a lot of people
can find beachcombing.

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But they're not
just at the beach.

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If you head inland to
one of Florida's rivers,

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they can be found there too,

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along with other, bigger stuff.

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- Deep hole right here.

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- So why is Florida such
a hotspot for fossils?

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Here's what Michelle
Barboza-Ramirez,
a paleo professor

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and one of the hosts
of the show "Eons,"

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had to say about
Florida's fossil history.

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- Earth has changed
a lot over the years.

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Moving continents, massive
climate fluctuations,

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and a whole lot of
plants and animals

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that have come and gone.

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Here we are about 200
million years ago,

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and Earth's one big
continent is pulling apart.

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Florida becomes part
of North America,

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and during the dinosaurs'
heyday, is covered by the ocean.

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And that's why you
won't be finding

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any dinosaur bones in Florida.

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It wasn't until about
30 million years after

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the dinosaurs died out,
the climate cooled,

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sea levels dropped,
and the peninsula

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we now know as Florida
began to surface.

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Since then, Florida
has gone underwater

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and come up for air a few times.

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During the last glacial
period of this planet,

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the climate was much cooler,

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and sea levels were
thus much lower.

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Warm water from the Gulf of
Mexico moved up towards Florida,

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protecting it from the
more extreme climates

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found further north.

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During this time,
the peninsula hosted

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a wide variety of
plants and animals,

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some of which we might
recognize, like humans.

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But many were creatures
that we wouldn't recognize.

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Massive mammoths and
mastodons, giant sloths,

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fearsome direwolves,
huge short-faced
bears, and even lions.

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But by the end of the Ice
Age, about 11,000 years ago,

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the climate was much warmer,
and all those giants were gone.

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- Anybody that
knows fossils knows

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that the planet is
always changing.

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When the environment changes
rapidly or drastically,

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it really puts a
stress on how animals

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can adapt and survive.

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- Fossils not only inform us
of our past climate changes,

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they also provide insights
into our current climate.

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Paleontologists are
currently using fossils

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to reconstruct what their
environments would've been like

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and how they would've changed.

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This will help
scientists understand how

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and how much our climate
is changing today.

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- We're in what's been described

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as the sixth mass extinction.

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We have animals dying off
at an incredibly quick rate

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versus the background.

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And a lot of that's due to
quick changes in climate,

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as well as additional
pressures by us.

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You have to see
what I just found.

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Oh my God, that might
be my first rhino tooth.

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- Since fossils in the
environment where they're found

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can be quite useful to
scientists, Florida created

05:48.000 --> 05:50.833 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
a permit system for hobbyists
who hunt vertebrates.

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Any vertebrate fossils
found are reported

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to the Florida Museum
of Natural History.

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- One thing that they
still have of mine

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is a really cool rhino tooth.

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We had this running
rhino called Menoceras.

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It comes from the early Miocene,

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which is like 19
million years ago.

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That's only a short period
that Florida was a land mass

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when it's normally under water.

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And you find a lot
of them out West,

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but you don't find
a lot in Florida.

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And then they've
requested other things,

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but they mainly just
wanted to scan them.

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And so after they scan
them and added them

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to their digital collection,

06:21.900 --> 06:23.333 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
they returned those
fossils to me.

06:23.333 --> 06:26.333 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
- So my image of fossil
hunters is shaped a lot

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by pop culture and movies,

06:28.200 --> 06:32.866 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
the idea of smuggling rare
bones to the highest bidder

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on the black market or
the dark web somewhere.

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How true is that?

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- I don't think there's
anything wrong as a whole

06:39.300 --> 06:42.500 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
with selling fossils to
help fund more adventures

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and build a
livelihood off of it.

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You have to do it
ethically, though.

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The state needs to
know what's out there.

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We have a responsibility
as a community

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to stay away from
smuggling or taking things

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that are scientifically
important.

06:55.300 --> 06:58.666 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
- Fossil hunters have played
a vital role in paleontology.

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In fact, some have made
significant contributions

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to the discipline.

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Mary Anning has been
called the unsung hero

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of fossil discovery.

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She discovered the
first known ichthyosaur,

07:08.100 --> 07:10.233 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
a complete
plesiosaurus skeleton,

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a pterosaur, and so much more.

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- Especially as like
a citizen scientist,

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I think that's a
really powerful thing

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about giving that agency
back to the people,

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'cause it can help
push forward science.

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- You sound like you're
describing democracy,

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not just science, and I guess
that's the citizen part,

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in terms of contributing

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to public knowledge
and benefits.

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- You need the hobbyists
as much as you need

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the professional
paleontologists.

07:34.700 --> 07:36.733 align:left position:27.5% line:83% size:62.5%
You have to have
them communicating

07:36.733 --> 07:38.200 align:left position:17.5% line:89% size:72.5%
and respecting each other.

07:38.200 --> 07:39.966 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
- So you've got me interested.

07:39.966 --> 07:42.433 align:left position:10% line:89% size:80%
I have not done fossil hunting.

07:42.433 --> 07:44.566 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
Do I just jump in a
river with a bucket?

07:44.566 --> 07:47.066 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
- You might think that
fossils are really rare

07:47.066 --> 07:49.066 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
and you're not gonna be able
to find any if you go out.

07:49.066 --> 07:51.966 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
That's a huge misconception.
Fossils are everywhere.

07:51.966 --> 07:53.866 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
And it just takes a
little bit of knowledge,

07:53.866 --> 07:56.566 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
a little bit of guidance, and
hopefully a good community,

07:56.566 --> 07:59.233 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
and you'll be able to start
finding them on your own.

08:00.366 --> 08:03.466 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
- How has your passion
for fossil hunting

08:03.466 --> 08:06.033 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
affected your
relationship with nature?

08:06.033 --> 08:09.500 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
- It's given me a much
healthier respect for it.

08:09.500 --> 08:11.933 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
When you're diving with an
alligator and you get thrown

08:11.933 --> 08:14.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
back into the food
chain for the first time

08:14.466 --> 08:18.200 align:left position:15% line:83% size:75%
in 10,000 years, it lets you
appreciate what you're seeing.

08:18.200 --> 08:21.966 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
And that appreciation
really lets you enjoy

08:21.966 --> 08:24.800 align:left position:25% line:83% size:65%
and feel part of it
instead of above it.

08:25.966 --> 08:29.533 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
- Humans, you know, we
think we're all that.

08:29.533 --> 08:32.466 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
(laughs) I think fossil
hunters know better.

08:32.466 --> 08:34.966 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
To engage in fossil hunting
to me feels like a way

08:34.966 --> 08:37.533 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
of humbling ourselves
as a species

08:37.533 --> 08:40.033 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
before the larger
project of life,

08:40.033 --> 08:43.200 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
to recognize just how
briefly we have actually

08:43.200 --> 08:46.800 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
been on this Earth by finding
those who used to be here

08:46.800 --> 08:48.866 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
and were here a lot
longer when they were.

08:48.866 --> 08:53.866 align:left position:10% line:83% size:80%
So humility, humility, humility.
It's not always about us.

08:54.466 --> 08:56.433 align:left position:30% line:89% size:60%
Three, two, one.

08:56.433 --> 08:57.966 align:left position:22.5% line:83% size:67.5%
(Baratunde claps)
(dog panics)

08:57.966 --> 09:00.100 align:left position:20% line:83% size:70%
- [Jonathan] Oh, sorry,
Dolly. I'm so sorry.

09:00.100 --> 09:03.100 align:left position:15% line:89% size:75%
- That dog is hella cute.

09:03.100 --> 09:06.033 align:left position:12.5% line:83% size:77.5%
Not a fossil, but I'm very
excited to discover this dog.

09:06.033 --> 09:09.700 align:left position:12.5% line:89% size:77.5%
Thank you so much. (laughs)